Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of citraconic anhydride. More precisely, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of citraconic anhydride from a starting material comprising itaconic acid.The process for the preparation of citraconic anhydride may be performed continuously starting from itaconic acid, or continuously or in a batchwise manner starting directly from a fermentation broth of itaconic acid or of by-products from the manufacture of itaconic acid.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing gamma-lactones useful for incorporation in flavorings and fragrances, wherein a micro-organism which is acceptable for making food grade products and which does not metabolize gamma-lactones, is cultured aerobically in a culture medium containing as the substrate a hydroxy fatty acid having an even number 4 of carbon atoms between the carboxyl group and the carbon atom carrying the hydroxy group. The preferred micro-organism is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaromyces hansenii or Candida boidinii species. The gamma-hydroxy-alkanoic acid reaction product of the process is lactonized either in the fermentation broth or after separation therefrom. Especially suitable are 12-hydroxy fatty acids such as ricinoleic acid. The hydroxy fatty acid may be added either pure or as the mixture obtained by hydrolysis of an ester thereof. Enzymatic hydrolysis of such ester may be done in situ in the fermentation broth.

Abstract: A process for the biotechnological preparation of alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids by oxidation of compounds of the formula R.sup.1 --C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CR.sup.2 R.sup.3, where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 have the meanings indicated in the description, with the aid of microorganisms is described.

Abstract: This invention relates to a radio transmitter having a power amplifier and a linearizer arrangement, for example Cartesian feedback, for compensating for non-linearity in the power amplifier. A training signal is applied to the amplifier (36) and the linearizer arrangement is adjusted during a training mode of operation. In one embodiment, a look-up table (23) is provided for storing predetermined operating condition adjustment parameters. According to an operating condition input (e.g. frequency, temperature) control means (21) select operating condition adjustment parameters during the training mode and adjust the training signal to compensate for loop gain variations during the training mode. Automatic gain control (26) may be provided in the amplifier loop for activation during at least a portion of the training mode of operation to maintain constant closed loop gain.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel enzymatic process for the preparation of flavors, in particular of the ionones and C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aldehydes. The invention discloses a process for the preparation of optically active alpha ionone, beta ionone, C.sub.6 aldehydes such as n-hexanal, trans-2-hexanal, C.sub.10 aldehydes such as trans-2, cis-4-decadidienal, and trans-2, trans-4-decadienal. The invention also relates to a process for the production of alcohols, particularly C.sub.6 and C.sub.10 alcohols.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel process for preparing 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranol derivatives and to the novel intermediates produced thereby.

Abstract: An immunosuppressant compound is produced having the structure: ##STR1## or a mirror image thereof, wherein X.sub.1 is 2,2-dimethylvinyl and X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 together are .dbd.CH.sub.2 ; or X.sub.1 is 2,2-dimethyloxiranyl, and X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 together are --0--CH.sub.2 --; or X.sub.1 is 1,2-dihydroxy-2-methyl-propyl, X.sub.2 is --CH.sub.2 OH, and X.sub.3 is OH; or X.sub.1 is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, X.sub.2 is H, and X.sub.3 is CH.sub.2 OH; or X.sub.1 is COOR, and X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 together are .dbd.O, where R is a lower alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl group; or X.sub.1 is 2-methylpropyl, X.sub.2 is H, and X.sub.3 is CH.sub.3. The compound can be produced by culturing Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. tripterygii ATCC 74358 isolated from the stems of Tripterygium wilfordii. A pharmaceutical composition for immunosuppression therapy is prepared containing the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

Abstract: The invention is a process for producing N-substituted glucamines, a process for oxidizing an N-substituted glucamine with an oxidizing microbe or extract thereof, and a process for oxidizing an N-substituted glucamine with an oxidizing microbe or extract thereof and reducing the oxidized N-substituted glucamine to an N-substituted-1-deoxynojirimycin. In addition, a one pot process for producing N-substituted-1-deoxynojirimycin from D-glucose is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention is a process for producing N-substituted glucamines, a process for oxidizing an N-substituted glucamine with an oxidizing microbe or extract thereof, and a process for oxidizing an N-substituted glucamine with an oxidizing microbe or extract thereof and reducing the oxidized N-substituted glucamine to an N-substituted-1-deoxynojirimycin. In addition, a one pot process for producing N-substituted-1-deoxynojirimycin from D-glucose is disclosed.

