Abstract: Disclosed is, inter alia, a method of producing a platinum alloy catalyst using a carbon protective layer. The method includes depositing a transition metal precursor on a Pt/C catalyst including a platinum component and a carbon carrier, placing carbon at the bottom of a reactor separately from the transition metal precursor-deposited Pt/C catalyst by a separation membrane; performing heat treatment on the inside of the; forming a Pt-M/C catalyst coated with a carbon protective layer by passing a gas product generated through thermal decomposition of the placed carbon through the separation membrane, and removing the carbon protective layer from the Pt-M/C catalyst by performing acid treatment on the carbon protective layer coated on the Pt-AMC catalyst.

Abstract: The all-solid battery includes: a cathode layer including a cathode active material layer, an anode layer, and a solid electrolyte layer that is disposed between the cathode layer and the anode layer and includes a solid electrolyte, wherein the anode layer includes a porous anode current collector; a first anode active material layer including a first metal and a carbonaceous anode active material disposed on the porous anode current collector; a conformal coating layer including a second metal disposed on the first anode active material layer, wherein the conformal coating layer of the anode layer is between the first anode active material layer and the solid electrolyte layer, and a surface roughness of the solid electrolyte layer, proximate to the conformal coating layer, is about 2 micrometers or less.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for making fuel cell components are described. In one embodiment, the method comprises providing a substrate, and forming or adhering an electrode on the substrate, wherein the forming includes depositing an aqueous mixture comprising water, a water-insoluble component, a catalyst, and an ionomer. The water-insoluble component comprises a water-insoluble alcohol, a water-insoluble carboxylic acid, or a combination thereof. The use of such water-insoluble components results in a stable liquid medium with reduced reticulation upon drying, reduced dissolution of the substrate, and reduced penetration of the pores of the substrate.

Abstract: A fuel cell catalyst for oxygen reduction reactions including Pt—Ni—Cu nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (MPC) having enhanced activity and durability, and method of making said catalyst. The catalyst is synthesized by employing a solid state chemistry method, which involves thermally pretreating a N-doped MPC to remove moisture from the surface; impregnation of metal precursors on the N-doped MPC under vacuum condition; and reducing the metal precurors in a stream of CO and H2 gas mixture.

Abstract: A catalyst structure includes: (1) a substrate; (2) a catalyst layer on the substrate; and (3) an adhesion layer disposed between the substrate and the catalyst layer. In some implementations, an average thickness of the adhesion layer is about 1 nm or less. In some implementations, a material of the catalyst layer at least partially extends into a region of the adhesion layer. In some implementations, the catalyst layer is characterized by a lattice strain imparted by the adhesion layer.

Abstract: A bifunctional catalyst and a preparation method therefor are provided. The bifunctional catalyst is prepared by providing carbon matrix, adding 0.01-10 mol/L platinum containing solution, 0.01-10 mol/L palladium containing solution, 0.01-10 mol/L silver containing solution, and 0.01-15 mol/L sodium citrate trihydrate solution to the carbon matrix for reacting at 20° C. to 80° C. for 0.5 h to 24 h to obtain a mixed solution, and adding reducing agent to the mixed solution for reacting for 0.5 h to 30 h, and centrifuging and drying so as to obtain the bifunctional catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to the method of preparing catalyst based on platinum (Pt), with a low Pt content, dispersed on carrier containing graphene quantum dots (Pt/GQDs or Pt/GO-GQDs) used for fuel cell with excellent activity in the electrochemical oxidation reaction of alcohol (for example, methanol, ethanol), applied as an anode catalyst for direct alcohol fuel cell (DAFC). At the same time, the invention also refers to the catalyst obtained by this method as an anode catalyst for DAFC.

Abstract: An electrocatalyst including carbon and a nanosheet supported on the carbon. The nanosheet includes a metal ruthenium nanosheet, and a platinum atomic layer formed on an entire surface of the metal ruthenium nanosheet. The metal ruthenium nanosheet is a monoatomic layer, and the platinum atomic layer is a monoatomic layer or a monoatomic layer laminated body.

