Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing emissions in combustion products. Fuel and primary oxidant are introduced into a burner tube and discharged as a fuel/oxidant mixture, preferably fuel-rich, into a primary combustion chamber. The combustion flame entrains, through a peripheral gap between the burner tube and a wall of a first housing, a first portion of secondary oxidant in the primary combustion chamber. The combustion flame is then directed, preferably through a swaged orifice, into a secondary combustion chamber. Within the secondary combustion chamber, the combustion flame entrains a second portion of secondary oxidant and then combustion products are discharged through an exhaust tube.

Abstract: In a method of operating a swirl-stabilized burner operated with gaseous and/or liquid fuels (12, 16), in which combustion air (7) or a mixture of recycled flue gas (30) and fresh air (29), which mixture is formed by injector delivery, and fuel (12, 16) are intensively mixed by means of a swirl generator (37) and then burned, in the course of which a backflow zone (24), which stabilizes the flame, is formed, starting air (38), which has at least a radial velocity component, is injected during the starting action at the downstream end of the swirl generator (37) in such a way as to be directed from the margin of the burner into the center. The injection of the starting air (38) is switched off after the end of the starting action, so that the burner works in such a way as to be unaffected in normal operation. The invention improves the ignition conditions, increases the flame stabilization, and reduces the pollutant emissions when the burner is being started.

Abstract: A landfill gas vent flare is provided which includes a flarehead disposed in communication with a landfill gas vent wherein landfill gas is permitted to flow therethrough. A spark plug is located on the flarehead and is electrically connected to a solar powered ignitor which provides electrical impulses to the spark plug at regular predetermined intervals to generate a spark every 1.5 seconds to ignite the landfill gas and ensure the landfill gas burns continuously. The sparks are continuously generated regardless of the presence of landfill gas or flame in the flarehead. The flarehead comprises an inverted, modified frusto-conical structure and includes a plurality of inlets which permit air to enter the flarehead and mix with the landfill gas to facilitate combustion and to further ensure continuous burning of the gas.

Abstract: A combustion type detoxifying apparatus which carries out detoxifying treatment of a raw gas containing toxic components injected through a burner (3) into a combustion chamber (1) by allowing the toxic components to burn or undergo pyrolysis. The burner (3) has a raw gas nozzle (32a) for injecting the raw gas, a lift gas nozzle (32b) for injecting an inert gas, a raw gas combustion assisting gas nozzle (32c) for injecting a gas for assisting combustion of combustible components in the raw gas, a fuel gas combustion assisting gas nozzle (32d) for injecting a gas for assisting combustion of the fuel gas and a fuel gas nozzle (32e) for injecting the fuel gas.

Abstract: A burner for operating a combustion chamber, which burner essentially comprises a swirl generator (100), a transition piece (200) arranged downstream of the swirl generator, and a mixing tube (20), transition piece (200) and mixing tube (20) forming the mixing section of the burner and being arranged upstream of a combustion space (30). At the end of the mixing tube (20) in its region leading out to a downstream combustion space (30), the mixing tube (20) has a first radius (R.sub.1) which runs convexly relative to the burner axis (60). This radius (R.sub.1) merges into a second radius (R.sub.2) which extends up to the outlet plane (70) of the mixing tube (20) and runs concavely relative to the burner axis (60), the covered sector (.beta..sub.1 +.beta..sub.2) of the two radii (R.sub.1, R.sub.2) being 90.degree. at most. With this configuration, enlargement and stabilization of the backflow zone (50) as well as axial orientation of the marginal flow are achieved.

Abstract: A burner, particularly for a gas turbine, includes a catalytic combustion chamber and a performer/reformer (24). The combustion chamber has an essentially cylindrical extent in a flow direction of a fuel and a catalytically active coating (12) on a wall facing the fuel for oxidation of the fuel. A particularly low nitrogen oxide content of burner exhaust gas is achieved as a result of the catalytically induced combustion of the fuel. At the same time, in contrast to known primary measures for nitrogen oxide abatement, the flow resistance in the burner is not increased by the coating of the wall. Therefore, when the burner is used in a gas turbine, a particularly high efficiency together with a low nitrogen oxide emission can be achieved.

