Abstract: A device and method are disclosed for use in the conduct of a non-invasive analysis of a bodily fluid to determine the presence and level of a certain constituent carried by the bodily fluid, which analysis utilizes an indicator formulation that changes color in response to exposure to the constituent to provide a visible indication of the presence and level of the constituent carried by the bodily fluid. A stabilizing formulation is carried in a vessel for mixing with a sample of the bodily fluid to be analyzed. The stabilizing formulation includes a first component for promoting formation of a film, a second component for adjusting the pH of the sample and inhibiting microbial digestion of the certain constituent carried by the bodily fluid, and a third component for reducing interference of ascorbic acid present in the bodily fluid. Where the certain constituent is glucose, the stabilizing formulation includes a microbial digestion inhibitor.

Abstract: The present invention describes compositions having aqueous corn flour and saccharification enzyme mixtures. In this composition all of the corn flour has particle size of 0.5 mm or less.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide: a novel gene (polynucleotide) encoding an FAD-conjugated glucose dehydrogenase having excellent properties that it has excellent reactivity to glucose, excellent thermal stability, and excellent substrate-recognition performance and also has a low activity for maltose; a process for the production of the enzyme using a transformant cell transfected with the gene; and a method for the determination of glucose, a reagent composition for use in the determination of glucose, a biosensor for use in the determination of glucose and others, each characterized by using the enzyme obtained.

Abstract: Glucose measured in blood samples is distinguished from glucose measured in the control solutions used to test the optical instruments which make such measurements. The control solutions contain a labeling substance recognized by the optical instrument to distinguish glucose measurements made of control solutions from those made of blood samples.

Abstract: Methods of determining a corrected analyte concentration in view of some error source are provided herein. The methods can be utilized for the determination of various analytes and/or various sources of error. In one example, the method can be configured to determine a corrected glucose concentration in view of an extreme level of hematocrit found within the sample. In other embodiments, methods are provided for identifying various system errors and/or defects. For example, such errors can include partial-fill or double-fill situations, high track resistance, and/or sample leakage. Systems are also provided for determining a corrected analyte concentration and/or detecting some system error.

Abstract: The device enables measurement of both of blood glucose level and hemoglobin A1c level, being small-sized and thus portable, allowing the measurement of a small amount of a specimen and, being usable in POC. The device comprises: a test-piece-mounting section (1) for detachably mounting test pieces (200) on which the blood specimen is to be spotted; a light-emitting section (2) for emitting light for irradiating the test pieces; a light-receiving section (3) for receiving reflected lights from the test pieces; and an operating section (4) for calculating the blood glucose level and hemoglobin A1c level of the blood specimen on the basis of photometric values obtained from the light-receiving section. For measuring the blood glucose level of the blood specimen, test piece (A) carries a composition reacting with glucose and showing color change. Test piece (B) carries a composition reacting with glycated hemoglobin and showing color change.

Abstract: Methods and devices for reducing interference from leukocytes in an analyte immunoassay are provided. In one embodiment, a method is provided comprising the steps of amending a biological sample such as a whole blood sample with one or more leukocidal reagents that reduce or eliminate the metabolic activity of leukocytes, and performing an immunoassay on the amended sample to determine the concentration of analyte in the sample. Preferably, the sample is amended with one or more enzymes and optionally one or more enzyme substrates and cofactors.

Abstract: An inventive substrate is provided which includes a substrate compound of formula A—B1—B2—B3: wherein A is a sugar moiety; B1 is a linker moiety allowing the conjugation of moiety A and the remaining structure of the substrate; B2 contains a permanently charged element such as a quaternary ammonium group so as to increase proton affinities and ionization efficiencies for mass spectrometry detection efficiencies analysis; and B3 of various carbon length conferring specificities to targeted enzymes. Also provided is a process to detect lysosomal diseases by contacting a sample with the inventive substrate along with an internal standard which is isotope-labeled analog of the product cleaved by a targeted enzyme upon the substrate.