Abstract: An efficient photocatalyst nanocomposite comprising reduced graphene oxide, noble metal, and a metal oxide prepared by a one-step method that utilizes date seed extract as a reducing and nanoparticle determining size agent. The photocatalyst of the invention is a more effective sunlight photocatalyst than that prepared by traditional method in the photo decomposition of organic compounds in contaminated water.

Abstract: Nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material comprising PtNiIr, the catalyst material preferably having the formula PtxNiyIrz, wherein x is in a range from 26.6 to 47.8, y is in a range from 48.7 to 70, and z is in a range from 1 to 11.4. The nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material is useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a porous carbon electrode, the method including: applying a metal film or metal particles to one surface of a carbon electrode; heat treating the carbon electrode to which the metal film or the metal particles are applied; and forming one surface of the carbon electrode in a porous structure by making the metal film or the metal particles penetrate into one surface of the carbon electrode, and the efficiency of the carbon electrode as an electrode may be improved while increasing a surface area of a carbon structure.

Abstract: Disclosed are a metal single-atom catalyst and a method for preparing the same. The method uses a minimal amount of chemicals and is thus environmentally friendly compared to conventional chemical and/or physical methods. In addition, the method enables the preparation of a single-atom catalyst in a simple and economical manner without the need for further treatment such as acid treatment or heat treatment. Furthermore, the method is universally applicable to the preparation of single-atom catalysts irrespective of the kinds of metals and supports, unlike conventional methods that suffer from very limited choices of metal materials and supports. Therefore, the method can be widely utilized to prepare various types of metal single-atom catalysts. All metal atoms in the metal single-atom catalyst can participate in catalytic reactions. This optimal atom utilization achieves maximum reactivity per unit mass and can minimize the amount of the metal used, which is very economical.

Abstract: Disclosed are a catalyst composite for a fuel cell and a method of manufacturing the same. The catalyst composite includes a support containing carbon (C), a metal catalyst supported on the support, and an ionomer binder coated on the surface of the support and on the surface of the metal catalyst. The ionomer binder coated on the surface of the metal catalyst is formed so as to be thinner than the ionomer binder coated on the surface of the support.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for solid polymer fuel cells in which catalyst particles including platinum and a transition metal M are supported on a carbon powder carrier. The catalyst of the present invention is a catalyst for solid polymer fuel cells in which a molar ratio (Pt/M) of platinum to the transition metal M that form catalyst particles is 2.5 or more, and a ratio (SCOMSA/SBET) of a platinum specific surface area (SCOMSA) measured by a CO adsorption method to a catalyst specific surface area (SBET) measured by a BET method is 0.26 or more and 0.32 or less. The catalyst can be produced by preparing an alloy catalyst, then washing the alloy catalyst with a platinum compound solution, and additionally supplying platinum to the surfaces of catalyst particles.

Abstract: Core-shell nanostructures with platinum overlayers conformally coating palladium nano-substrate cores and facile solution-based methods for the preparation of such core-shell nanostructures are described herein. The obtained Pd@Pt core-shell nanocatalysts showed enhanced specific and mass activities towards oxygen reduction, compared to a commercial Pt/C catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing a carbon-supported platinum-transition metal alloy nanoparticle catalyst using a stabilizer. According to the method, the transition metal on the nanoparticle surface and the stabilizer are simultaneously removed by treatment with acetic acid. Therefore, the method enables the preparation of a carbon-supported platinum-transition metal alloy nanoparticle catalyst in a simple and environmentally friendly manner compared to conventional methods. The carbon-supported platinum-transition metal alloy nanoparticle catalyst can be applied as a high-performance, highly durable fuel cell catalyst.

Abstract: A method of forming metallic particles, comprising: providing precursor particles comprising a transition metal alloy; supplying carbon monoxide (CO) under reaction conditions which differentially remove a first alloy metal from the precursor particles at a faster rate than a second alloy metal; and, maintaining the reaction conditions until the precursor particles are converted to the particles. The precursor particles may comprise PtNi4, and the particles may be Pt3Ni, formed as hollow nanoframes on a carbon support.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly component for a fuel cell includes a generally planar gas-permeable body having opposed first and second faces defining in-plane and through-plane directions, a side face extending about an outer perimeter of the body and adjoining each of the first and second faces, and an active region bounded by the first and second faces and an active region perimeter defined generally within the outer perimeter. The active region includes a distribution of cerium-zirconium oxide nanofibers dispersed across at least one of the in-plane and through-plane directions, wherein the cerium-zirconium oxide nanofibers have a molecular formula of CexZryO4.