Abstract: A vaporizing combustion chamber for a heater running on liquid fuel, in particular a vehicle heater, in which inter alia two pipes disposed concentrically one inside the other form therebetween an annular chamber which is closed at a first end. At the second end, the annular chamber is open and leads into a flame diaphragm which projects radially inwards from the outer pipe and is located at a spacing in front of the inner pipe. At both its ends the inner pipe is substantially open and the opening at the second end is contracted by a concentric baffle edge of a baffle plate. In order to improve the emission values of the combustion chamber exhaust gas and reduce combustion noises both when the combustion chamber is disposed horizontally and when it is disposed vertically, the opening in the flame diaphragm is eccentric to the opening, in the inner pipe, formed by the baffle edge of the baffle plate.

Abstract: A fluid injector for use with a burner having at least a pair of concentric tubes which conduct at least two different fluids via inner and outer passageways to a discharge tip. The passageways having different linear fluid velocity rates which causes the issuing discharge flow of the fluids to constrict causing mixing and combining of the fluids for introducing to a combustion chamber. Protection of the injector from thermal melting or burning is provided by location of the injector within the coils of a feed preheater constituting a heat exchanger.

Abstract: A liquid fuel burner is provided with a central fuel outlet having a generally divergent conical inner surface, formed of two contiguous divergent conical surfaces of different angles of divergence, and a plurality of oxygen outlets shaped and positioned for creating a converging, rotating stream of oxygen which intersects with any liquid fuel issuing from the fuel outlet. Such oxygen/fuel interaction results in two zones of combustion and a recirculation effect which assists in the complete or substantially complete combustion of undesirable exhaust gas components. The oxygen and fuel are preferably supplied such that their velocities are approximately equal at the point at which the two zones of combustion meet.

Abstract: A burner nozzle having stable ignition and flame over a wide range of firing rates. The nozzle has a mixing plate which has air holes arranged in separate primary and secondary zones. The holes of the primary zone are located within approximately five times the diameter of fuel outlet ports so that the fuel exiting such ports has sufficient velocity to optimize mixing. The holes in the secondary zone are located farther away from the ports so that complete mixing takes place downstream of the nozzle. As a result, the present invention provides a burner nozzle with improved flame stability during ignition and operation and improved control over the amount of immediate and downstream combustion. The division of the mixing plate into primary and secondary zones further provides increased control over the amount of immediate and downstream combustion taking place.

Abstract: A gas burner has an air delivery channel connected to a combustion chamber by a deflection element for deflecting the gas stream from the air delivery channel into the combustion chamber. The gas burner has an arrangement that will reduce the gas stream on the outside of the combustion chamber that is at a greater distance from the air delivery channel with reference to the flow direction in the air delivery channel in a section along a plane of the angle between the direction of the gas stream in the combustion chamber and the direction of the gas stream in the air delivery channel in favor of the gas stream on the inside of the combustion chamber that lies closer to the air delivery channel along the plane so that the gas stream in the combustion chamber is made more uniform with reference to the cross-section extending perpendicular to the direction of the gas stream in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A non-water cooled burner is provided for preparation of synthesis gas by partial oxidation of hydrocarbon-containing fuel and an oxygen-containing gas applied as oxidiser. The burner comprises a burner head and an arrangement of passages or channels for feeding the fuel and oxidiser and optionally a moderator gas to a reactor. The burner head is provided with a non-ceramic lining or thin-walled mantle mounted at its one end on the burner head and its other end directed to the reactor and surrounding the passages. The non-ceramic lining is externally provided with a protection shield against hot synthesis gas, the protection shield comprising a plurality of separate ceramic members which join sideways at least partially in such a manner that the non-ceramic lining at its the other end is encircled over a determined part of its length by the plurality of separate ceramic members. The plurality of ceramic members is fixed on the non-ceramic lining.