Abstract: Compounds having formula (3), wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl with 1-10 carbon atoms, straight or branched alkenyl with 2-10 carbon atoms, straight or branched alkynyl with 2-10 carbon atoms, benzyl or aryl, optionally mono- or plurisubstituted with straight or branched alkyl with 1-10 carbon atoms, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, an amino or a nitro group; and when R.sup.1 is H salts thereof, or R.sup.1 is acyl (R.sup.1 =--COR.sup.2) wherein R.sup.2 is straight or branched alkyl with 1-10 carbon atoms, alkenyl with 2-10 carbon atoms, alkynyl with 2-10 carbon atoms, or aryl, optionally mono- or plurisubstituted with alkyl with 1-10 carbon atoms, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, an amino or a nitro group. Compounds of formula (3) have interesting antifungal activities and may, accordingly, be used as active ingredients in fungicidal compositions.

Abstract: A biotransformation process for the production of an intermediate used in the chemical synthesis of an antibiotic compound.

Abstract: A method for the induction of callus cells capable of producing taxanes from explant tissue by partially submerging the explant tissue in a liquid culture medium on a membrane raft, resulting in callus formation. The induction of callus cells by this method provides direct transfer of the cells formed to a liquid medium for a suspension cell culture preparation of taxanes. Thus, there is no need of a separate growth or proliferation step in the method of this invention. Furthermore, callus cells can be produced by the method; and also disclosed is a method for the use of the callus cells so produced in a suspension cell culture preparation for taxanes.

Abstract: Described is a process for producing C.sub.10 and/or C.sub.12 gamma-lactones from the corresponding C.sub.10 and/or C.sub.12 carboxylic acids by use of microorganisms of the genus Mortierella, whereby a culture of the genus Mortierella is grown in a medium containing a carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salts, vitamins and growth factors and wherein the carboxylic acid feed rate is controlled by the response of the dissolved oxygen level in culture medium in the presence of mineral oil (liquid white paraffin oil, U.S.P. or technical grade having a specific gravity of from 0.830 up to 0.905 at 60.degree. F. and a viscosity of from 50 up to 400 Sayboldt Seconds at 100.degree. F., a mixture of liquid C.sub.15 -C.sub.50 saturated hydrocarbons).

Abstract: An organic acid ester of ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid is produced by reacting ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid with an organic acid enol ester in an organic solvent with a solubility of ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid of more than 0.3% at 25.degree. C. in the presence of an active lipase.

Abstract: Manumycin C, Manumycin D and Manumycin E, obtainable by cultivation of a strain of Streptomyces sp. A.T.C.C. No. 55484, oxidized derivatives thereof and salts and prodrugs of these compounds. The novel compounds have antibacterial and antitumor activity.

Abstract: A toner comprised of pigment, and a polyimide-imine resin of the formula ##STR1## wherein m, and n represent the number of monomer segments; X is independently selected from the group consisting of a tetravalent aromatic, polyarylomatic or cycloaliphatic group with from about 6 to about 20 carbon atoms and a cycloaliphatic group; R is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylene, oxyalkylene and polyoxyalkylene; and R' is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylene and arylene.

Abstract: The invention is drawn to a new enzyme that selectively hydrolyzes D-pantolactone in D,L-pantolactone and has the following characteristics:(a) action: acts on pantolactone to produce the corresponding acid;(b) specificity for substrate: acts specifically on D-pantolactone but not on L-pantolactone;(c) pH stability: stable at pH5-9;(d) optimal pH: 7.0-7.5;(e) optimal temperature: ca. 50.degree. C.; and(f) effect of various metal ions or inhibitors: inhibited by Cd.sup.2+, Hg.sup.2+ or Cu.sup.2+ EDTA, as well as a process for the preparation thereof. The enzyme is preferably produced by cultivating the microorganisms of the genera Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, and Gibberella, and most preferably the microorganism Fusarium oxysporum IFO 5942.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the preparation of R-configured trialkylsilylethynyl .alpha.-alcohols from similarly substituted .alpha.-ketones, and vice versa, catalyzed by the alcohol dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus kefir, ATCC No. 35411. Also disclosed is the acceptance or transfer of a hydride ion from or to the pro-R face of NADPH or NADP, respectively, as catalyzed by that enzyme.