Abstract: A core-shell structure nanosheet includes a metal ruthenium nanosheet, and a platinum atomic layer provided on a surface of the metal ruthenium nanosheet. An electrocatalyst includes carbon, and the core shell structure nanosheet supported on the carbon. A method for manufacturing an electrocatalyst includes applying a ruthenium oxide nanosheet colloid which comprises a ruthenium oxide nanosheet, on carbon to obtain a carbon-supported ruthenium oxide nanosheet, in which the ruthenium oxide nanosheet is supported on the carbon. The carbon-supported ruthenium oxide nanosheet is reduced to obtain a carbon-supported ruthenium metal nanosheet, in which a ruthenium metal nanosheet is supported on the carbon. A platinum atomic layer is provided on a surface of the metal ruthenium nanosheet to obtain the electrocatalyst.

Abstract: Layers for a bipolar plates are disclosed, as well as bipolar plates including the layers and fuel cells and/or electrolyzers including the bipolar plates. The layer may include a homogeneous or heterogeneous solid metallic solution or compound which either contains a first chemical element from the group of the noble metals in the form of iridium; or contains a first chemical element from the group of the noble metals in the form of iridium and a second chemical element from the group of the noble metals in the form of ruthenium. The layer may also include at least one further nonmetallic chemical element from the group consisting of nitrogen, carbon, boron, fluorine, and hydrogen.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a nanocatalyst for an anode of a solid oxide fuel cell and a method for preparing the same. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a nanocatalyst for an anode of a solid oxide fuel cell obtained by forming a ceramic nanocatalyst including a noble metal dispersed therein in an atomic unit and contained in an ionic state having an oxidation number other than 0 through an in situ infiltration process in the internal pores of a porous electrode, and to application of the nanocatalyst to a solid oxide fuel cell having significantly higher electrochemical characteristics as compared to the solid oxide fuel cells including the conventional nickel-based anode and oxide anode, and particularly showing excellent characteristics at an intermediate or low temperature of 600° C. or less.

Abstract: To provide a membrane/electrode assembly excellent in the power generation characteristics in a wide temperature range and a wide humidity range; an electrolyte material suitable for a catalyst layer of the membrane/electrode assembly; and a liquid composition suitable for forming a catalyst layer of the membrane/electrode assembly. To use an electrolyte material which is formed of a polymer (H) obtained by converting precursor groups in a polymer (F) having structural units (A) based on a perfluoromonomer having a precursor group represented by the formula (g1), structural units (B) represented by the formula (u2), and structural units (C) based on tetrafluoroethylene, wherein the proportion of the structural units (A) is from 8 to 19 mol %, the proportion of the structural units (B) is from 65 to 80 mol %, and the proportion of the structural units (C) is from 1 to 27 mol %, to ion exchange groups.

Abstract: The present specification relates to a carrier-nanoparticle complex, a preparation method therefor, and a membrane electrode assembly including the same.

Abstract: A method for preparing a carbon-supported, platinum-cobalt alloy, nanoparticle catalyst includes mixing a solution containing, in combination, a platinum precursor, a transition metal precursor consisting of a transition metal that is cobalt, carbon, a stabilizer that is oleyl amine, and a reducing agent that is sodium borohydride to provide carbon-supported, platinum-cobalt alloy nanoparticles, and washing the carbon-supported, platinum-cobalt alloy, nanoparticles using ethanol and distilled water individually or in combination followed by drying at room temperature to obtain dried carbon-supported, platinum-cobalt alloy, nanoparticles; treating the dried carbon-supported, platinum-cobalt alloy, nanoparticles with an acetic acid solution having a concentration ranging from 1-16M to provide acetic acid-treated nanoparticles, and washing the acetic acid-treated nanoparticles using distilled water followed by drying at room temperature to obtain dried acetic acid-treated nanoparticles; and heat treating the dri

Abstract: An object is to provide a catalyst particle that can exhibit high activity. The catalyst particle is an alloy particle formed of platinum atom and a non-platinum metal atom, wherein (i) the alloy particle has an L12 structure as an internal structure and has an extent of ordering of L12 structure in the range of 30 to 100%, (ii) the alloy particle has an LP ratio calculated by CO stripping method of 10% or more, and (iii) the alloy particle has a dN/dA ratio in the range of 0.4 to 1.0.