Abstract: In a biosensor that detects introduction of a sample liquid into a specimen supply path using a detecting electrode, a means of improving accuracy of detection is provided. The biosensor has: an electrode system including measuring electrode, counter electrode, and detecting electrode on first electrically insulating support; specimen supply path for introducing the sample liquid; and reagent layer used for quantifying a substrate contained in the sample liquid. The means is characterized in that detecting electrode is spaced from measuring electrode by a distance sufficient for the sample liquid to sufficiently cover measuring electrode before the sample liquid reaches detecting electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions for producing ethanol, which compositions comprise raw starch and amylase enzymes.

Abstract: By a method for measuring 1,5-anhydroglucitol, comprising the steps of: eliminating or converting glucose interfering with the measurement of 1,5-anhydroglucitol and/or a derivative thereof beforehand; and measuring 1,5-anhydroglucitol performed thereafter, wherein such glucose and/or a derivative thereof are/is eliminated or converted in whole blood as such without performing blood cell separation, an enzyme for measuring 1,5-anhydroglucitol is allowed to act on without performing blood cell separation, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol is electrochemically measured, it becomes possible to measure 1,5-anhydroglucitol using a small amount of whole blood without resort to a centrifuge or the like. Accordingly, this measurement method can be applied to rapid measurement of 1,5-anhydroglucitol at bedside or in a medical examination room or to home self-measurement thereof by a patient.

Abstract: The present invention concerns compositions and methods of extracting infectious pathogens from a volume of blood. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of creating a fibrin aggregate confining the pathogens and introducing a fibrin lysis reagent to expose the pathogens for analysis. The present invention also concerns materials and methods for removing aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) from a sample.

Abstract: The presently-disclosed subject matter provides biosensors for detecting molecules of interest. The biosensors include a polypeptide capable of selectively-binding glucose, wherein the polypeptide molecule is selected from: an unnatural analogue of wild type glucose binding protein; a fragment of wild type glucose binding protein; and an unnatural analogue fragment of wild type glucose binding protein.

Abstract: Provided are methods and devices used for determining the presence or absence of a contaminant in the sample of oral fluid. The method involves contacting a substrate having a detectable reporter with a sample of oral fluid and, based on determining a signal from the detectable reporter determining the presence or absence of a contaminant in the sample of oral fluid. The invention is useful for detecting lactose, milk, colostrum, blood, hemoglobin, whole cells, and combinations thereof. The method can be used for detecting oral contaminants in oral fluid samples obtained from any mammal, including neonatal ungulates.

Abstract: A hand-held test meter for use with an analytical test strip in the determination of an analyte in a bodily fluid sample (e.g., a whole blood sample) includes a housing, with an outer surface, and an analytical test strip ejection mechanism (“ATSEM”). The ATSEM has an actuation button disposed in the outer surface of the housing, a motion amplification and rotation assembly (“MA&RA”) operatively connected to the actuation button and a test strip slider (“TSS”) operatively connected to the MA&RA. The actuation button is configured for movement by a user's digit in a first direction and the MA&RA and TSS are configured to convert the movement in the first direction into amplified movement of the TSS in a second direction with the second direction being rotated with respect to the first direction. Moving the TSS in the second direction from the engaged state to an ejected state ejects the strip.

Abstract: A biosensor system determines analyte concentration from an output signal generated by an oxidation/reduction reaction of the analyte. The biosensor system adjusts a correlation for determining analyte concentrations from output signals at one temperature to determining analyte concentrations from output signals at other temperatures. The temperature-adjusted correlation between analyte concentrations and output signals at a reference temperature may be used to determine analyte concentrations from output signals at a sample temperature.

Abstract: [Object] To provide an FAD-conjugated glucose dehydrogenase having a higher specificity for glucose. [Means for Resolution] A modified glucose dehydrogenase (GLD) which includes a substitution of at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues at positions 37, 69, 72, 73, 76, 78, 102, 217, 228, 240, 356, 407, 424, 437, 527, and 530 in an amino acid sequence of a wild-type FAD-conjugated glucose dehydrogenase (GLD) represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, and has a decreased ratio of activity for xylose/activity for glucose as compared with the wild-type GLD; a polynucleotide encoding the modified GLD; a recombinant vector containing the polynucleotide; a transformed cell produced by using the recombinant vector; etc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel method for analysing carbohydrates. The invention is in particular useful in detecting a terminal monosaccharide which may be released from a glycosylated substrate for example using an exoglucosidase. After relase from the glycosylated substrate the terminal monosaccharide may be captured on a solid support, incubated with a boronate detection agent and detected by aid of the boronate detection agent. The methods of the invention are useful for a variety of purposes including sequencing of carbohydrates, wherein exoglycosidases with predetermined specificity are employed for the release.