Abstract: Meta-hydroxyphenylacetylenes are produced from phenyl-substituted ketal or acetal precursors. Using biotransformation processes, these precursors serve as substrates that are converted to cis-dihydrodiol intermediates. The cis-dihydrodiols can be converted chemically to the corresponding meta-substituted compounds, e.g., meta-substituted phenols, and then to m-hydroxyphenylacetylene, which is an intermediate needed to produce acetylene-terminated resins. The biotransformation step employs arene-2,3-dioxygenase in intra- or extra- cellular form.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an aldose reductase inhibitor represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is (CH.sub.2).sub.2 COOH and R.sub.2 is phenyl or p-hydroxyphenyl, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are combined together to form a group of the formula: ##STR2## which was isolated from the fermentation products of Chaetomella circinoseta RF-3192.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of D-pantolactone, comprising employing specific microorganisms to convert D,L-pantolactone as the starting material into D-pantoic acid by selective asymmetric hydrolysis of the D-form only in the D,L-pantolactone, and then separating D-pantoic acid and converting it into D-pantolactone.

Abstract: Described is a process for the preparation of compositions of matter containing octalactones defined according to the structure: ##STR1## which includes the stereoisomers having the structures: ##STR2## by means of the sequential steps of (i) fermentation of caprylic acid or the ethyl ester of caprylic acid defined according to the generic structure: ##STR3## wherein R is hydrogen or ethyl using a microorganism selected from the group consisting of:Mortierella ramanniana var. ramanniana--CBS 112.08Mortierella ramanniana var. ramanniana--CBS 478.

Abstract: It is possible with the aid of various Streptomycetes species to prepare new compounds having a furan or lactone structure. These compounds have a pharmacological, especially antibiotic, action.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of optically active (-)-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octanolones of formula (-)-I ##STR1## wherein R is defined herein, comprising subjecting a racemic mixture of oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octanolone acylate to stereospecific acylate hydrolysis and separating the resultant products.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-member ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The heterocycle serves as the substrate and exhibits no substituent on the carbon atoms adjacent to the methyl groups to be oxidized. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by means of microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas utilizing toluene, xylene, or cymene. The enzymes of the microorganisms been previously induced.

Abstract: This invention relates to the stereospecific process for the preparation, separation and purification of hexahydrodibenzofurans which are used in the preparation of the 5HT.sub.3 compounds. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of substantially optically pure cishexahydrodibenzofuran compounds including at least two chiral fused ring centers which comprises the acidic catalyzed stereospecific ring closure by the intra-molecular inversion of a gamma, i.e. 2', carbon atom of a 2-[(2'-leaving group)cycloalkyl]phenol.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the preparation of R-configured trialkylsilylethynyl .alpha.-alcohols from similarly substituted .alpha.-ketones, and vice versa, catalyzed by the alcohol dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus kefir, ATCC No. 35411. Also disclosed is the acceptance or transfer of a hydride ion from or to the pro-R face of NADPH or NADP, respectively, as catalyzed by that enzyme.

Abstract: The primary hydroxy group of Corey lactone diols is optically selectively acylated to obtain the desired optically active ester and/or diol. The mixture of Corey lactone diols of formulae (Ia) and (Ib): ##STR1## is reacted with an acylating agent optically selectively in the presence of an enzyme and/or a microorganism thereby to acylate, isolate and purify the primary alcohol.

Abstract: Gamma-decalactone is obtained from a source of ricinoleic acid, for example castor oil, by incubation with Sp. odorus or Rh. glutinis. The product lactone is obtained by lactonising the product hydroxydecanoic acid. The lactone is of value in perfumery and flavors.

Abstract: A process using microorganisms which contain genes, which form an active xylene monooxygenase, which form no effective, chromosomally or plasmid-coded alcohol hydrogenase, and which are, thus, capable of hydroxylating methyl groups on aromatic 5- or 6-atom heterocycles to the corresponding hydroxymethyl derivatives, for the production of hydroxymethylated 5- or 6-atom heterocycles.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing delta-lactones useful for incorporation in flavourings and fragrances, wherein a micro-organism which is preferably acceptable for making "food grade" products and which does not metabolize delta-lactones, is cultured aerobically in a culture medium containing as the substrate, an 11-hydroxy fatty acid having an odd number .gtoreq.5 of carbon atoms between the carboxyl group and the carbon atom carrying the hydroxy group. The preferred micro-organism is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae species. The delta-hydroxy-alkanoic acid reaction product of the process is lactonized either in the fermentation broth or after separation therefrom. Especially suitable is 11-hydroxy palmitic acid. The hydroxy fatty acid may be added either pure or as the mixture obtained by hydrolysis of an ester thereof. Enzymatic hydrolysis of such ester may be done in situ in the fermentation broth.

