Abstract: A compound of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R is: (CH.sub.2).sub.8 CH.sub.3,(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH.sup.(cis) CH(CH.sub.2).sub.5 CH.sub.3,(CH.sub.2).sub.10 CH.sub.3, or(CH.sub.2).sub.4 CH.sup.(cis) CH(CH.sub.2).sub.6 CH.sub.3.or salt thereof, and a microorganism producing the compound are provided.

Abstract: A compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each lower alkyl, R.sup.4 is hydrogen or hydroxy, and a heavy solid line means a double bond when R.sup.4 is hydrogen and a single bond when R.sup.4 is hydroxy is useful in the treatment of diseases caused by reactive oxygen species and organic radicals.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of gamma and delta lactones from organic carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof is disclosed. The process comprises cultivating, under aerobic conditions, a fungus of the genus Mucor in a suitable medium containing the carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.

Abstract: In a process for the reduction of ketones, the keto compounds are enantioselectively reduced to give secondary alcohols by means of microorganisms. Keto compounds of the formulaR.sup.3 NH--CHR.sup.1 --CO--CH.sub.2 --COOR.sup.2in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 have the meanings defined herein are used as starting compounds.

Abstract: Substituted benzofuran derivatives of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are hydrogen, an alkali or alkaline earth metal, alkyl, aralkyl, alkanoyl, halogen-substituted alkanoyl, benzoyl or a radical R.sup.4 R.sup.5 R.sup.6 Si in which R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are alkyl, and fungicides containing these compounds.

Abstract: Described is a microbilogical method for producing the lactone, sclareolide and a diol having the chemical structure: ##STR1## using sclareol having the structure: ##STR2## as a substrate and using one of the microorganisms: Cryptococcus albidus (saito [skinner var. albidus]), ATCC 20918Bensingtonia ciliata, ATCC 20919Cryptococcus laurentii, ATCC 20920Cryptococcus albidus, ATCC 20921.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an enriched S-isomer of a 2,2-R.sub.1,R.sub.2 -1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a carbocyclic ring of 3 to 6 carbon atoms comprising subjecting a mixture of R and S isomers of formula I to the action of a microorganism or a substance derived therefrom capable of stereoselective consumption of the R form of formula I for a period of time sufficient to consume the R-isomer to obtain an enriched S isomer of the compound of formula I. Preferably, at least 50% by weight of the R-isomer is consumed.The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 2,2-R.sub.1,R.sub.2,-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol consisting predominantly of or substantially completely of S-isomer.

Abstract: The novel triacetylenic dioxolone antifungal compound of this invention is isolated from the EV-22 complex of this invention which is elaborated by the microorganism Microbispora sp. SCC 1438, ATCC 53620.

Abstract: Described is a process for the preparation of compositions of matter containing unsaturated lactones defined according to the generic structure: ##STR1## wherein R represents C.sub.6 alkyl or alkenyl; and X represents C.sub.2, C.sub.4 or C.sub.6 alkylene or alkenylene; with the provisos that R is C.sub.6 alkyl when X is alkenylene and R is C.sub.6 alkenyl when X is alkylene by means of the sequential steps of (i) fermentation of castor oil or ricinoleic acid using a microorganism selected from the group consisting of:Candida petrophilum, ATCC 20226;Candida oleophila, ATCC 20177;Candida sp., ATCC 20504; andCandida sake, ATCC 28137whereby gamma hydroxydecanoic acid and a mixture of other acids defined according to the generic structure: ##STR2## is formed wherein Y represents an oxo-saturated, oxo-unsaturated or di-unsaturated C.sub.9, C.sub.11 or C.sub.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for microbiologically resolving racemic 2,3-o-substituted glycerol esters to obtain optically activated 2,3-o-substituted glycerol with remaining esters also being optically active.

Abstract: New intermediate, an optically active (1S,5R)-7,7-alkylenedioxy-2-alkoxycarbonylbicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one which is useful for the synthesis of an optically active carbacyclin. This intermediate is prepared, as a non-reduced compound, from a racemic compound, (1SR,5RS)-7,7-alkylenedioxy-2-alkoxycarbonyl-cis-bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one , by treatment of the racemic compound with a microorganism. The microorganism has an ability of specifically reducing the keto group of the (1R,5S) epimer of the racemic compound.

Abstract: Three naphthoquinones isolated from cultures of Fusarium solani were found to be effective antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria. Controlling the dissolved oxygen concentration in the fermentation medium between 0.7 and 2.0 ppm resulted in maximum yields of the naphthoquinones. 2,3-Dihydro-5,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-hydroxymethyl-3-(2-hydroxypropyl)-1, 4- naphtholenedione was the most effective antibiotic.

Abstract: A new strain of Streptomyces pactum, NRRL 15970, and an improved fermentation process for producing the polyether antibiotic A80438 using this microorganism are provided.

Abstract: The invention provides a microbiological method for preparing diol and furan compounds from a variety of substrates using the microorganism Hyphozyma roseoniger, CBS 214.83 and ATCC 20624.

Abstract: This invention provides an improved bioconversion system in which a non-growth organic substrate is bio-oxidized to a carboxylic acid product, and the carboxylic acid product is recovered as a precipitate and the resultant fermentation broth is suitable for recycle to the bioreactor. A useful water-insoluble salt is also recovered as a byproduct of the process.