Abstract: A nanostructured composite is provided which comprises a matrix comprising carbon nanofibers, and a biochemical receptor, especially an enzyme, immobilized in the matrix, where the carbon nanofibers have been subject to an oxidation treatment. In a preferred embodiment, the nanostructured composite further comprises a biomimetically synthesized silica matrix.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a biological measuring device with auto coding capabilities. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the biological measuring device with auto coding capabilities may include a test strip associated with a code pattern; and a code reader electrically coupled to the test strip to read the code pattern, wherein the code reader is configured to read an output from the code pattern consisted of a first logical value, a second logical value, and a third logical value.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for screening a diabetes treating agent comprising the following steps: (a) preparing cells inside a culture medium; (b) treating the culture medium with a test substance; (c) treating the result of step (b) with a glucose derivative which is not metabolized; and (d) measuring the glucose derivative which has flowed into the cells, wherein the test substance is determined to be a diabetes treating agent if the test substance accelerates uptake of the glucose derivative in the cells. Therefore, the described pharmaceutical composition, including a triazin-based compound as an active ingredient, can be useful for application in preventing or treating diabetes.

Abstract: An in vitro sensor for point-of-care detection of at least one analyte or reaction product includes an inert, impermeable substrate, a sensing system, and a reference system. The substrate includes a first transparent surface oppositely disposed from a second surface and first and second cavities. Each of the first and second cavities defines an opening at the second surface. The sensing system is disposed in at least a portion of the first cavity and includes an analyte-detection optode membrane, an analyte-permeable membrane, and a plurality of non-transparent microbeads associated with at least one of the analyte-detection optode membrane and the analyte-permeable membrane. The analyte-permeable membrane is layered upon the analyte-detection optode membrane and covers the opening of the first cavity. The reference system is disposed in at least a portion of the second cavity.

Abstract: A method to measure the metabolic rate or rate of glucose consumption of cells or tissues with high spatiotemporal resolution using a glucose nanosensor is disclosed. The method generally includes providing single cells or cell populations, cells in suspension or adherent, in a cell culture, a tissue culture, a mixed cell culture, a tissue explant, or in animal tissues in vivo for the measurement of glucose metabolic rate; expressing a glucose sensor in individual cells; calibrating the sensor in controlled conditions; disrupting the steady-state of glucose entering the cell; recording the output from the sensor and calculating the corresponding glucose concentration at different times; and determining the glucose metabolic rate. The method can be applied for the screening of molecules with pharmacological potential, determination of glucose rate of cancerous cells, tissue physiology and biochemistry research.

Abstract: The invention relates to sensors configured to include compositions disposed in specific regions of the sensor in order to provide the sensors with enhanced functional properties, for example faster start-up times. These compositions include, for example, hygroscopic compositions, gas generating compositions and gas solvating compositions. While typical embodiments of the invention pertain to glucose sensors, the systems, methods and materials disclosed herein can be adapted for use with a wide variety of sensors known in the art.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of the assessment of the binding between—antibodies elicited against a first glycoprotein, and—at least one glycoform of a second glycoprotein, said second glycoprotein being itself a glycoform of the first protein, wherein said glycoform of the second glycoprotein is selected from a group of glycoforms of the second glycoprotein, each glycoform of said group corresponding to a determined glycosylation state defined by a determined sialylation state, and/or a determined branching state, and/or a determined fucosylation state, provided that said glycosylation state is not uniquely defined by a substantially unsialylated state, for the screening of glycoform specific antibodies directed against a given glycoform of the second glycoprotein.

Abstract: A modified pyrroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase that exhibits a high selectivity for glucose is provided. A modified pyrroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase is disclosed in which the amino acid residue G at Position 99 of a pyrroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQGDH) represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, or the amino acid residue G at Position 100 of the pyrroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQGDH) represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, is substituted by the amino acid sequence TGZN (where Z is SX, S, or N and X is any amino acid residue). The modified PQQGDH of the present invention may additionally comprise one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of Q192G, Q192A, or Q192S; L193X; E277X; A318X; Y367A, Y367F, or Y367W; G451C; and N452X (where X is any amino acid residue).

