Abstract: Polynucleotides and Polypeptides are immobilized and/or isolated by using a triphenylmethyl ether derivative of polysaccharides in hydrated form.

Abstract: A process for producing an antithrombogenic vinyl acetate polymer or a hydrolyzate thereof which comprises treating the vinyl acetate polymer or hydrolyzate with a solution of a fibrinolytic enzyme so as to fix the fibrinolytic enzyme to the polymer. The resulting antithrombogenic vinyl acetate polymer or hydrolyzate is advantageously used in a material which comes into contact with the blood in use and is especially useful in a surgical tube.

Abstract: Biological material such as enzymes is immobilized by adsorption or covalent bonding to a micro-porous water-insoluble acrylonitrile polymer containing from 20 .mu.M to 1000 .mu.M of amino groups per gram of the polymer. Covalent bonding may be carried out with a crosslinking or condensing agent. The amino groups may be introduced into the polymer by reduction of nitrile groups with lithium aluminum hydride in an inert non-solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for binding enzymes comprising reacting either a synthetic or a natural polymer containing carboxyl and amino groups with an excess of a urethane prepolymer followed by coupling of an enzyme thereto by use of a carbodiimide. The product of the process is also described as well as the use thereof in analyzing blood fluids. The invention is particularly adapted to binding hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to determine creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in human blood.

Abstract: Highly stable glycoprotein derivative compositions showing little tendency to decrease in physiological activity thereof are produced by reacting an aldehyde-group-containing glycoprotein (A) with an SH- or OH-containing material (B), and if necessary further reacting the resulting product with an SH- or OH-containing material of the same or another kind. They are used as diagnostic reagents or hydrolytic catalysts.

Abstract: A new and useful process is disclosed for manufacturing a device for use in a bioprocess, comprising: (a) providing solid support means insoluble in water or organic solvent solutions; (b) coating said solid support means with water-based polymeric film means capable of applying one or more biomaterials; and (c) adsorbing or covalently bonding at least one functional biomaterial to said polymeric film means. The polymeric film means, for example, can be used to coat antigens, antibodies, haptens, enzymes, living bacteria, yeasts, etc. (i.e., biomaterials) to a glass (or other) support material, e.g., a glass tube, with surprising retention of the biomaterial's essential characteristic properties. The solid support means include but are not limited to those comprising glass, ceramics, metals, polymers and woods. The device of the invention is particularly useful in various immunoassays using a solid support for separation of phases.

Abstract: A new and useful process is disclosed for manufacturing a device for use in a bioprocess, comprising: (a) providing solid support means insoluble in water or organic solvent solutions; (b) coating said solid support means with organic-solvent based polymeric film means capable of applying one or more biomaterials; and (c) adsorbing or covalently bonding at least one functional biomaterial to said polymeric film means. The polymeric film means, for example, can be used to coat antigens, antibodies, haptens, enzymes, living bacteria, yeasts, etc. (i.e., biomaterials) to a glass (or other) support material, e.g., a glass tube, with surprising retention of the biomaterial's essential characteristic properties. The solid support means include but are not limited to those comprising glass, ceramics, metals, polymers and woods. The device of the invention is particularly useful in various immunoassays using a solid support for separation of phases.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for preparing an activated microporous substrate to which antibody may be covalently bonded through trichloro-triazine to yield an activated substrate which is very useful for many immunochemical reactions utilizing a flow-through procedure.

Abstract: Carriers coated with a copolymer of a hydrophilic acrylate or methacrylate monomer and a copolymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid or unsaturated amine are provided which are substantially free from nonspecific adsorption of proteins and the like. Due to the side-chain carboxyl or amino groups of the copolymer, these coated carriers are able to immobilize bio-active materials such as antigens, antibodies, complements and enzymes. These carriers, on which bio-active materials can be immobilized, are useful as clinical selective adsorbents, affinity-chromatographic adsorbents, selective electrodes or columns for analysis.

Abstract: Enzymes or enzyme producing microorganisms are immobilized by contacting an aqueous medium containing an enzyme or enzyme producing microorganism with tannin, a long chain, polyamine, cationic flocculating agent and a crosslinking agent and separating the resultant enzymatically active reaction product from the aqueous medium. The reaction product has improved physical strength for use in a column bed reactor. A preferred flocculating agent is a water soluble epihalohydrin/polyamine copolymer.

Abstract: The invention discloses a composite material comprising a deformable gel retained within the pores of a porous rigid support material. The deformable gel comprises an affinity chromatography agent such that the composite material has affinity chromatography properties.