Abstract: A fuel cell oxidation reduction reaction catalyst comprising a carbon substrate, an amorphous metal oxide intermediate layer on the substrate, and an intertwined matrix of platinum and elemental niobium arranged to form a surface metal layer covering the intermediate layer such that upon oxidation, the niobium binds with oxygen resulting in strengthened bonds between the platinum and the intermediate layer.

Abstract: The examples of the present application provide a positive electrode material and a lithium ion battery. The positive electrode material comprises: a substrate material; and a coating material formed on at least one portion of the surface of the substrate material; the general formula of the substrate material being Li1+xCo1-yMyO2 or LiNiaCobN1-a-bO2, wherein 0?x<0.1, 0?y<0.1 and M is at least one of selected from the group of Mn, Ni, Al, Mg, Ti, Zr, Y, P, Cr; ??a?0.82, 0.1?b??, 0.6?a+b, N is at least one of selected from the group of Mn, Al, Mg, Ti, Zr, La, Ce, Y; the coating material includes CeZrO4-z, wherein 0?z<0.1. By using a positive electrode material coated with CeZrO4-z, the direct current (DC) resistance of the lithium ion battery is greatly reduced.

Abstract: A fuel cell oxidation reduction reaction catalyst includes a carbon powder substrate, an amorphous conductive metal oxide intermediate layer on the substrate, and a plurality of chained electrocatalyst particle strands bound to the layer to form an interconnected network film thereon having a thickness of up to 10 atom monolayers.

Abstract: In pore diameter distribution curves of a first stack body formed by stacking a first gas diffusion layer and a first porous layer of an anode, and of a second stack body formed by stacking a second gas diffusion layer and a second porous layer of a cathode, on a region where a pore diameter is smaller than a reference pore diameter at which a pore volume is maximum, both the curves coincide with each other for the most part. On a region where the pore diameter is equal to or larger than the reference pore diameter, the distribution curve of the second stack body lies above that of the first stack body. A pore volume ratio which is a ratio of the total pore volume of the second stack body to the total pore volume of the first stack body is in the range of 1.10 to 1.60.

Abstract: A core-shell structure (a diameter is about 5 nm) is located on an Al2O3 catalyst support. Platinum (Pt metal) is a core, and a shell that surrounds the core has a solid solution structure (A1-xBxOY) (where X is a composition that composes A and B, and Y is a composition of oxygen (O)) that is composed of platinum, palladium, and oxygen.

Abstract: A catalyst layer for use in a fuel cell includes catalytic nanoparticles and a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer. The catalytic nanoparticles have a palladium or palladium alloy core and an atomically thin layer of platinum on an outer surface of the palladium or palladium alloy core. The PFSA ionomer has an equivalent weight equal to or greater than about 830. A unitized electrode assembly is also described.

Abstract: A length L between the markings 11a measured by the pre-coating thickness measuring device 17 and a length L? between the markings 11a measured by the post-coating thickness measuring device 18 are calculated, and a length ratio is obtained. Measurement positions of thickness data measured by the post-coating thickness measuring device 18 are corrected based on the calculated length ratio. A value at each measurement position of pre-coating thickness information on a corrected post-coating thickness interpolation line connecting measurement points of corrected post-coating thickness information obtained by correcting the measurement positions with a line segment is determined as post-coating thickness at each measurement position. A difference between the determined value and the pre-coating thickness is calculated. If it is in a predetermined range, the electrode is determined as a non-defective product.