Abstract: A microbiological process for oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas, which utilize toluene, xylene or cymene. An inducer, the aromatic heterocycle, as the substrate, and a carbon source and energy source are fed in and, after the maximal product concentration is reached, the product is separated.

Abstract: Described is a microbiological method for producing the lactone, sclareolide having the structure: ##STR1## and a diol having the chemical structure: ##STR2## using a sclareol derivative having one of the structures: ##STR3## wherein a combination of two or more of the compounds as a substrate and using one of the microorganisms:Cryptococcus albidus, ATCC 20918Bensingtonia ciliata, ATCC 20919Cryptococcus laurentii, ATCC 20920 orCryptococcus albidus, ATCC 20921.

Abstract: A steam stripping fraction of sesame seed oil with increased concentration of sesamin and episesamin is used in a molecular distillation process to obtain a fraction containing more than 70 weight % of sesamin and episesamin. The steam stripping fraction is preferably obtained by a steam stripping process wherein the temperature (t.degree. C.) of the sesame seed oil and the pressure (P mmHg) for the process are such that {(4.24.times.10.sup.3)/(9.41-log P)}-273 .ltoreq.t.ltoreq.280 and 0.5.ltoreq.P.ltoreq.20.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of R-2,2-R.sub.1,R.sub.2 -1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are H or alkyl groups or wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a carbocyclic ring by subjecting a mixture of R- and S-2,2-R.sub.1,R.sub.2 -1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol to the action of a micro-organism or substances derived therefrom having the ability for stereoselective consumption of S-2,2-R.sub.1,R.sub.2 -1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol preferably until at least 80 wt % and more preferably all the S-2,2-R.sub.1,R.sub.2 -1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol is consumed. Various micro-organisms of the genus Rhodococcus, Nocardia and Corynebacterium are disclosed as suitable for the purpose. The R-isomer is a valuable intermediate for stereospecific synthesis of various biologically active compounds including S-metoprolol.

Abstract: A process for preparing (+)-homopilopic acid and the salts thereof which comprises hydrolyzing a mixture of (+)-homopilopic acid ester of the general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 denotes straight or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 hydrocarbon, and (-)-homopilopic acid ester of the general formula (II): ##STR2## wherein R.sub.2 denotes straight or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 hydrocarbon, in the presence of a microorganism belonging to the genus Arthrobacter, Aspergillus, Escherichia, Cunninghamella, Xanthomonas, Candida, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Cellulomonas, Nocardia, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium, Rhizomucor, Rhodotorula or Rhodococcus, or a treated matter thereof.

Abstract: Process for the enantioselective conversion of an enantiomer mixture of 2R.sub.1,2R.sub.2 -1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol including the following steps: combining the enantioselective enzyme, PQQ-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase with an enantiomer mixture of 2R.sub.1, 2R.sub.2 -1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol of the formula: ##STR1## where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally branched alkyl group, an aryl, and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 with the carbon atom to which they are attached being an optionally substituted carbocyclic ring, the combination of ingredients producing 2R.sub.1,2R.sub.2 -3-dioxolane-4-methanol enriched in the S-enantiomer i.e. S-2R.sub.1,2R.sub.2 -1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol.

Abstract: The process consists of culturing in a closed photobioreactor (2) microalgae suspended in a culture medium (1), the oxygen produced by the microalgae by photosynthesis being collected and then reinjected into the culture medium, separating (6) the microalgae from the culture medium (1), dissolving (12) the microalgae, grinding or crushing (14) the solution of microalgae, adding (16) a solvent to the ground or crushed solution for solubilizing the antioxidants produced by the microalgae and then separating (18) the liquid phases present.

Abstract: Process for the production of gamma- or delta-lactones according to the general formula: ##STR1## in which R is a saturated, mono-, di- or triunsaturated linear alkyl chain comprising from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and in which R.sub.1 is alkylene comprising 2 or 3 carbon atoms, entailing the operation which consists in culturing, in a substrate comprising a hydroxide or hydroperoxide of linoleic acid or of linolenic acid, of their esters or of their glycerides, or of an oleic acid derivative obtained by the photooxygenation of oleic acid or autoxidation of fats which contain it, a microorganism capable of performing beta-oxidations of said substrate.