Abstract: The invention discloses a composite material comprising a deformable gel retained within the pores of a porous rigid support material. In one example of a composite material in accordance with the invention the deformable gel is an organic polymeric material and the support material comprises discrete porous particles of inorganic material.A method for preparing composites in accordance with the invention is also disclosed.

Abstract: A disc-shaped insoluble matrix is formed of a polymeric material having a layer of reactive groups which react with proteins binding them covalently and uniformly to its surface. An antibody adapted for use in immunoassay of antigens associated with hepatitis is covalently bonded to the reactive groups. The matrix is provided with irregular, e.g., waffle-like, surfaces designed to increase the amount of antibody that will be in contact with a test solution such as serum.

Abstract: An immobilized enzyme membrane for use at the working face of an electrochemical electrode is prepared which comprises an asymmetrical membrane integrally formed from a skin layer substantially incapable of permeating an enzyme therethrough but capable of permeating a gas and a liquid, and a sponge layer having pores containing an enzyme immobilized therein by crosslinking and which pores intercommunicate with one another throughout the sponge layer and provide sufficient porosity for retaining a necessary amount of the enzyme. The immobilized enzyme membrane contains a large amount of enzyme, has good diffusion and permeability, and has stabilized enzyme activity for a prolonged period of time. Additionally, there is obtained a quick response time and good analytical precision when the immobilized enzyme membrane is used at the working face of an electrode of electrochemical measuring instruments.

Abstract: An activated polymeric carrier useful for bonding high and low molecular weight ligands has at least one unit thereof of the formula: ##STR1## wherein T represents atoms of the polymeric carrier;X is a divalent oxygen or sulfur atom, --NH--, --NHR.sup.5 --, --CONH-- or --CONR.sup.5 --, wherein R.sup.5 is lower alkyl;R is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, loweralkylthio, loweracylamino, nitro, cyano, carboxamide, loweralkylsulphonyl, loweralkoxycarbonyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl or chloromethyl, provided that at least one R is halogen; anda is 1 or 2, b is 4-a, c is 0 or 1 and d is 2-c.

Abstract: A polyfunctional disulfide compound, useful as a cross-linking reagent having S--S exchange reactivity, of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is 2-benzothiazolyl or 2-pyridyl-N-oxide and X is a spacer group having an alkylene group directly bonded to each S--S group.

Abstract: To permit regeneration of an insoluble support for immobilized proteins, the protein is connected to the support by a spacer arm containing a diazo linkage and when the protein is denatured, the spacer arm is broken by reducing the diazo linkage to remove the denatured protein. New native protein of the same or of a different type is joined to the arm to permit reuse of the support. A preferred support containing a spacer arm is p-(N-acetyl-L-tyrosine azo)benzamidoethyl agarose. A protein is coupled to the carboxyl group of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine and when the protein is spent, the azo bond is reduced to remove the protein and leave p-aminobenzamido agarose which is diazotized and recoupled to N-acetyl-L-tyrosine which is then coupled to fresh protein.

Abstract: Compositions and methods featuring, in one aspect, an enzyme assay in which one of a pair of enzymes is immobilized on an insoluble support, and brought into contact with a solution containing the other enzyme of the pair and the substrates of both enzymes. The enzymes catalyze reactions between the substrates, and one or more products of the last such reaction are measured.

Abstract: An enzymatically active product for use in isomerization of glucose into fructose is provided. The active product comprises an organic polymeric material predominantly comprised of a monovinyl aromatic compound polymer having .beta.-aminopropionamidomethyl group as side chains represented by the formula I: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is selected from H, C(1-6) alkyl and C(2-6) hydroxyalkyl, R.sub.2 is selected from C(1-6) alkyl, C(2-6)hydroxyalkyl, ##STR2## (where X, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are selected from H and C(1-6) alkyl, and n is from 2 to 6), or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 form together with the N atom, to which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are bonded, a heterocylic structure of the formula: ##STR3## where A is --CH.sub.2 --, --O-- or --NR.sub.6 -- (wherein R.sub.6 is H or C(1-6) alkyl), and R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are selected from H and methyl. The organic polymeric material has glucose isomerase immobilized with the .beta.-aminopropionamidomethyl group side chain of the organic polymeric material.

Abstract: Stabilized, insolubilized biochemical materials are prepared by covalently bonding a biochemical material such as an antigen, antibody, hormone, or enzyme to a silicic acid heteropolycondensate layer which is applied to a mechanically stable support. The insolubilized biochemical materials are useful as separating agents or adsorbents in radio-immuno assays or affinity chromatography.