Abstract: The present invention relates to providing improved hydrogen peroxide assays, as well as droplet actuators for conducting such assays. The droplet actuators of the invention may be used to conduct droplet-based hydrogen peroxide assays. They may also be associated with detectors for analyzing the results of the hydrogen peroxide assays of the invention. They may be provided as components of systems which control droplet operations and/or detection for conducting the hydrogen peroxide assays. Measurement by the detector may be used to quantify the presence of an analyte in a sample.

Abstract: Described and illustrated herein are systems and exemplary methods of operating an analyte measurement system having a meter and a test strip. In one embodiment, the method may be achieved by applying a first test voltage between a reference electrode and a second working electrode and applying a second test voltage between the reference electrode and a first working electrode; measuring a first test current, a second test current, a third test current and a fourth test current at the second working electrode after a blood sample containing an analyte is applied to the test strip; measuring a fifth test current at the first working electrode; estimating a hematocrit-corrected analyte concentration from the first, second, third, fourth and fifth test currents; and annunciating the hematocrit-corrected analyte concentration.

Abstract: Described is a method for analyzing the metabolites of a biological sample which comprises quantitatively determining one or more metabolites in said sample in a way that said quantitative determination resolves isotopic mass differences within one metabolite, said method being characterized in that the sample comprises or is derived from a cell which has been maintained under conditions allowing the uptake of an isotopically labeled metabolizable compound so that the metabolites in said cell are saturated with the isotope with which said metabolizable compound is labeled. This method may further comprise, prior to quantitative determining the metabolites, combining the biological sample (i.e. the first biological sample) with a second biological sample in which the metabolites are not isotopically labeled or are isotopically labeled differently from the first biological sample; and determining in said biological samples the relative quantity of metabolites which differ by their isotopical label.

Abstract: A method of testing for the presence of a preselected target nucleic acid, protein or antigen in a biological sample by exposing nucleic acids, proteins or antigens to a probe having a catalytic element and binding element. The catalytic element catalyses at least one reaction that results in a physical change such that identifiable elements provide an indication of the presence of the target.

Abstract: A small diameter flexible electrode designed for subcutaneous in vivo amperometric monitoring of glucose is described. The electrode is designed to allow “one-point” in vivo calibration, i.e., to have zero output current at zero glucose concentration, even in the presence of other electroreactive species of serum or blood. The electrode is preferably layered, with the layers serially deposited within a recess upon the tip of a polyamide insulated gold wire. A first glucose concentration-to-current transducing layer can be overcoated with an electrically insulating and glucose flux limiting layer (second layer) on which, optionally, an immobilized interference-eliminating horseradish peroxidase based film is deposited. An outer layer is preferably biocompatible.

Abstract: A small diameter flexible electrode designed for subcutaneous in vivo amperometric monitoring of glucose is described. The electrode is designed to allow “one-point” in vivo calibration, i.e., to have zero output current at zero glucose concentration, even in the presence of other electroreactive species of serum or blood. The electrode is preferably layered, with the layers serially deposited within a recess upon the tip of a polyamide insulated gold wire. A first glucose concentration-to-current transducing layer can be overcoated with an electrically insulating and glucose flux limiting layer (second layer) on which, optionally, an immobilized interference-eliminating horseradish peroxidase based film is deposited. An outer layer is preferably biocompatible.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for continuously detecting glucose concentration in a sample, including: (a) providing a biosensor comprising a transducer and a polysaccharide covered on the surface of the transducer; (b) providing a carbohydrate binding protein solution, wherein the carbohydrate binding protein has at least one receptor, and the receptor is capable of binding to the polysaccharide and glucose; (c) mixing a sample and the carbohydrate binding protein solution to form a mixture; (d) contacting the mixture with the biosensor; (e) detecting the amount of carbohydrate binding proteins bound to the polysaccharide by the biosensor, wherein glucose concentration of the sample is inversely proportional to the amount of carbohydrate binding proteins bound to the polysaccharide; and (f) refreshing the surface of the biosensor with a high concentration glucose solution.