Abstract: In the enzymatic stereoselective ester cleavages of 2-arylpropionate, the reaction rate of the hydrolyzing enzymes can be drastically increased if the vinyl ester of the 2-arylpropionate is employed as the substrate.

Abstract: The novel triacetylenic dioxolone antifungal compound of this invention is isolated from the EV-22 complex of this invention which is elaborated by the microorganism Microbispora sp. SCC 1438, ATCC 53620.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel method for preparing pyrocatecholic compounds from monophenolic compounds using catalysis by monophenol monooxygenase in an aqueous solution containing metal ions. The metal ions form complexes with the pyrocatecholic products. This method increases the yield of pyrocatecholic products. In particular, the method of the instant invention can be used to increase the yield of L-DOPA, a drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Abstract: A compound of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are --COOR.sup.4, --COOR.sup.5, and --COOR.sup.6, respectively; R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or alkali metal; W is hydroxyl; X, Y, and Z each is hydrogen or hydroxyl; a dotted line indicates the presence or absence of a single bond; or where W/R.sup.3, X/R.sup.1, and/or Z/R.sup.3 may be combined together, a lactone is formed, which compound is useful as a phospholipase A.sub.2 inhibitor. Process for the production of the compound (I) and a cell culture of a microorganism Circinotrichum falcatisporum RF-641 producing the same are also provided.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-member ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The heterocycle serves as the substrate and exhibits no substituent on the carbon atoms adjacent to the methyl groups to be oxidized. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by means of microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas utilizing toluene, xylene, or cymene. The enzymes of the microorganisms have been previously induced.

Abstract: Substance F-0368 of the formula: ##STR1## or salts thereof is prepared by culturing Kitasatosporia sp. F-0368 in a culture medium thereby producing substance F-0368, and then isolating and collecting substance F-0368 from the culture medium.

Abstract: A compound of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are --COOR.sup.4, --COOR.sup.5, and --COOR.sup.6, respectively; R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or alkali metal; W is hydroxyl; X, Y, and Z each is hydrogen or hydroxyl; a dotted line indicates the presence or absence of a single bond; or where W/R.sup.3, X/R.sup.1, and/or Z/R.sup.3 may be combined together, a lactone is formed, which compound is useful as a phospholipase A.sub.2 inhibitor. Process for the production of the compound (I) and a cell culture of a microorganism Circinotrichum falcatisporum RF-641 producing the same are also provided.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for producing an optically active hydroxy lactone which comprises reacting under substantially anhydrous conditions and in the presence of an enzyme an ester and a racemic compound represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein n is 0 or 1, any one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is a hydroxy group, and R.sup.2 =R.sup.3 =H or R.sup.2 =R.sup.3 =CH.sub.3 when R.sup.1 is the hydroxy group, and R.sup.1 =R.sup.3 =H when R.sup.2 is the hydroxy group, to effect a transesterification reaction, and resolving to an optically active alcohol which has R- or S-configuration and the ester of the symmetric alcohol.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an organic ester of ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid represented by the general formula (II) or (III): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl, by reacting ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid with an organic acid or an ester thereof of the general formula (I) :R.sub.1 COOR.sub.2 (I)wherein R.sub.1 is as defined above and R.sub.2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or propyl, in an organic solvent in the presence of an ester hydrolase.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of formulaCH.sub.3 (CHOH).sub.n --COCH.sub.2 OHin which n is an integer from 1 to 4, wherein L-serine, glyoxylic acid and an aldehyde of formula CH.sub.3 (CHOH).sub.n-1 CHO are reacted in the presence of a glyoxylate aminotransferase and a transketolase. The intermediate aldehyde CH.sub.3 (CHOH).sub.2 CHO is enzymatically prepared by the action of a polyol dehydrogenase and a xylose reductase on CH.sub.3 CHOHCOCH.sub.2 OH.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an organic ester of ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid represented by the general formula (II) or (III): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl, by reacting ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid with an organic acid or an ester thereof of the general formula (I):wherein R.sub.1 is as defined above and R.sub.2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or propyl, in an organic solvent in the presence of an ester hydrolase.