Abstract: A method of forming metallic particles, comprising: providing precursor particles comprising a transition metal alloy; supplying carbon monoxide (CO) under reaction conditions which differentially remove a first alloy metal from the precursor particles at a faster rate than a second alloy metal; and, maintaining the reaction conditions until the precursor particles are converted to the particles. The precursor particles may comprise PtNi4, and the particles may be Pt3Ni, formed as hollow nanoframes on a carbon support.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to structural supercapacitors and electrodes for structural supercapacitors having high energy storage and high mechanical characteristics and methods of making the structural supercapacitors and electrodes. The structural supercapacitors can include a solid electrolyte and carbon fiber electrodes comprising carbon nanotubes, surface functionalized redox-active moieties, and/or a conducting polymer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a direct synthesis method of nanostructured catalyst particles on surfaces of various supports.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method for producing core-shell catalyst particles with high catalytic activity per unit mass of platinum. Disclosed is a method for producing core-shell catalyst particles including a core containing palladium and a shell containing platinum and covering the shell, wherein the method includes: a step of depositing copper on the surface of the palladium-containing particles by applying a potential that is nobler than the oxidation-reduction potential of copper to the palladium-containing particles in a copper ion-containing electrolyte, and a step of forming the shell by, after the copper deposition step and inside the reaction system kept at ?3° C. or more and 10° C.

Abstract: A production method of a fuel cell electrode catalyst includes: a supporting step of causing platinum and yttrium to be supported on a carrier using a nonaqueous solvent; and an acid treatment step of performing an acid treatment on the carrier on which platinum and yttrium are supported.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a water splitting cell having at least one electrode comprising a porous membrane, wherein gas produced at the electrode diffuses out of the cell via the porous membrane, separating the gas from the reaction at the electrode without bubble formation.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a catalyst assembly. In one embodiment, the catalyst assembly includes a two-dimension (2-D) extensive catalyst including one or more precious catalytic metals and having a catalyst crystal plane; and a substrate supporting the 2-D extensive catalyst, the substrate including one or more non-precious catalytic metals and having a substrate crystal plane in substantial alignment with the catalyst crystal plane.

Abstract: A porous metal that comprises platinum and has a specific surface area that is greater than 5 m2/g and less than 75 m2/g. A fuel cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, and an electrolyte arranged between the first and the second electrodes. At least one of the first and second electrodes is coated with a porous metal catalyst for oxygen reduction, and the porous metal catalyst comprises platinum and has a specific surface area that is greater than 5 m2/g and less than 75 m2/g. A method of producing a porous metal according to an embodiment of the current invention includes producing an alloy consisting essentially of platinum and nickel according to the formula PtxNi1-x, where x is at least 0.01 and less than 0.3; and dealloying the alloy in a substantially pH neutral solution to reduce an amount of nickel in the alloy to produce the porous metal.

Abstract: A metal air battery includes at least one gas diffusion layer assembly; a positive electrode layer disposed on a surface of the at least one gas diffusion layer assembly, wherein the positive electrode layer is capable of using oxygen as an active material; a protective electrolyte membrane disposed on the positive electrode layer; and a negative electrode metal layer disposed on the protective electrolyte membrane, wherein the gas diffusion layer assembly includes a first gas diffusion layer and a second gas diffusion layer, wherein the second gas diffusion layer is disposed on a first surface and an opposite second surface of the first gas diffusion layer, and wherein a gas diffusivity of the first gas diffusion layer is greater than a gas diffusivity of the second gas diffusion layer. Also, the gas diffusion layer assembly described above, and a method of manufacturing a metal air battery including the gas diffusion layer assembly.

Abstract: A novel hybrid lithium-ion anode material based on coaxially coated Si shells on vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (CNF) arrays. The unique cup-stacking graphitic microstructure makes the bare vertically aligned CNF array an effective Li+ intercalation medium. Highly reversible Li+ intercalation and extraction were observed at high power rates. More importantly, the highly conductive and mechanically stable CNF core optionally supports a coaxially coated amorphous Si shell which has much higher theoretical specific capacity by forming fully lithiated alloy. Addition of surface effect dominant sites in close proximity to the intercalation medium results in a hybrid device that includes advantages of both batteries and capacitors.