Abstract: A torch suitable for use in recreational applications, such as with patios or decks, includes a gas cylinder, a holder for the cylinder, a pole to support the holder and a burner for producing a stable, visible flame. The burner includes one or more holes for injecting primary air near a flow-controlled gas orifice and a burn tip spaced from the orifice. A bowl is mounted about the burn tip and is preferably shaped for providing wind resistance and admitting secondary air at its exit to produce a stable, visible flame. In the preferred embodiment, the enclosure is made from plastic, and has a socket for receiving the pole. An oil, such as citronella oil, may be mixed with the propane or other gas in the cylinder to scent the area in which the torch is used.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment unit of the combustion type is capable of effectively carrying out the decomposing treatment of an exhaust gas while at the same time allowing the unit to be reduced in size. The exhaust gas treatment unit includes a treatment drum, a combustion air introduction tube attached at one end of the treatment drum to introduce combustion air to the inside of the treatment drum, a fuel gas introduction tube disposed inside the combustion air introduction tube to introduce fuel gas to the inside of the treatment drum, and an exhaust gas introduction tube disposed inside the fuel gas introduction tube to introduce exhaust gas to the inside of the treatment drum. A flame tube extends from an end portion of the combustion air introduction tube on the air outlet side to the vicinity of the other end of the treatment drum, and a cooling air introduction port is provided for introducing cooling air into a space between the side wall of the treatment drum and the flame tube.

Abstract: A novel flare stack is disclosed comprising a body defining a partially hollow tube and having an first and a second end, a burner disposed at the upper end, a gas introduction means situated at the lower end and a source of fluid coupled in fluid communication with the second end of the body for combustion of both the gas and the fluid in the burner.

Abstract: A low emission combustion system for use in a fuel-fired apparatus includes a fuel-fired burner (30) operative for generating a flame extending substantially axially outwardly from the outlet of the burner, a heat transfer tube (40) opposed to the outlet of the burner whereby the flame extending from said burner passes into a flame inlet section (48) of the gas flow conduit (46) of the heat transfer tube, a radiator body (50) disposed within the flame inlet section of the gas flow conduit of the heat transfer tube, and a catalytic converter (60) for oxidizing carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The radiator body (50) has a thermal mass sufficient to reduce peak flame temperatures in the flame inlet section to less than 2800 F. The catalytic converter is disposed within the gas flow conduit at a location downstream of the radiator body.

Abstract: A portable forced air heater includes a base, an outer tubular housing mounted on the base which includes front and rear ends, and a burner assembly mounted within the outer housing. The burner assembly includes an inner housing, and support brackets on the inner housing include tabs which extend through slots in the outer housing. A fan is mounted within the outer housing behind the inner housing. The outer housing is provided with an air opening rearwardly of the inner housing, and an air scoop below the air opening guides air from the fan toward the front of the outer housing for cooling the support surface of the heater. An air diffuser plate on the rear end-of the inner housing is provided with radially extending tapered slots which include radially outwardly diverging side edges. The diffuser plate includes a vane for each slot which partially obstructs the slot. A fuel valve is mounted on the base, and a fuel tube extends between the fuel valve and the burner assembly.

Abstract: A combustion chamber with two-stage combustion has primary burners (110) of the premix type of construction, in which the fuel injected via nozzles (117) is intensively mixed with the combustion air inside a premix space (115) prior to ignition. The primary burners are of flame-stabilizing design, i.e. they are designed without a mechanical flame retention baffle. They are provided with tangential inflow of the combustion air into the premix space (115). Arranged downstream of a precombustion chamber (61) are secondary burners (150) which are designed as premix burners which do not operate by themselves.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for burning the combustible components of a gas stream. The apparatus comprising a a stack pipe having one end in communication with a gas supply pipe for receiving a gas stream and an air supply pipe. Gas and air are introduced into a stack pipe having a mixing zone, stabilization means, an igniter and means to prevent downwash of gaseous products resulting from combustion within the stack pipe.

Abstract: This invention relates to a torch comprising:a) a nozzle having a bore extending therethrough, the bore comprising a first end portion, a second end portion, and an arcuate middle portion defining an arcuate tube surface,b) means for providing a flame flowing from the first end portion of the bore towards the second end portion of the bore, so that the flame impinges upon the arcuate tube surface,wherein the arcuate tube surface comprises silicon carbide.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a novel cone burner for gaseous and/or liquid fuels which has a reduced NOx and CO emission. According to the invention, this is achieved in that the sectional cone bodies (1, 2) have a common outlet diffuser (27) at their downstream end. They have a transition region (28) to the outlet diffuser (27), in which the size of the air-inlet slots (7, 8) decreases continuously in the direction (3) of flow. The outlet diffuser (27) is designed to be circular and without air-inlet slots (7, 8).

