Abstract: A method of producing a prenyl alcohol, comprising creating a recombinant by transferring into a host a recombinant DNA for expression or a DNA for genomic integration each comprising a prenyl diphosphate synthase gene or a mutant thereof, culturing the resultant recombinant, and recovering the prenyl alcohol from the resultant culture.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and host cells for the production of ascorbic acid intermediates. The invention also provides host cells having a modification in a polynucleotide that uncouples the catabolic pathway from the oxidative pathway by deleting the encoding for an endogenous enzymatic activity that phosphorylates D-glucose at its 6th carbon and/or a polynucleotide that has deleted the encoding for endogenous enzymatic activity that phosphorylates D-gluconate at its 6th carbon. Such host cells are used for the production of products, such as, ascorbic acid intermediates. Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences with inactivated enzymatic activity which phosphorylates D-glucose at its 6th carbon and inactivated enzymatic activity which phosphorylates D-gluconate at its 6th carbon are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to engineering metabolic pathways in bacterial host cells which results in enhanced carbon flow for the production of ascorbic acid (ASA) intermediates. In particular, the invention relates to increasing the production of ASA intermediates in bacterial cells by enhancing the availability of gluconate resulting from the inactivation of endogenous gluconate transporter genes.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for the rapid and sensitive detection of post-translationally modified proteins, and particularly of those with post-translational glycosylations. The methods can be used to detect O-GlcNAc post-translational modifications on proteins on which such modifications were undetectable using other techniques. In one embodiment, the method exploits the ability of an engineered mutant of ?-1,4-galactosyltransferase to selectively transfer an unnatural ketone functionality onto O-GlcNAc glycosylated proteins. Once transferred, the ketone moiety serves as a versatile handle for the attachment of biotin, thereby enabling detection of the modified protein. The approach permits the rapid visualization of proteins that are at the limits of detection using traditional methods. Further, the preferred embodiments can be used for detection of certain disease states, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and materials related to the production of organic products such as glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, and glucaric acid. Specifically, the invention provides cells, methods for culturing cells, isolated nucleic acid molecules, and methods and materials for producing various organic products such as glucuronic acid, ascorbic acid, and glucaric acid.

Abstract: A linker compound has a structure represented by general formula (1) below, where n is an integer of 1 to 6, and X has a structure serving as a multi-branched structure moiety including three or four hydrocarbon derivative chains each having an aromatic amino group at an end and a carbon-nitrogen bond in a backbone.

Abstract: A method for producing substantially pure ammonium gluconate or metal gluconate that includes separating reagents for reuse from the enzymatically converted gluconate by ultrafiltration.

Abstract: A versatile linker compound has a structure represented by following general formula (1), wherein Y has a structure represented by O or NH, and X has a structure serving as a multi-branched moiety including four hydrocarbon derivative chains each of which has an aromatic amino group at an end thereof, and may or may not have a carbon-nitrogen bond in a backbone thereof. With the versatile linker compound, sugar molecules can be two-dimensionally arranged on a surface of a protein-analyzing supporter with high reproducibility. Also, a ligand includes the versatile linker compound and a sugar molecule introduced thereinto.

Abstract: A novel gluconate dehydratase derived from Achromobacter xylosoxidans and a gene encoding the gluconate dehydratase are provided. By reacting the gluconate dehydratase or a transformed cell containing the gene with an aldonic acid, the corresponding 2-keto-3-deoxyaldonic acid can be efficiently produced.

