Abstract: The present invention provides a heat treatment method, particularly a heat treatment method in which a protective layer is directly applied onto a precursor to ensure that the precursor on each portion of the substrate is treated based on substantially the same conditions so that the quality of the prepared product layer is improved. The method of the present invention comprises: (1) providing a substrate; (2) applying a precursor onto the surface of the substrate; (3) covering the precursor-applied substrate with a protective layer to bring the substrate and the protective layer into direct contact; (4) placing the substrate obtained from step (3) into a heat chamber for heat treatment; and (5) removing the protective layer. A product prepared by said heat treatment method is also provided.

Abstract: A pulling roll for glass manufacture made from a millboard material fired to minimize or eliminate weight loss during operation. Methods for preparing and using such a pulling roll are also disclosed.

Abstract: A multilayered plate containing, as the graphene forming matrix, an external layer composed of a metal or a metal alloy and, as a support substrate, the transition metals and/or their alloys and/or metalloids and/or their solutions and compounds is subjected to heat treatment in the following stages: plate heating until the plate reaches a temperature that is between 0.5° C. and 50° C., annealing, at a constant or variable temperature from the temperature range, for a period between 60 and 600 seconds and cooling, with the cooling rate maintained between 0.1 and 2° C./min in the temperature range of 1,200° C.-1,050° C.

Abstract: A combustion system may include a plurality of heated volume portions. At least two of the plurality of heated volume portions may include corresponding respective electrodes. The electrodes may be driven to produce respective electric fields in their respective volumes. The electric fields may be configured to drive desired respective responses.

Abstract: A method of heating a charge material by controlling heat flux in a tilt rotary furnace is disclosed. Combustion by the burner forms a heat release profile including a high heat flux region. The positioning of the high heat flux region is controllable by providing a controlled amount of secondary or staged oxidant. The burner is configured and controlled to position a region of high heat flux at a position corresponding to an area requiring greater heating, such as the area of maximum charge depth in the furnace to provide substantially uniform melting and heat distribution.

Abstract: In the method according to the invention for operating a cement plant, the raw meal is preheated in a preheating zone, the preheated material is precalcined in a calcining zone and the precalcined material is finally sintered in a sintering zone. The cement plant is operated in such a manner that the precalcined material which is supplied to the sintering zone has an SO3 concentration of at least 5.5% by mass and a CaSO4 proportion of at least 75%, preferably 90%, of the total salt content.

Abstract: A rotary kiln includes a stationary burner and at least one electrode configured to apply an electric field and/or voltage to a flame supported by the stationary burner. The electric field may contain the flame and/or accelerate combustion to shift most heat transfer from the flame from radiation heat transfer to convective heat transfer.

Abstract: A method for heating a metal slab being transported in a longitudinal direction (L) and having a cross-direction (T) through an industrial furnace in which the metal slab is heated and transported on a rail device from the industrial furnace for subsequent processing, includes impinging a flame from at least one direct flame impingement (DFI) burner to contact a first portion of a first surface of the metal slab in at least one location corresponding to a second position on an under side surface of the metal slab which during transporting of the metal slab through the industrial furnace constitutes a contact point between the under side surface of the metal slab and the rail device, and counteracting a temperature gradient in the metal slab arising from local cooling of the metal slab upon contact with the rail device by heating the first portion with the DFI burner.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of systems and methods for oxidizing gases. In some embodiments, a reaction chamber is configured to receive a fuel gas and maintain the gas at a temperature within the reaction chamber that is above an autoignition temperature of the gas. The reaction chamber may also be configured to maintain a reaction temperature within the reaction chamber below a flameout temperature. In some embodiments, heat and product gases from the oxidation process can be used, for example, to drive a turbine, reciprocating engine, and injected back into the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A method for increasing temperature homogeneity in a pit furnace wherein at least one ingot to be heated leans against an inner wall of the pit furnace for providing a space having a triangular cross-section under the ingot between the ingot and the inner wall includes arranging at least one lance for an oxidant with an oxygen content of at least 85 percent by weight so that its orifice is arranged inside the furnace for supplying the oxidant to the space.