Abstract: In a premix burner having a swirl-stabilizing interior space (20) which is essentially formed by sectional shells (11, 12) nested one inside the other in a mutually offset manner as well as by a conically running inner body (13), one feed duct (11c, 12c) each extends upstream of the tangential air-inlet slots (11a, 12a) formed by the offset sectional shells, which feed duct (11c, 12c) is fitted at least with means (11d, 12d) for swirling an air flow (23) and with means for introducing a fuel (24). The introduction of the fuel is preferably arranged downstream of the means for swirling the air flow.

Abstract: A spark ignited burner that includes a fuel-oxidant pre-mixing chamber upstream of both an annular ignition spark discharge gap and a main fuel outlet. A continuous ignition discharge spark is established and maintained across the annular ignition spark discharge gap and used to ignite a pre-mixed fuel-oxidant mixture, which in turn is used to ignite the main burner flame.

Abstract: To sealingly retain a radiant heat exchange tube extending through an opening (5) in a wall (3) of a furnace, and to isolate the atmosphere within the furnace space (2) from outside ambient space, a thin-wall sleeve (25) has a first portion (40) shrinkfitted around the radiant heat exchange tube (7) which, for high temperature resistance, is made of a ceramic, preferably silicon carbide. A second portion (42, 44, 46) of the sleeve (25) which conically expands, is secured to a flange element (23), for example by welding, which, in turn, is secured for examples by screws, to a flange structure (8) on the wall (3) of the furnace. The flange element (23) has an inner diameter which is greater than the outer diameter of the tube (7). The sleeve (25) is preferably made of iron-nickel and has a wall thickness which is about 1/10 of the wall thickness of the ceramic tube (7).

Abstract: Method and apparatus for generating steam in which water is fed directly into a combustion zone which is configured in such a manner that water cannot by-pass the zone. A steam generator may be comprised of three conduits arranged coaxially with one another which carry fuel, oxygen, and feed water to a fuel-oxygen mixing zone and a combustion zone. Alternatively, a generator may be comprised of two concentric conduits which carry water and a mixture comprised of fuel and oxygen to a combustion zone. Steam flows out of the generator through a restriction at one end of the outermost conduit. In one embodiment, the combustion zone extends into a housing which communicates with and is attached to the outermost conduit. The invention provides very high thermal efficiency and very low atmospheric emissions.

Abstract: A gas heating apparatus has a cylindrical outer shell disposed along a duct in which a gas to be heated flows. A pre-mixture gas supply tube is connected to the outer shell. A combustion unit including a sintered fiber mat is provided inside the outer shell with a spacing being provided between outer shell and the sintered fiber mat. The combustion unit burns the pre-mixture gas on an inner surface of the sintered fiber mat. A diffusion burner is preferably provided upstream of the outer shell and of the combustion unit to increase the heating effect. With these constructions, it is possible to obtain a smaller-sized heating apparatus which produces a higher output.

Abstract: An injector (12) for sucking in environmental air and for injection into the combustion chamber (12) of a torch burner (11) by means of a driving fluid (14) standing under excess pressure, has an air induction opening (15), a flow channel (16) and injection openings (17) through which the driving fluid (14) is blown into a mixing region (19) where it mixes with induced air. The flow channel (16) has a diffusor region (18) ajoining the mixing region (19) in the flow direction and has an outlet opening (20) for the mixture of air and driving fluid. In accordance with the invention, injection openings (17) open into a dead flow space (22) from which spray jets (23) are directed into the mixing region (19).

Abstract: A process and apparatus for combustion of a fuel/oxidant mixture in which at least a portion of the fuel is preheated and, thereafter, burned with any remaining portion of fuel in a flame having fuel-rich zones, thereby forming soot within the resulting flame to produce a luminous, high heat transfer, low NO.sub.x flame.