Abstract: An acid recovery system used in a hydrolysis operation includes a chromatographic unit to provide initial separation of sugar and acid. The sugar product provided by the chromatographic unit is processed to produce higher value products, such as ethanol. The remaining acid is contaminated by sugar. A nanofiltration unit containing a nanofilter membrane processes the sugar contaminated acid. The acid is allowed to permeate across the nanofilter membrane while sugar is rejected. The permeate is provided to a conventional acid recovery system and recycled for use in the hydrolysis process.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and host cells for the production of ascorbic acid intermediates. The invention also provides host cells having a modification in a polynucleotide that uncouples the catabolic pathway from the oxidative pathway by deleting the encoding for an endogenous enzymatic activity that phosphorylates D-glucose at its 6th carbon and/or a polynucleotide that has deleted the encoding for endogenous enzymatic activity that phosphorylates D-gluconate at its 6th carbon. Such host cells are used for the production of products, such as, ascorbic acid intermediates. Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences with inactivated enzymatic activity which phosphorylates D-glucose at its 6th carbon and inactivated enzymatic activity which phosphorylates D-gluconate at its 6th carbon are provided.

Abstract: An enzymatic system comprised of glucose oxidase and a catalase of the same or different sources to result in the complete conversion of glucose to gluconic acid at a glucose concentration greater than 25% (w/w) ds. The resultant gluconic acid, which is essentially free from impurities normally associated with the fermentation process, is then spray granulated to produce a low-dust dry product.

Abstract: An objective of the present invention is to provide a method of producing soyasapogenol B and to provide novel microorganisms. The present invention provides a method of producing soyasapogenol B comprising the steps of culturing microorganisms that belong to genus Neocosmospora or genus Eupenicillium, in a medium containing a glycoside having soyasapogenol B as an aglycone, and then collecting soyasapogenol B from the resulting culture.

Abstract: Mannitol is produced in a highly efficient fermentative method using Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-30560, or in a biochemical method using mannitol dehydrogenase isolated from this strain. Fructose serves as the primary carbon substrate in both the fermentative and biochemical conversions, but important secondary carbon sources include glucose, maltose, mannose and galactose. Mannitol is useful in the food, pharmaceutical, and medicine industries as a sweet-tasting bodying and texturing agent.

Abstract: The invention is to provide polyhydroxyalkanoate of a novel structure enabling application to wider fields, and a producing method therefor. The invention also provides a biodegradable charge control agent having excellent charging characteristics, excellent dispersibility in the toner resin and improved spent property. The polyhydroxyalkanoate of the present invention is featured by including, in the polymer molecule, a units represented by the general formulas (1) and (2) and at least one of the units represented by the general formulas (3) to (6).

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for economically producing N-acetylneuraminic acid without using expensive materials such as pyruvic acid and phosphoenolpyruvic acid. The process comprises: allowing (i) a culture of a microorganism having N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase activity or N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase activity, or a treated matter of the culture, (ii) a culture of a microorganism capable of producing pyruvic acid or a treated matter of the culture, or a culture of a microorganism capable of producing phosphoenolpyruvic acid or a treated matter of the culture, (iii) N-acetylmannosamine, and (iv) an energy source which is necessary for the formation of pyruvic acid or phosphoenolpyruvic acid to be present in an aqueous medium to form and accumulate N-acetylneuraminic acid in the aqueous medium; and recovering N-acetylneuraminic acid from the aqueous medium.

Abstract: A method for producing substantially pure ammonium gluconate or metal gluconate that includes separating reagents for reuse from the enzymatically converted gluconate by ultrafiltration

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) containing a 3-hydroxyalkanoic unit which has at its side chain terminal a substituted phenylsulfinyl group and/or a substituted phenylsulfonyl group, and a production process thereof. The novel PHA can be produced by oxidizing with a peroxide a biosynthetic PHA containing a 3-hydroxyalkanoic unit which has at its side chain terminal a substituted phenylsufanyl group. The novel PHA has a superior function as a charge control agent, besides is biodegradable, hence is contributable to environmental conservation.

Abstract: A process for recovering carboxylic acids from an aqueous mixture such as a fermentation broth using a solvent containing at least one olefin without the need for first removing the spent microorganism cells is provided. A co-solvent which increases the partition coefficient of the solvent relative to the carboxylic acid may optionally be included. The resulting carboxylic acid is hydrogenated to produce a saturated carboxylic acid.