Abstract: A method is proposed for regulating a firing device taking into account the temperature and/or the burner load, in particular with a gas burner, comprising the regulation of the temperature (Tactual) produced by the firing device using a characteristic which shows a value range corresponding to a desired temperature (Tdesired) dependent upon a first parameter (mL, VL) corresponding to the burner load (Q), wherein when representing the characteristic, a second parameter, preferably the air ratio (?), defined as the ratio of the actually supplied quantity of air to the quantity of air theoretically required for optimal stoichiometric combustion, is constant.

Abstract: This application concerns methods and apparatus for use in industrial waste recovery operations such as recovery of non-consumed chemicals in industrial processes, with recovery of quick lime in a wood pulp process being an example. In some embodiments, methods comprise baking lime sludge in a kiln and controlling a temperature in a calcining zone of the kiln to be above about 2250° F. to vaporize sodium contained in the lime sludge. Interaction of the vaporized sodium with SOx can deter accumulation of one or both of CaCO3 and CaSO4 on one or more inner surfaces of the kiln. In some embodiments, lime sludge can be rinsed to generate a filtrate comprising dissolved NaOH, and the filtrate can charge a scrubber for removing SOx from an exhaust from the kiln. Embodiments of co-fired burners for heating such kilns by burning petroleum coke and natural gas are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is a clathrate compound represented by a following chemical formula, for example, BaaGabAlcSid (where 7.77?a?8.16, 7.47?b?15.21, 0.28?c?6.92, 30.35?d?32.80, and a+b+c+d=54), and a thermoelectric material containing the clathrate compound. A producing method of the thermoelectric material is also provided.

Abstract: A method for reducing NOx in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) fossil-fuel fired boiler includes the steps of providing a first set of optical measurement devices adapted to measure NOx and NH3 concentrations contained in an exhaust stream from a fossil-fuel fired boiler, performing measurements of NOx and NH3 at an SCR inlet using the first set of optical measurement devices, and determining an NH3/NOx molar ratio using the measurements taken by the first set of optical measurement devices. The method further includes the steps of using the determined NH3/NOx molar ratio in comparison against a user specified NH3/NOx molar ratio set-point, and controlling an NH3 control valve to match ammonia flow to changes in boiler NOx emissions such that the molar ratio set-point is maintained.

Abstract: The method according to the invention for operating a PFR lime kiln having at least two shafts, which each have a preheating zone, a combustion zone and a cooling zone, and an overflow channel which connects the two shafts, substantially comprises the following method steps: the two shafts are operated alternately as a combustion shaft and exhaust gas shaft, combustion air and fuel are supplied to the combustion shaft, a corresponding flame length being formed, and the hot gases which are produced in the combustion shaft reach the exhaust gas shaft via the overflow channel, at least one parameter of the hot gases which is characteristic of the formation of the flame length being established by means of direct or indirect measurement in the region of the overflow channel and the ratio of fuel to combustion air being adjusted in accordance with this parameter in order to adjust a predetermined flame length.

Abstract: A method for compensating flue gas enthalpy losses of heat-recovery coke ovens, having a coke oven bank, connected to one or more boilers by one or more a flue gas channels. The operation of the coke oven chambers is periodically interrupted, during which time the coke cake is removed, and the individual coke oven chambers are kept hot during the interruption of the operation by an an externally fired additional burner providing hot flue gas. The resulting heat flow remains the same in comparison to the normal operation. In this way, the boilers, which are typically used to produce steam, can be operated economically.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for controlling temperature in a glass forehearth. In one implementation, a system includes at least one burner disposed in said forehearth, a manifold coupled to said burner, a combustion fuel supply coupled to said burner, a combustion air blower for delivering ambient air under pressure to said manifold, and a controller coupled to said burner for controlling operation of said burner. The system may include a temperature sensor operatively coupled downstream of the blower for providing to the controller a temperature signal indicative of temperature of air delivered to the manifold by the blower. The controller may be responsive to the temperature signal for controlling operation of the burner as a function of current temperature of air fed to the manifold. Operation of the burner may also be controlled as a function of an average air temperature over a preceding time duration.