Abstract: A flashback resistant burner for lean fuel/air mixtures includes apparatus for mixing a primary fuel and combustion air to form a noncombustible fuel/air mixture. Means are provided for accelerating the noncombustible fuel/air mixture to a velocity higher than the flame speed of a combustible mixture of the primary fuel and air. Means are further provided for mixing a secondary fuel with the accelerated noncombustible fuel/air mixture to form a combustible fuel/air mixture that has an equivalence ratio less than 1. Means are then provided for burning the combustible fuel/air mixture.

Abstract: A combustion device in a lighter, such as a gas lighter, comprises a base portion, which is associated with a nozzle for jetting a fuel gas and is provided with a primary air hole for introducing primary air into the fuel gas having been jetted from the nozzle, and a combustion cylinder, in which the fuel gas containing the primary air mixed in is burned. The combustion cylinder has a multiple pipe structure comprising a combustion inner pipe, in which the fuel gas containing the primary air mixed in flows, and a combustion outer pipe, which is located around the outer periphery of the combustion inner pipe and at a predetermined spacing from the combustion inner pipe. The space, which is defined between the combustion inner pipe and the combustion outer pipe, is formed as a secondary air flow path, through which secondary air is supplied to a combustion flame.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for igniting fuel include an electrostatic fuel nozzle that produces an atomized fuel spray; and a catalytic igniter for igniting the atomized fuel spray.

Abstract: A burner is disclosed having a burner chamber with heavily insulated heat retaining walls and a series of off-center mixers located at one end thereof. A uniform concentration gas/air mixture to 50% additional fuel above the lean flammability limit coming from the mixer tubes is ignited in the burner chamber due to the recirculation of combusting gas and air back to the end of the burner chamber above auto the ignition temperature for the mixture. The particular mixture disclosed utilizes 0.55-0.7 equivalence ratio. With the present burner, oxidant and fuel are respectively supplied to each mixer by respective common oxidant and fuel plenums. In this way, fuel and oxidant are mixed near the point of combustion, enhancing safety and permitting the construction of larger burners.

Abstract: In a combustion chamber with at least one premixing burner (110) which is fastened by means of its burner outlet (118) to a front plate (54) bounding the combustion space of the combustion chamber (60), the gaseous fuel is introduced via gas inlet flow openings (117) arranged around a burner axis (100). The fuel is mixed with the combustion air prior to ignition. The fuel concentration at the burner outlet (118) is lower at the outer edge of the flow field generated by the premixing burner (110) than it is in the inner part of the flow field. The temperature of the combustion gases at the outer edge of the bonnet-shaped reverse-flow zone (121), which gases impinge on the combustion chamber wall (63), is lower than the average temperature of the combustion gases in the bonnet-shaped reverse-flow zone (121).

Abstract: A fuel-fired, forced air, draft induced heating furnace is provided with NOx reduction apparatus associated with a plurality of combustor tubes forming a portion of its heat exchanger structure. In-shot type fuel burners are spaced apart from and face the open inlet ends of horizontal combustion sections of the combustor tubes. The NOx reduction apparatus includes a plurality of metal mesh tubes having diameters substantially less than the internal diameters of the combustion tubes. Each metal mesh tube is coaxially anchored to and telescopingly over the outlet end of one of the burners and extends therefrom coaxially into the associated combustion tube.

Abstract: A nozzle adapted for use in a high excess air burner. The nozzle includes three combustion chambers and an outer flame retention ring for supporting combustion of gaseous fuel over a range of volumetric flow rates. Combustion air is staged to each of the combustion chambers and to the outer flame retention ring for mixing with the fuel to form a combustible fuel-air mixture. Combustion occurs in the first combustion chamber at relatively low flow rates of fuel. Combustion occurs in the second and third combustion chambers and the outer flame retention ring with increasingly higher fuel flow rates. The second combustion chamber is configured with a radially inwardly converging sidewall to provide for a smooth transition of the flame between the second and third combustion chambers.