Abstract: An analytical test strip (“ATS”) for use with a hand-held test meter (“HHTM”) in the determination of an analyte in a bodily fluid sample (“BFS”) includes a first patterned conductive layer with a working electrode and a reference electrode, as well as a method for determining an analyte in BFS. The ATS also includes an enzymatic reagent layer disposed on the working electrode, a patterned spacer layer disposed over the first patterned conductive layer and configured to define a sample chamber (“SC”) within the ATS, and a second patterned conductive layer disposed above the first patterned conductive layer. The second patterned conductive layer includes a first phase-shift measurement electrode and a second phase-shift measurement electrode, which electrodes are disposed in the SC and are configured to measure, along with the HHTM, a phase shift of an electrical signal forced through a BFS introduced into the SC during the ATS' use.

Abstract: A hand-held test meter for use with an analytical test strip in the determination of an analyte in a bodily fluid sample includes a housing; a microcontroller block disposed in the housing; and a phase-shift-based hematocrit measurement block. The phase-shift-based hematocrit measurement block includes a signal generation sub-block, a low pass filter sub-block, an analytical test strip sample cell interface sub-block, a transimpedance amplifier sub-block, and a phase detector sub-block. In addition, the phase-shift-based hematocrit measurement block and microcontroller block are configured to measure the phase shift of a bodily fluid sample in a sample cell of an analytical test strip inserted in the hand-held test meter and the microcontroller block is configured to compute the hematocrit of the bodily fluid sample based on the measured phase shift.

Abstract: Disclosed are a pharmaceutical composition, a screening method, and the like which use UDP-glucose glycoprotein glycosyl transferase 1 (UGGT1) or a gene encoding the same. UGGT1 has an extremely high proliferative activity compared to known pancreatic ?-cell proliferation factors; thus, UGGT1 can act as a useful therapeutic agent for diabetes without any modification and is also useful as a target substance for the development of a new therapeutic agent for diabetes.

Abstract: A test element for determining a body fluid is provided. The test element, in particular for determining the blood glucose level, includes a detection region which is charged with a reagent sensitive to the body fluid. A function element is arranged in or adjacent to the detection region for detecting at least one status parameter for the detection region, such that the functional element can be evaluated by means of a status measurement. A method for measuring the test element is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for producing high levels of alcohol during fermentation of plant material, and to the high alcohol beer produced. The method can include fractionating the plant material. The present invention also relates to methods for producing high protein distiller's dried grain from fermentation of plant material, and to the high protein distiller's dried grain produced. The method can include drying a co-product by ring drying, flash drying, or fluid bed drying. The present invention further relates to reduced stack emissions from drying distillation products from the production of ethanol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for producing high levels of alcohol during fermentation of plant material, and to the high alcohol beer produced. The method can include fractionating the plant material. The present invention also relates to methods for producing high protein distiller's dried grain from fermentation of plant material, and to the high protein distiller's dried grain produced. The method can include drying a co-product by ring drying, flash drying, or fluid bed drying. The present invention further relates to reduced stack emissions from drying distillation products from the production of ethanol.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for modulating the quality of a selected phenotype that is displayed by an organism or part thereof and that results from the expression of a polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide by replacing at least one codon of that polynucleotide with a synonymous codon that has a higher or lower preference of usage by the organism or part thereof to produce the selected phenotype than the codon it replaces. The present invention is also directed to the use of a codon-modified polynucleotide so constructed for modulating the quality of a selected phenotype displayed by an organism or part thereof.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide an FAD-conjugated glucose dehydrogenase that is hard to be inhibited by the inhibitors such as 1,10-phenanthroline. The present invention relates to a modified glucose dehydrogenase (GLD), comprising an amino acid sequence of a wild-type FAD-conjugated glucose dehydrogenase (GLD) represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 having a substitution of at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues at positions 298, 338, 340, 341, 343, 352, 354, 424, 426, 431 and 432, wherein the modified GLD has a reduced susceptibility to an inhibitor, as compared with the wild-type GLD, especially to said modified GLD, which has 40% or more of a relative activity when determined in a system wherein the inhibitor coexists at a final concentration of 1 mM based on an enzymatic activity when determined in a system wherein the inhibitor does not coexist.