Abstract: Described are new micro-organisms and a new enzyme capable of using as sole source of nitrogen the propionic acid amide of formula (VI), in racemate form or as optically active isomers. Described also is a method of preparing (S)- or (R)-3,3,2-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid of formulas (I) and (II) starting from trifluoroaceto-acetic ester. The first three process steps are chemical, the fourth process step microbiological.

Abstract: An enzymatic system comprised of glucose oxidase and a catalase of the same or different sources to result in the complete conversion of glucose to gluconic acid at a glucose concentration greater than 25% (w/w) ds. The resultant gluconic acid, which is essentially free from impurities normally associated with the fermentation process, is then spray granulated to produce a low-dust dry product.

Abstract: An objective of the present invention is to provide a method of producing soyasapogenol B and to provide novel microorganisms. The present invention provides a method of producing soyasapogenol B comprising the steps of culturing microorganisms that belong to genus Neocosmospora or genus Eupenicillium, in a medium containing a glycoside having soyasapogenol B as an aglycone, and then collecting soyasapogenol B from the resulting culture.

Abstract: The present invention provides means for the production of desired end-products of in vitro and/or in vivo bioconversion of biomass-based feed stock substrates, including but not limited to such materials as starch and cellulose. In particularly preferred embodiments, the methods of the present invention do not require gelatinization and/or liquefaction of the substrate.

Abstract: Herein is disclosed a method of generating ascorbic acid from yeast. In one embodiment, the yeast is a Zygosaccharomyces spp. or a Kluyveromyces spp. growing in a medium comprising an ascorbic acid precursor. In a second embodiment the yeast is a recombinant yeast growing in a medium comprising an ascorbic acid precursor. Preferably the recombinant yeast is transformed with a coding region encoding an enzyme selected from L-galactose dehydrogenase (LGDH), L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (AGD), D-arabinose dehydrogenase (ARA), D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase (ALO) or L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase (RGLO). The ascorbic acid precursor is preferably D-glucose, L-galactose, L-galactono-1,4-lactone, or L-gulono-1,4-lactone. In another preferred embodiment the ascorbic acid is accumulated in the medium at levels greater than background. Preferably, the yield of the conversion of the precursor to ascorbic acid is preferably at least about 35%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to non-fermentative methods for the production of ASA intermediates, KDG, DKG and KLG and methods for the regeneration of co-factor. The invention provides genetically engineered host cells comprising heterologous nucleic acid encoding enzymes useful in the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biocatalytic process for the oxidation of substituted monocyclic aromatic compounds to the corresponding carboxylic acids and related compounds. In a preferred embodiment the invention describes a biocatalytic process to produce 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid and 3-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid from p-xylene and m-xylene, respectively. 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid has been prepared by oxidizing p-xylene with a single recombinant microorganism containing the enzyme xylene monooxygenase.

Abstract: A process for purifying and concentrating a gluconic acid derivative, such as 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, comprising introducing a non-viable and/or acidified fermentation medium or an in-vitro reactor medium comprising at least the gluconic acid derivative and/or salt thereof to electrodialysis thereby purifying and concentrating the gluconic acid derivative.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and host cells for the production of ascorbic acid intermediates. The invention also provides host cells having a modification in a polynucleotide that uncouples the catabolic pathway from the oxidative pathway by deleting the encoding for an endogenous enzymatic activity that phosphorylates D-glucose at its 6th carbon and/or a polynucleotide that has deleted the encoding for endogenous enzymatic activity that phosphorylates D-gluconate at its 6th carbon. Such host cells are used for the production of products, such as, ascorbic acid intermediates. Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences with inactivated enzymatic activity which phosphorylates D-glucose at its 6th carbon and inactivated enzymatic activity which phosphorylates D-gluconate at its 6th carbon are provided.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of an organic material comprising an oxidation step during which an organic material undergoes the oxidising action of an enzymatic means capable of generating hydrogen peroxide, wherein said oxidation step is carried out, wholly or partly, in the presence of 0.001% to 1% of a metal selected from ruthenium, palladium and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method for producing substantially pure ammonium gluconate or metal gluconate that includes separating reagents for reuse from the enzymatically converted gluconate by ultrafiltration

Abstract: A method for producing substantially pure ammonium gluconate or metal gluconate that includes separating reagents for reuse from the enzymatically converted gluconate by ultrafiltration.