Abstract: In a method of operating a multi-stage combustion chamber, having at least one primary burner (110) of the premixing type of construction, the fuel injected via nozzles is intensively mixed with primary combustion air inside a premixing space in advance of the ignition. Secondary combustion air is directed into a secondary combustion space (62) which is arranged downstream of the precombustion space (61). The primary burner (110) is a flame-stabilizing double-cone burner without a mechanical flame retention baffle, which is operated at the lower stability limit. The burnt gas is accelerated between precombustion space (61) and secondary combustion space (62). For the purpose of forming a self-igniting mixture, cooling air from the double-wall combustion-chamber boundary and additional fuel are introduced into the burnt-gas flow leaving the precombustion space.

Abstract: Gas phase combustion producing lower emissions in gas turbines is stabilized in a lean pre-mixed combustor, by flow of the fuel/air mixture through a catalyst which is heated by contact with recirculated, partially reacted combustion gases.

Abstract: The invention is drawn to a nozzle device for gas torches which allows interactive, real-time control of thermoplastic processing and a method of using this device. The device consists of a movable nozzle slide that it attached to the tip of the torch. The nozzle slide can be moved in an upward or downward direction, thereby changing the amount of heat contacting the material.

Abstract: An oxyburner (1) is associated with an opening (3) comprising a through passage (2) comprising a substantially cylindrical inlet region (5) receiving the downstream end of the oxyburner (1) and a substantially cylindrical outlet region (4) of a diameter D.sub.s and a length L.sub.s, the ratio D.sub.s /D.sub.e being comprised between 1.5 and 2.5 and the ratio L.sub.s /(D.sub.s -D.sub.e) comprised between 2 and 7. The speed of ejection of the oxygenated combustible gas is greater than 5 meters/second and the speed of ejection of the combustible gas is greater than the speed of the combustion-supporting gas.

Abstract: A staged oxy-fuel burner for producing a generally flat fuel rich flame overlying a highly radiative fuel lean flame, the burner having a fuel passage terminating in a nozzle, the fuel passage and nozzle having a generally elongated cross-section, a housing of complementary shape surrounding the fuel passage, so that when fuel is introduced into the fuel passage and an oxidizer is introduced into the passage defined by a space between the housing and the fuel passage a generally flat fuel rich flame is produced at the nozzle end of the fuel conduit and a staging nozzle for introducing oxidizer underneath and in a shape complementary to said fuel rich flame to produce a highly radiative fuel lean flame under said fuel rich flame.

Abstract: A mixing unit for mixing gaseous fuel and combustion air includes a fuel supply chamber adapted to receive a supply of fuel, an air supply chamber adapted to receive a supply of combustion air, and a manifold separating the air supply chamber and a transfer conduit which is adapted to deliver the fuel-air mixture to a burner. The manifold is formed with air ports establishing communication between the air supply chamber and the transfer conduit such that multiple streams of combustion air flow through the manifold and into the transfer conduit. The manifold is further formed with fuel supply cavities which communicate with the fuel supply chamber and which alternate with the air ports in the manifold. Multiple fuel ports connect each air port with the adjacent cavities such that multiple sets of oppositely directed jets of fuel mix with the combustion air as the combustion air flows through the manifold.

Abstract: The method of combusting lean fuel-air mixtures comprising the steps of:a. obtaining an admixture of fuel and air, said admixture having an adiabatic flame above about 900.degree. Kelvin;b. passing least a portion of said admixture into contact with one or more mesolith combustion catalysts operating at a temperature below the adiabatic flame temperature of said admixture thereby producing reaction products of incomplete combustion; andc. passing said reaction products to a thermal reaction chamber;thereby igniting and stabilizing combustion in said thermal reaction chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for burning combustible material are provided. The apparatus has a combustion chamber with an intake and an exhaust end, a means for injecting combustible material into the intake end of the chamber, a means for igniting the combustible material to generate a flame front, and a means for providing a variance in pressure in the chamber between the intake end and the ignition means, so that a flame front is held substantially stationary in the chamber adjacent the pressure variance means. In its most preferred mode, the apparatus and method may be used for burning energetic materials which, due to their highly volatile and reactive properties, present unique hazards above and beyond those encountered with less reactive non-energetic combustible materials.