Abstract: A method for reducing a burned odor characteristic of lased leather is provided. Lased leather having a burned odor characteristic is heated, and the heated lased leather is subjected to a forced gas flow to reduce the burned odor characteristic of the lased leather. A system and a method for producing laser-marked leather with reduced burned odor characteristic are also provided. The system features laser marking equipment for producing laser-marked leather having a burned odor characteristic, and treatment equipment for heating and subjecting the laser-marked leather to forced gas flow to reduce the burned odor characteristic of the laser-marked leather.

Abstract: In a method of heating a structure, an interior space of a furnace is heated to an interior temperature which is greater than a desired temperature to which a structure is intended to be heated. The structure is then placed into the furnace while the interior space is at least at the interior temperature at all times. When the structure has been heated to the desired temperature, it can be removed from the furnace at the desired temperature which is lower than the interior furnace temperature.

Abstract: In an aspect of at least one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a hot isostatic pressing arrangement for treatment of articles by hot isostatic pressing. The arrangement includes a pressure vessel including a furnace chamber including a heat insulated casing and a furnace for heating of a pressure medium during pressing, and a ‘heat exchanger unit’ or heat absorbing material located below the furnace chamber. In another aspect of at least one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for treatment of articles in a hot isostatic press. The press further includes a pressure vessel enclosing a furnace chamber and a ‘heat exchanger unit’. The method includes the steps of loading the articles into the furnace chamber, performing pressurized and heated treatment of the articles, cooling the articles and unloading of the articles. All the steps are performed while the ‘heat exchanger unit’ remains located inside the pressure vessel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a wafer support jig having at least a support surface on which a treatment target wafer is mounted and supported when performing a heat treatment, wherein skewness Rsk on the support surface that supports the treatment target wafer is 0<Rsk<10, and 100 to 105 protruding objects each having a height of 2 ?n or above and less than 30 ?m are present within arbitrary 1 mm2 without protruding objects each having a height of 30 ?m or above on the entire support surface.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a method and reactor of chemical looping combustion involving at least two gases in a reactor in which: said at least two gases are conveyed to a reactor fluid inlet centre which is divided in at least two sectors; said at least two gases flow radially outward into an oxygen carrier bed that surrounds said fluid inlet center, said oxygen carrier bed comprising an active material, in which at least one reaction takes place between said active material and said at least two gases; effluents from said at least one reaction are conveyed to an outer compartment of the reactor, said compartment being divided in two sections by means of two radially extending partition walls, said fluid inlet centre, said oxygen carrier bed and said outer compartment are rotating relative to each other.

Abstract: A high-purity carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composite includes a matrix, a carbon fiber, and sulfur. The matrix includes a crystalline carbon-based powder and glassy carbon. A content of sulfur in the high-purity carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composite is 5 ppm by mass or less.

Abstract: A firewood retainer assembly and a fireplace incorporating the same are provided. The assembly includes a grate for supporting firewood at a level above a floor of a fireplace combustion chamber. The grate includes a first end opposite a second end such that a width of said grate is defined between these ends. The assembly also includes a deflector positioned adjacent the grate for deflecting air entering said combustion chamber below the level. A method of burning firewood is also provided which results in reduced particulate emissions. The method requires the deflection of air used for combustion below the firewood, heating the air with embers located below the firewood, and using the heated air for combustion.

Abstract: A continuous-atmosphere high-temperature furnace apparatus comprises a high-temperature furnace section, a mechanism for continuously supplying substrates or samples to the high-temperature furnace section, and a mechanism for continuously discharging treated substrates or samples from the high-temperature furnace section. Gas is exhausted from the high-temperature furnace section and ambient gas is supplied thereto for reaction to produce carbon materials and various other nanomaterials or to burn and graphitize the nanomaterials. The substrates or samples are sequentially moved for heat treatment, thereby improving the work efficiency of the high-temperature furnace.

Abstract: In a method for monitoring a combustion process, in which, in a oven, a substance arranged in a bed of the oven is converted under the supply of heat by way of firing by a flame, data of the flame and/or the substance in the bed being recorded by way of at least one sensor, the input of heat into the bed is determined from the data recorded by the sensor and is used for quality determination.