Abstract: In a method for the production of an agent for modifying a smoke-flavor, ambroxide is contacted with a microbial culture to effect a transformation of at least a proportion of the ambroxide to a product comprising at least one oxygenated derivative of ambroxide. The said product may comprise at least one of the compounds A, B and C, each as defined in the specification. The respective Compound, (particularly Compound A), may be extracted from said product for incorporation with a smoking material. Thus a smoke-flavor modifying agent produced by the aforesaid method for incorporation with, or included in, a smoking material or smoking article may comprise at least one compound of the aforesaid group.The loading level of the said agent may be within a range of 0.1 to 100 parts per million or, suitably, of 0.5 to 10 parts per million, of the said smoking material.

Abstract: Novel odor-flavor materials and methods for producing the same are disclosed comprising a mixture of various gamma-lactones. In the preferred embodiment, a member of the genus Pityrosporum is cultured on a culture medium and is stimulated to produce a gamma-lactone containing flavor-fragrance mixture through its incubation with a lipid rich precursor. The preferred species for use in producing these gamma-lactone containing materials are P. canis, P. pachydermatis, P. orbiculare and P. ovale. The preferred lipid-rich materials include triolein, sebum, lecithin, oleic acid, and SAB with human sebum, and Tween-80. The resulting gamma-lactone rich products comprise the following lactones: gamma-hexa, gamma-hepta, gamma-octa, gamma-nona, gamma-deca, gamma-undeca, and in the case of P. canis, gamma-dodecalactone. The resultant flavor-fragrance product is all natural, exhibiting extremely pleasing taste and/or flavor characteristics.

Abstract: An undifferentiated symbiotic combination of alga and fungus cells, obtained directly from a lichen explant, are cultured in a media under appropriate conditions to produce aromatic lichenous substances and these substances are recovered.

Abstract: The production of a 1-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is hydroxy, amino, or alkoxy, is carried out by reacting a 1,2,4 triazole of formula ##STR2## wherein R is hydroxy, amino, or alkoxy group, with a greater than equimolar amount of a ribofuranosyl group donor in the presence of a nucleoside phosphorylase preparation at a temperature in the range from 40.degree. to 65.degree. C. for more than 10 minutes, and recovering a 1-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole from the reaction solution. The temperature is preferably from 55.degree. to 65.degree. C. and the time is preferably 10 minutes to 20 hours. An elevated temperature higher than the usual enzyme reaction temperature isused to prevent undesirable enzymatic reactions.

Abstract: Mycophenolic acid is produced by aerobically culturing in a culture medium a mutant of the genus Penicillium capable of producing mycophenolic acid, said mutant being resistant to clofibrat, and recovering the mycophenolic acid which accumulates in the culture medium.

Abstract: Novel odor-flavor materials and methods for producting the same are disclosed comprising a mixture of various gamma-lactones. In the preferred embodiment, a member of the genus Pityrosporum is cultured on a culture medium and is stimulated to produce a gamma-lactone containing flavor-fragrance mixture through its incubation with a lipid rich precursor. The preferred species for use in producing these gamma-lactone containing materials are P. canis, P. pachydermatis, P. orbiculare and P. ovale. The preferred lipid-rich materials include triolein, sebum, lecithin, oleic acid, and SAB with human sebum, and Tween-80. The resulting gamma-lactone rich products comprise the following lactones: gamma-hexa, gamma-hepta, gamma-octa, gamma-nona, gamma-deca, gamma-undeca, and in the case of P. canis, gamma-dodecalactone. The resultant flavor-fragrance product is all natural, exhibiting extremely pleasing taste and/or flavor characteristics.

Abstract: A process for the production of tripdiolide, triptolide and celastrol comprises the steps of:(a) preparing a cellular inoculum from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F;(b) inoculating a nutrient growth medium with the cellular inoculum and incubating the inoculated growth medium at 20.degree.-30.degree. C. for up to 8 weeks to produce a cellular product;(c) harvesting the cellular product from the inoculated growth medium; and(d) isolating tripdiolide, triptolide and celastrol from the cellular product and supernatant inoculated growth medium.

Abstract: A sesquiterpene derivative expressed by the general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group or a lower alkanoyl group; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, which may be the same or different, each represents a formyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a lower alkanoyloxymethyl group, or a group of the formula --CH.dbd.CR.sup.7 R.sup.8, wherein R.sup.7 and R.sup.8, which may be the same or different, each represents a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a lower alkoxycarbonyl group or a carboxyl group, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 may combine to form a lactone ring of the formula ##STR2## in which R.sup.9 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group; R.sup.4 and R.sup.6, which may be the same or different, each represents a hydroxyl group or a lower alkanoyloxy group; R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen atom; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 may together form an oxo group (.dbd.O); and R.sup.4 and R.sup.

Abstract: The invention concerns a fermentation process for the production of (+)-2-(5.beta.-n-butyl-4.beta.-hydroxy-2-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3.beta.-yl)-2 .alpha.-methylacetic acid, which compound has useful ulcer-healing properties. The process is characterised by cultivating an organism known to produce dihydrocanadensolide, such as Penicillium canadense, under generally conventional conditions and then extracting the culture filtrate at a pH in the range pH 3.0-7.0 with a suitable solvent, such as ethyl acetate, and then evaporating the extract to dryness. In a preferred embodiment the extraction is carried out on the culture filtrate at pH 4.0-4.5.