Abstract: Furanosides or pyranosides can be reacted with pyruvate and converted into sialic acids in good yields by an enzymatic synthesis, using a suitable aldolase, where the concentration of aldolase, per 50 mM of pyruvate, is 1 to 2,500 U*/ml. For example, 3-fluoroneuraminic acid and other 3,3-didesoxy-3-fluorononulopyranosonic acid derivatives can be prepared in this manner. The F-atom in the resulting sialic acid (which can be 19F or 19F and 18F) provides a label which makes possible studies of mammalian physiology and diagnosis of mammalian diseases.

Abstract: The present invention provides a ketoaldonic acid such as an octulosonic or nonulosonic acid having a formed stereogenic center of R configuration, as well as methods of synthesizing the same.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of fatty acid partial esters of polyols, the fatty acid partial esters thus obtainable, and their use. The fatty acid partial esters (I) of polyols having at least 4 C atoms, at least one primary and at least one secondary alcohol group of the starting polyols are obtained in a process, where in a first process step the polyols are reacted with a fatty acid or a fatty acid derivative to give a fatty acid partial ester (II) and in a second process step the fatty acid partial esters (II) obtained are subjected to a selective enzymatic cleavage of primary ester groups.

Abstract: An isolated nucleic acid constructs encoding cellulytic enzymes derived from a strain of Bacillus agaradherens, recombinant vectors and host cells comprising such constructs, and methods for obtaining cellulytic enzymes.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel yeast strains having a reduced ability to metabolize xylitol. The invention further relates to the use of said strains for the production of xylitol.

Abstract: The invention discloses a two-step process for recovery of thuringiensin, comprising adsorbing the thuringiensin from fermentation broth by calcium silicate, and dissociating the thuringiensin by dibasic sodium phosphate. The resulting thuringiensin can be further purified by using semi-preparative HPLC and electrodialysis to remove the excess salts from the recovered thuringiensin solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a product and to the product itself to prevent and care for skin disorders. The process includes using a natural sodium alginate extract, and the submission of this extract to at least on depolymerization treatment. The resulting product includes oligo-alginate chains and uronic acids. The product is used to treat cutaneous rashes, allergic reactions to cosmetic compositions, and the cutaneous effects of aging.

Abstract: A process for purifying and concentrating a gluconic acid derivative, such as 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, comprising introducing a non-viable and/or acidified fermentation medium or an in-vitro reactor medium comprising at least the gluconic acid derivative and/or salt thereof to electrodialysis thereby purifying and concentrating the gluconic acid derivative.

Abstract: A process for producing L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) from 2-keto-L-gulonic acid or D-erythorbic acid from 2-keto-D-gluconic acid by contacting 2-keto-L-gulonic acid or 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, respectively, in solution with a lactonase, particularly one belonging to the enzyme class EC 3.1.1.x, according to the classification of Enzyme Nomenclature. The solvent for this reaction can be water, an aqueous alcohol, a non-alcoholic organic solvent or a mixture of an aqueous alcohol and a non-alcoholic organic solvent. The contacting is generally performed in a temperature range of 0.degree. C. to 120.degree. C. and a pH range of 1.5 to 12. In each case the starting material can be in the form of the free acid, the sodium salt, or the calcium salt. The so-produced vitamin C has very well known uses, and the alternatively produced D-erythorbic acid is useful as an antioxidant for food additives.