Abstract: In a combustion chamber consisting essentially of an inflow zone (5) and a combustion zone (11) and having self-ignition, the inflow zone (5) has vortex generators (100), of which a plurality are arranged next to one another over the periphery of the duct through which flow occurs. A premixing zone (7) follows downstream of the inflow zone (5), into which premixing zone (7) a gaseous and/or liquid fuel (9) is injected as secondary flow into a gaseous main flow (4). Between premixing zone (5) and the downstream combustion zone (11), the transition is characterized by a jump (12) in cross-section which induces the initial cross-section of flow of the combustion zone (11).

Abstract: In the case of a heat generator which essentially consists of a premix burner (100) and a flame tube (1), the hot gases (10) from the combustion in the premix burner (100) are fed into the flame tube (1), and there undergo staged post-combustion. This post-combustion takes place by means of a first post-combustion stage (11) and a second post-combustion stage (12). The air/fuel mixture (11a, 12a) is provided for each post-combustion stage (11, 12) in individual mixers (200, 300). These mixers are arranged axially with respect to the flame tube (1) and work in such a way that injection of the corresponding mixture (11a, 12a) makes it possible to obtain different combustion zones which extend in a staged sequence over the flame tube (1). By virtue of this staged post-combustion mode NO.sub.x emissions can be reduced by a factor of 5 compared to conventional techniques.

Abstract: In a premixing burner (1) which essentially consists of a mixing section (3) and a downstream combustion section (13), an ignition zone (9) being placed intermediately between the two sections, a fuel (5) and combustion air (4) are introduced at the head side of the mixing section (3) to form a mixture. At the end of the mixing section (3), the fuel/air mixture (6) ignites in the region of the ignition zone (9), specifically in such a way that no backflow zone is formed on the axis (12) of symmetry. Self-ignition and flashback are prevented by the high velocity of the mixture (6) in the mixing section (3). A conical reaction zone (11) is produced by the temperature differences between wall boundary layer and core of the hot-gas flow (15) inside the combustion section (13).

Abstract: An oxy-fuel burner for producing a generally flat luminous flame, the burner having fuel passage terminating in a nozzle, the fuel passage and nozzle having a generally elongated cross-section, a housing of complementary shape surrounding the fuel passage, so that when fuel is introduced into the fuel passage and an oxidizer is introduced into the passage defined by a space between the housing and the fuel passage a generally flat luminous flame is produced at the nozzle end of the fuel conduit. A precombustor having a cross-sectional shape complementary to that of flame end of the burner can be disposed on the flame end of the burner housing to further enhance combustion and protect the burner from the furnace atmosphere.

Abstract: A premixing burner includes a pilot burner formed from two half conical shells and a plurality of main burners arranged around the pilot burner. Each of the main burners is formed with an cylindrical outer wall to contain a main flow. Each of the main burners includes a plurality of vortex generators arranged inside the cylindrical wall about a circumference. In addition, a venturi nozzle is disposed in each of the main burners downstream of the vortex generators. A fuel lance for each of the main burners injects one or both of a gaseous and liquid fuel into the burner as a secondary flow, and an outlet of the lance is positioned to inject the secondary flow in the region of the venturi nozzle having a maximum constriction.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus comprising a reactor, elongated along one axis, preferably of square or rectangular cross section. The reactor has, at one extremity, at least one supply line for at least one reactant and at least one evacuation outlet at the other extremity for removal of produced effluents. In a first zone (near the first extremity of the reactor), a plurality of heat exchangers, substantially parallel to each other, are disposed in substantially parallel layers perpendicular to the reactor axis, thereby defining spaces or passages for circulation of reactant(s) and/or effluents between the heat exchangers and/or layers formed by the heat exchanger. The heat exchangers are adapted to exchange heat in the passages through successive transverse sections, which are independent and substantially perpendicular to the reactor axis.

Abstract: A burner is disclosed having a burner chamber with heavily insulated heat retaining walls and a series of off center mixer tubes located at one end thereof. A uniform concentration gas/air mixture to 50% additional fuel above the lean flammability limit coming from the mixer tubes is ignited in the burner chamber due to the recirculation of combusting gas and air back to the end of the burner chamber above auto the ignition temperature for the mixture. The particular mixture disclosed utilizes 0.55-0.7 equivalence ratio.