Abstract: Techniques, apparatus and systems are disclosed for implementing enzyme-logic based diagnosis that uses patterns of multiple markers and biochemical processing of the signal information for reliably identifying cardiac abnormalities and providing a final digital binary answer. In one aspect, a biochemical logic sensing system includes a network of enzyme-biocatalyzed logic gates adapted to receive biomarker input signals and perform an enzyme-biocatalyzed reaction resembling a Boolean logic operation using the received biomarker input signals to generate an output signal of the enzyme-biocatalyzed reaction. A signal processing unit is connected to the network of enzyme-biocatalyzed logic gates. The signal processing unit processes the generated output signal of the enzyme-biocatalyzed reaction and generates a digital binary output having a value of zero or one. The generated digital binary output indicates a type of an injury.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to the function of SGLT5 as a sodium dependent co-transporter of mannose and/or fructose. The invention provides nucleic acids and host cells for inducible expression of SGLT5. Based on an inducible expression system the invention provides methods, assays and test kits for the identification of compounds interacting with SGLT5, especially with human SGLT5.

Abstract: A general methodology for the development of highly sensitive and selective sensors that can achieve portable, low-cost and quantitative detection of a broad range of targets using only a personal glucose meter (PGM) is disclosed. The method uses recognition molecules that are specific for a target agent, enzymes that can convert an enzyme substrate into glucose, and PGM. Also provided are sensors, which can include a solid support to which is attached a recognition molecule that permits detection of a target agent, wherein the recognition molecule specifically binds to the target agent in the presence of the target agent but not significantly to other agents as well as an enzyme that can catalyze the conversion of a substance into glucose, wherein the enzyme is attached directly or indirectly to the recognition molecule, and wherein in the presence of the target agent the enzyme can convert the substance into glucose. The disclosed sensors can be part of a lateral flow device.

Abstract: The invention provides a glucose dehydrogenase that is an extremely stable enzyme having a thermostability of 80° C. or more, and that does not substantially act upon saccharides other than glucose (e.g., having a reactivity of less than 3% with respect to maltose, galactose, and xylose). The invention also provides a method for producing such an enzyme, and a composition for quantifying glucose using such an enzyme.

Abstract: Loss of function ankyrin-B variants have impaired function in pancreatic islets and are associated with type 2 diabetes. This finding provides the basis for methods of identifying at-risk individuals for type 2 diabetes and for personalized therapeutic strategies.

Abstract: In one form, a diagnostic element for determining at least one analyte is provided. In a further form, an analytical measuring device includes the diagnostic element. Still, other forms are related to methods for the determination of an analyte, correcting a signal generated by an analyte, and/or checking the detection optics of an analytical measuring device using the diagnostic element. Another form is related to a system for the controlled release of a reagent and the use of such a system as a circuit element. Other aspects include, but are not limited to, unique methods, techniques, products, systems and devices involving diagnostic elements.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of controlling the slope, intercept and bias for a batch of test strips by increasing or decreasing the enzyme pad height of the strips. The invention provides an improved method for the production of single calibration code strip lots with good yields.

Abstract: A polymer matrix that may coated on an electrode is created by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of a polyaniline formed by templated oxidative polymerization on a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme. The polymer matrix may be hydrated, and the absorbed water may make it permeable to, for example, glucose. The polyaniline may be polyaniline itself or a substituted polyaniline; the water-soluble crosslinker may be poly(ethylene glycol)diglycidyl ether, and the redox enzyme may be glucose oxidase. The polymer matrix may be produced by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of an electrically conductive polymer and a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme in a single step at an about neutral pH, curing by drying. After hydration, the crosslinked polymer matrix may form a 3-dimensional glucose-permeable bioelectrocatalyst, catalyzing the electrooxidation of glucose.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for the rapid and sensitive detection of post-translationally modified proteins, and particularly of those with post-translational glycosylations. The methods can be used to detect O-GlcNAc posttranslational modifications on proteins on which such modifications were undetectable using other techniques. In one embodiment, the method exploits the ability of an engineered mutant of ?-1,4-galactosyltransferase to selectively transfer an unnatural ketone functionality onto O-GlcNAc glycosylated proteins. Once transferred, the ketone moiety serves as a versatile handle for the attachment of biotin, thereby enabling detection of the modified protein. The approach permits the rapid visualization of proteins that are at the limits of detection using traditional methods. Further, the preferred embodiments can be used for detection of certain disease states, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.