Abstract: Provided is a catalyst for solid polymer fuel cell that exhibits excellent initial activity and favorable durability and a method for manufacturing the same. The invention is a catalyst for solid polymer fuel cell which is formed by supporting catalyst particles including platinum, cobalt and manganese on a carbon powder carrier, wherein a composition ratio (molar ratio) among platinum, cobalt and manganese in the catalyst particles is Pt:Co:Mn=1:0.06 to 0.39:0.04 to 0.33, a peak intensity ratio of a Co—Mn alloy appearing in the vicinity of 2?=27° is 0.15 or less with respect to a main peak appearing in the vicinity of 2?=40° in X-ray diffraction analysis of the catalyst particles, and a fluorine compound having a C—F bond is supported at least on the surface of the catalyst particles. The amount of the fluorine compound supported is preferably from 3 to 20% with respect to the entire mass of the catalyst.

Abstract: A method for making a device with a fibrous sheet includes a step of combining a fiber-forming resin with a carrier resin to form a resinous mixture. The fiber forming resin has a fluorinated backbone with a pendent CF2CF2—X group where X is a SO3H or SO2F. The carrier resin is a soluble polyamide. The resinous mixture is extruded to form an extruded resinous mixture. The extruded resinous mixture has fiber strands of the fiber-forming resin within the carrier resin. The extruded resinous mixture is contacted with water to separate the fiber strands of the fiber-forming resin from the carrier resin. Fiber forming strands are optionally cross-linked with ammonia and then are hydrolyzed to form ionomers.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction including a silver/silver halide composite, a fuel cell including the electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction, and a method for preparing the electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing an alloy catalyst for fuel cells having excellent catalytic activity and high durability. The method includes coating a platinum or platinum-transition metal catalyst supported on carbon with polydopamine as a capping agent. The method for preparing an alloy catalyst supported on carbon uses polydopamine as a capping agent for a platinum or platinum-transition metal catalyst supported on carbon, and thus provides a binary or ternary platinum alloy catalyst supported on carbon having a small particle size and high alloying degree despite the subsequent high-temperature heat treatment. In addition, polydopamine (PDA) is a highly adhesive material and allows thin and uniform coating, and thus inhibits particle size growth during heat treatment while allowing easy diffusion of a transition metal into the metal.

Abstract: Electrocatalysts for use in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies include a support substrate comprising a metal oxide nanotube having an internal support surface and conductive metal oxide particles impregnated on the internal support surface. Fuel cell electrodes are produced using the electrocatalyst coated on a gas diffusion layer.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the catalyst assembly includes a two-dimension (2-D) extensive catalyst having a catalyst crystal plane; and a substrate supporting the 2-D extensive catalyst and having a substrate crystal plane in substantial alignment with the catalyst crystal plane. In certain instances, the catalyst crystal plane includes first and second adjacent catalyst atoms defining a catalyst atomic distance, the substrate crystal plane includes first and second adjacent substrate atoms defining a substrate atomic distance, a percent difference between the catalyst and substrate atomic distances is less than 10 percent.

Abstract: A mixed metal oxide material of tungsten and titanium is provided for use in a fuel cell. The material may comprise less than approximately 30 at. % tungsten. The mixed metal oxide may form the core of a core-shell composite material, used as a catalyst support, in which a catalyst such as platinum forms the shell. The catalyst may be applied as a single monolayer, or up to 20 monolayers.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide such a carbon-supported catalyst that an activity expected from a catalytic activity by rotating disk electrode (RDE) evaluation is maintained even after the formation of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Disclosed is a carbon-supported catalyst wherein the carbon-supported catalyst includes fine catalyst particles that have a palladium-containing particle and a platinum-containing outermost layer covering at least part of the palladium-containing particle, and a carbon support supporting the fine catalyst particles, and wherein, in a cyclic voltammogram that is obtained by measuring, in an acid solution, the carbon-supported catalyst applied to a measurement electrode made of an electroconductive material, the proportion of the area of a hydrogen adsorption region that appears in a reduction current region to the total area of the hydrogen adsorption region and a hydrogen occlusion region that appears in the reduction current region, is 29% to 36%.