Abstract: Primary fuel and preheated oxidant are injected into a combustion zone to produce a flame with a predetermined adiabatic flame temperature. The preheated oxidant is injected at a target rate of oxidant injection. The primary fuel is injected at a first reduced rate which is less than a corresponding target rate of fuel injection. Secondary fuel is simultaneously injected into the combustion zone separately from the flame at a second reduced rate which is equal to the difference between the first reduced rate and the target rate of fuel injection. In this manner, combustion of the fuel with the preheated oxidant provides the amount of heat expected from the target rates of injection, while maintaining an adiabatic flame temperature that is lower than it might otherwise be if the target rate of fuel injection were provided entirely at the flame. The lower adiabatic flame temperature provides a correspondingly lower rate of NOx production.

Abstract: Process for regulating the water vapor content in a furnace operating at very high temperature between 1300 and 1800° C. and heated by combustion burners, in which there used as combustible carbon monoxide and as combustion supporter oxygen or air if desired dried and/or enriched in oxygen.

Abstract: Substrate processing apparatus and method, by which an outside air and a gas-phase backward flow are restrained from entering the inside of a reaction chamber during the inside of a reaction chamber is opened to the outside through a substrate carrying-in/carrying-out opening. This substrate processing apparatus, for example, a vertical CVD apparatus (200) has a gas supply system (240) and a bypass line (264). The gas supply system (240) supplies an inert gas to a space (3a) between an outer tube (1A) and an inner tube (2A) of a reaction furnace (211) in a boat loading term and a boat unloading term. The bypass line (264) exhausts an atmosphere from a reaction chamber (1a) by performing a slow exhaust operation in the boat loading term and the boat unloading term.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus comprises a pair or more than two pairs of burner groups. Each burner group comprises one regenerator per a plurality of burners. In each pair of burner groups, a first burner group and a second burner group are fired alternately and waste heat produced when the first burner group is fired is stored in a regenerator of the second burner group. The stored waste heat is utilized to preheat the combustion air of the second burner group when the second burner group is fired. Similarly, waste heat produced when the second burner group is fired is stored in a regenerator of the first burner group, and the stored waste heat is utilized to preheat the combustion air of the first burner group when the first burner group is fired.

Abstract: A method of heating a surface provides for a central fuel rich jet having a peripheral shroud of substantially stoichiometric combustion products and one or more fuel lean jets each having a peripheral shroud of substantially stoichiometric combustion products. The fuel lean jets are placed around the periphery of the central fuel rich jet. The fuel lean jet or jets each having shrouds of substantially stoichiometric combustion products and a careful choice of relative velocities for each results in minimizing the mixing of the fuel rich and fuel lean jets until they are at or near the surface of the material to be melted. The placement of the fuel lean jet and fuel rich jets may be reversed in applications where an oxidizing atmosphere is required at the surface to be heated.

Abstract: In a method for burning carbonate-containing material the latter moves as a result of gravity in counter-current to the cooling and combustion air through a shaft kiln. The fuel supply takes place by means of burning lances introduced into the granular burning material at right angles to the shaft wall. On limiting the grain size and the residence time as a result of this type of fuel supply it is possible to achieve high burning temperatures even suitable for hard burning without there being any sintering together of the granular burning material.

Abstract: A process controls oxy-boost firing and air-fuel burner firing in furnaces, including large glass furnaces such as float furnaces. The large side-fired regenerative float furnaces use oxy-boost firing for a variety of reasons, including production increase, improved glass quality, lowering of superstructure temperatures, and reduction of emissions. An adaptive controller receives input data from process parameter sensors throughout the furnace, and adjusts its control logic for controlling both the oxy-boost burners and the air-fuel port burners.

Abstract: An oven having one or more independently adjusted radiant heaters that can be dynamically adjusted before and during a curing or heating process to account for the shape and size of an object being cured or heated, further comprising a means for dynamically controlling the level of heat output from the radiant heaters. The oven preferably has radiant heaters positioned on opposing sides of the object and one or more back panels positioned behind the radiant heaters to absorb any radiant heat that misses the object. The oven of the present invention also has a turbulent fan and a means for deflecting the air flow of the convection heat throughout the internal oven chamber and toward the object. In addition, the oven has an exhaust fan that can discharge the exhaust either outside of the oven or redirect the exhaust back into the oven chamber to raise the ambient temperature, depending on the application for which the oven is being used.