Abstract: Disclosed is an efficient and economical method for the preparation of N-glycolyl neuraminic acid in a high purity from an inexpensive abundant source material. The method comprises dispersing body tissues of an echinodermatous marine animal Cucumaria echinata in an aqueous medium, preferably, using a dry powder of the tissues prepared in advance, in which the tissues are proteolytically decomposed to isolate N-glycolyl neuraminic acid in the form of an aqueous solution containing polypeptides as a by-product, followed by separation of N-glycolyl neuraminic acid from the aqueous solution by removing the polypeptides and purification of the compound in a process utilizing an ion-exchange treatments.

Abstract: This invention describes a low cost biofermentation medium, and an economical method using the medium, for the manufacture of .alpha., .omega.-alkanedicarboxylic acids. The invention provides a biofermentation medium and a method of bioproduction for these important diacids which makes their large scale commercial production economically feasible using a biocatalyst. This method of production obviates the need for chemical synthesis using expensive starting materials from fossil fuels, and does not generate a costly hazardous waste stream.

Abstract: An enzymatic system comprised of glucose oxidase and a catalase of the same or different sources to result in the complete conversion of glucose to gluconic acid at a glucose concentration greater than 25% (w/w) ds. The resultant gluconic acid, which is essentially free from impurities normally associated with the fermentation process, is then spray granulated to produce a low-dust dry product.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase (hereinafter referred to as AADH), a process for producing the same and a process for producing aldehydes, carboxylic acids and ketones, especially 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (hereinafter referred to as 2-KGA) utilizing said enzyme.

Abstract: A process for the fed batch production of a sophorolipid composition is described, in which culturing takes place of at least one Candida bombicola strain in a culture medium incorporating a sugar and a nitrogen source and said cultured strain is exposed in a reaction zone to a supply of an appropriate substrate under adequate aeration, temperature and pH conditions and at least once the following sequence is performed: a) the strain is continuously supplied with substrate at a supply rate in the reaction zone between 0.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for the production of ascorbic acid by culturing organisms of the genus Prototheca and recovering ascorbic acid from the fermentation medium.

Abstract: An enzymatic process for the conversion of glucose into gluconic acid, uses concentrated glucose solutions. The process employs a combination of glucose oxidase and catalase enzymes which may be obtained from an Aspergilltus niger strain and has a high ratio of catalase;glucose oxidase activity. The enzymatic process requires less time than conventional fermentation processes, the yield of the conversion is close to 100% and the obtained gluconic acid/gluconate solutions do not contain impurities.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of toner comprising(i) blending (a) a colorant dispersion containing a first ionic surfactant with (b) a latex emulsion comprised of an aqueous dispersion of core-shell polymer particles with a crosslinked polymer core and a linear polymer shell, and optional nonionic surfactant and a second ionic surfactant with a charge polarity opposite to that of said first ionic surfactant in said colorant dispersion;(ii) heating the resulting mixture at about below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the linear latex shell polymer to form aggregates; and(iii) subsequently heating said aggregates about above the Tg of the linear latex shell polymer to effect coalescence and fusion of said aggregates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel substance with activity against insect pests of the order Diptera. The invention further relates to the substance which acts together with a Bacillus related pesticide, a chemical pesticide and/or a virus with pesticidal properties. The invention further relates to a novel strain(s) of Bacillus thuringiensis which produces such a substance. The invention further relates to pesticidal compositions comprising the substance and a pesticidal carrier, or the substance and a Bacillus related pesticide, a chemical pesticide and/or a virus with pesticidal properties as well as methods of using the pesticidal compositions to control a pest.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the recovery of erythorbic acid from an aqueous feed solution containing values of erythorbic acid at a concentration of less than 0.7 mol/kg, comprising adsorbing a major portion of said erythorbic acid with a solid phase adsorbent resin selected from resins carrying a pyridine function and resins of similar or weaker basicity; separating said erythorbic acid-containing resin from residual aqueous solution, and subjecting said erythorbic acid-containing resin to a desorbing operation with a neutral solvent at a temperature of at least 20.degree. C. higher than the temperature at which said adsorption is carried out, whereby there is obtained a solution of erythorbic acid in solvent in which the concentration of erythorbic acid is at least equal to its concentration in said aqueous feed solution.