Abstract: Combustion assembly adapted to be placed in a wall of a furnace including an axis having at least one pair of burners with axes, one oxidant lance arranged between the burners of the pair and having a lance axis and a source of oxidant connected to the burners and to the lance.

Abstract: This invention is a method of determining set temperature trajectories for a heat treatment system that conducts a first heat treatment process and a second heat treatment process to an object to be processed. The method comprises the steps of: conducting the first heat treatment process to a first test object to be processed, by using a temporary first set temperature trajectory; measuring a result of the first heat treatment process produced on the first test object to be processed; and determining a first set temperature trajectory for the first heat treatment process by correcting the temporary first set temperature trajectory on the basis of the measured result of the first heat treatment process.

Abstract: Provided is a process for the manufacture of technical glass. The process includes, heating a glass bath with at least one flame, wherein the at least one flame is a non-hard flame which is blue in color and includes substantially no reducing species.

Abstract: A method of heating a surface provides for a central fuel rich jet having a peripheral shroud of substantially stoichiometric combustion products and one or more fuel lean jets each having a peripheral shroud of substantially stoichiometric combustion products. The fuel lean jets are placed around the periphery of the central fuel rich jet. The fuel lean jet or jets each having shrouds of substantially stoichiometric combustion products and a careful choice of relative velocities for each results in minimizing the mixing of the fuel rich and fuel lean jets until they are at or near the surface of the material to be melted. The placement of the fuel lean jet and fuel rich jets may be reversed in applications where an oxidizing atmosphere is required at the surface to be heated.

Abstract: In a method for burning carbonate-containing material the latter moves as a result of gravity in counter-current to the cooling and combustion air through a shaft kiln. The fuel supply takes place by means of burning lances introduced into the granular burning material at right angles to the shaft wall. On limiting the grain size and the residence time as a result of this type of fuel supply it is possible to achieve high burning temperatures even suitable for hard burning without there being any sintering together of the granular burning material.

Abstract: A method for controlling NOx in a multi-zone re-heating furnace used for meeting process heating (or re-heating) requirements in the metals industry. Oxidant-fuel stoichiometry is altered in different zones of a multi-zone re-heating furnace to reduce the overall NOx emission without replacing existing burners or intrusively modifying the furnace (or drilling holes in the furnace) for fuel and/or an oxidant injection. The oxidant-fuel stoichiometry in at least one zone of a multi-zone re-heating furnace is made either oxidant neutral or oxidant deficient (or fuel rich) to reduce the formation of NOx and the oxidant-fuel stoichiometry of at least one other zone that is located downstream of the oxidant neutral or oxidant deficient zone is made oxidant rich (or fuel lean) to further reduce the formation of NOx in the furnace.

Abstract: A method of heating a surface provides for a central fuel rich jet having a peripheral shroud of substantially stoichiometric combustion products and one or more fuel lean jets each having a peripheral shroud of substantially stoichiometric combustion products. The fuel lean jets are placed around the periphery of the central fuel rich jet. The fuel lean jet or jets each having shrouds of substantially stoichiometric combustion products and a careful choice of relative velocities for each results in minimizing the mixing of the fuel rich and fuel lean jets until they are at or near the surface of the material to be melted. The placement of the fuel lean jet and fuel rich jets may be reversed in applications where an oxidizing atmosphere is required at the surface to be heated.

Abstract: Combustion assembly adapted to be placed in a wall of a furnace including an axis having at least one pair of burners with axes, one oxidant lance arranged between the burners of the pair and having a lance axis and a source of oxidant connected to the burners and to the lance.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for heating metal billets or other separate pieces of metal in a continuous furnace using two different burner systems. The primary burner system provides the majority of available heat at relatively high flame temperatures. The secondary high velocity burner system extrains how furnace products of combustion that impinge around on the load. Thus, heat transfer and temperature uniformity is improved by forcing hot gases between the metal pieces.

Abstract: In a process for manufacturing glass in a furnace a glass charge in solid form is introduced into a furnace-charging zone at an upstream part of a furnace. The glass charge is moved from the furnace-charging zone to a zone for removing the combustion smoke from the furnace downstream from the furnace-charging zone. The glass charge is moved from the zone for removing combustion smoke to a charge-melting zone downstream from the furnace-charging zone and located substantially in a middle of the furnace and heated by at least one burner. The glass charge is moved from the charge-melting zone to a charge-refining zone downstream from the charge-melting zone. The glass charge is brought to a desired temperature and viscosity in the charge-refining zone. The glass charge is removed from the furnace after the glass charge has been brought to the desired temperature and viscosity. The glass charge, after it has been removed from the furnace, is moved into a feed channel of glass-forming machines.

Abstract: Burner firing method and device are presented where an oxidizing oxygen-fuel burner is fired at an angle to the reducing air-fuel burner flame to reduce overall NOx emissions from high temperature furnaces. The oxidizing oxy-fuel burner stoichiometric equivalence ratio (oxygen/fuel) is maintained in the range of about 1.5 to about 12.5. The reducing air-fuel burner is fired at an equivalence ratio of 0.6 to 1.00 to reduce the availability of oxygen in the flame and reducing NOx emissions. The oxidizing flame from the oxy-fuel burner is oriented such that the oxidizing flame gas stream intersects the reducing air-fuel flame gas stream at or near the tail section of the air-fuel flame. The inventive methods improve furnace temperature control and thermal efficiency by eliminating some nitrogen and provide an effective burnout of CO and other hydrocarbons using the higher mixing ability of the oxidizing flame combustion products.

Abstract: Provided is a process for the production of a loop-shaped flame in a glass furnace. The furnace includes, in a rear part, a glass melting zone heated by injecting through at least one port a fuel gas and an oxidizer gas having more than 50 vol % of oxygen and, in a front part, a glass refining zone. The process involves defining a stoichiometry coefficient Ks of the flame in the melting zone or the refining zone according to the following formula: ##EQU1## The oxidizer gas and the fuel gas injected through at least the first port are adjusted to obtain a stoichiometry coefficient Ks in the glass melting zone equal to at most 0.8. A fuel-oxidizer mixture is injected into the refining zone to obtain a stoichiometry coefficient Ks in the refining zone which is greater than the stoichiometry coefficient Ks in the melting zone and which is between 0.8 and 1.5. An oxidizer gas is injected into the melting zone in the vicinity of a fume discharge zone to obtain a quantity of oxygen in the fumes of between 0.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the operation of a plurality of burners of a cupola. The method includes the steps of separately supplying air and fuel to each burner of the cupola, measuring the flow rates of air and fuel supplied to each burner, controlling either the flow rate of air or flow rate of fuel supplied to each burner as a function of a desired heat energy output of the burners and controlling the other of the flow rate supplied to each burner as a function of the measured flow rate of air or fuel supplied to each burner and a preselected ratio of flow rate of air supplied to each burner and of flow rate of fuel supplied to each burner.

Abstract: A process for the continuous production of a calcined product containing a high level of reactive oxide valves, from a preheated raw material containing calcium carbonate values, said process comprising,(a) introducing the preheated raw material to the bottom of a generally vertically oriented gas suspension calcining furnace, whereby said preheated raw material is thereafter suspended in an ascending stream of heated gas to thereby pass vertically upwardly through the gas suspension calcining furnace;(b) passing the ascending gas stream through a plurality of burners, into which fuel and air are injected, that are vertically spaced from each other, in the gas suspension furnace, at a number of levels in the flow direction of the heated gas, and(c) collecting the calcined product.

Abstract: To heat a thermic enclosure, flames are generated in a burner having a plurality of injectors, from an oxy-combustible mixture, the flames extending in different directions and having different power and/or oxidizing reducing capacity. Application for example to the heating of furnaces or metallurgical ladles or glassware furnaces.

Abstract: An object of this invention is to reduce the amount of substantially pure oxygen required during heating, refining and melting operations in metallurgical processes.In accordance with the invention, a burner (10) is provided in which air is aspirated and mixed with fuel and substantially pure oxygen. Additionally, swirl vanes (26) are provided to impart a swirling motion to the gasses in the burner, producing a flame which is distributed over a greater volume of the charge to be heated in the furnace. The aspirated air contains nitrogen which is heated by the combustion flame and is dissipated through the charge to assist in the melt down of the charge. Oxygen is introduced into the burner through a nozzle (22), which extends into the throat of the burner tube (12), forming a venturi (20,21) to aspirate the air into the burner.