Abstract: Antithrombogenic polymeric materials are prepared by bonding a synthetic fibrinolytic compound or a combination of a synthetic fibrinolytic compound and a fibrinolytic enzyme to a polymeric material. Bonding is preferably by covalent or ionic bonding. The antithrombogenic polymeric materials are useful for preparing various types of medical articles that come into contact with blood.

Abstract: An enzyme preparation is prepared having terminal non-polar groups incorporated therein so that the enzyme preparation has affinity for a water-immiscible liquid. The enzyme preparation can be separated from an aqueous reaction mixture by contacting the mixture with the water-immiscible liquid, permitting the enzyme preparation to become associated with the water-immiscible liquid and separating the water-immiscible liquid containing the associated enzyme from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the glucose content in a liquid sample by passing the sample consecutively through a column of at least one ion exchange resin and a column of immobilized glucose oxidase and then determining the amount of hydrogen peroxide produced by contacting the sample with glucose oxidase.

Abstract: Enzyme-support complexes in which the enzymes are bound by covalent bonding to at least one reactive function of organic groups grafted to mineral supports by at least one ester bond. The complexes are obtained by reacting an insoluble inorganic support having hydroxyl groups with a compound formed of an organic group having at least one alcohol or phenol function and at least one reactive function, to which the enzyme is then bonded.

Abstract: Insolublized antibodies, F(ab').sub.2 fragments thereof and protein antigens are made by coupling to a water-insoluble substrate using a bridging agent which covalently binds to sulphur atoms in antibody, fragment or protein rather than to free amino groups therein. This is preferably effected by using a chloracetyl-terminated bridging agent. Immunoassays utilizing these insolubilized reagents are described. One novel class of bridging agents comprising anhydride and monochloracetyl end groups, which is useful for making the said reagents, is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for regenerating an immobilized enzyme system comprises treating the system with an acid, removing excess acid, treating the system with a bifunctional organic reagent which furnishes a pendant group, removing excess of said bifunctional reagent, and immobilizing fresh, active enzyme.

Abstract: A method for regenerating an immobilized enzyme system comprises treating the deactivated system with a base, removing excess base, treating the system with a bifunctional organic reagent which furnishes a pendant group, removing excess of said bifunctional reagent, and immobilizing fresh, active enzyme.

Abstract: Enzymes are immobilized by a process wherein the carrier used for immobilizing is a hydrophilic pullulan gel having a three-dimensionally reticulated structure obtained by the reaction between pullulan and a bifunctional compound capable of forming an ether linkage with the hydroxyl group contained in the glucose unit of pullulan, or an ionic pullulan gel obtained by the reaction between said hydrophilic pullulan gel and a compound having at one end an ionizable group and at the other end a functional group capable of forming an ether linkage with the hydroxyl group in the pullulan gel in the presence of an alkaline coumpound. Immobilized enzymes prepared according to this process have a high activity and good retention of the activity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solid insoluble carrier which is activated for bonding of nucleophilic groups and to a method of its preparation. The carrier contains active groups --O.CO.O.R, where R is the residue selected from the group comprising nitrophenyl, dinitrophenyl, trichlorophenyl, pentachlorophenyl, N-succinimidyl, N-phthalimidyl, and 8-quinolinyl. Active groups are bonded to polysaccharides, phenol-formaldehyde resins, polyacrylates, or polyacrylamides. The invention further relates to a method for preparation of the polymeric carrier, which consists in treatment of polymers carrying hydroxyl functions and selected from the group comprising polysaccharides, phenol-formaldehyde resins, polyacrylates, and polyacrylamides, with esters of chloroformic acid which contain the above mentioned active groups.

Abstract: The invention relates to a magnetic gel which is useful for immunoezymatic determinations.Said gel consisting, for example, of polyacrylamideagarose and magnetic particles, coupled with an antibody, can be used for rapid determinations of the antigens contained in a biological liquid, the presence of magnetic particles permitting rapid separation of the gel from the reaction medium by means of a magnetic field and considerably shortening the time required for determinations.

Abstract: Light emitting systems are immobilized on a support to provide a localized, concentrated release of light that increases the sensitivity of detection systems when assaying bio-materials. A preferred immobilized light emitting system contains an oxidoreductase and luciferase bound to glass beads that are attached to an elongated glass rod.

Abstract: Novel re-usable water-insoluble penicillin acylase complexes are provided wherein a penicillin acylase is adsorbed on a water-insoluble polymer or co-polymer of methacrylic acid and cross-linked with a water-soluble aldehyde selected from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde, glyoxal and formaldehyde. The complexes are useful in the production of 6-APA from penicillins G and V.

Abstract: The activity and stability of immobilized enzymes may be improved by treating an immobilized enzyme comprising an enzyme covalently bound to polymeric material which is absorbed on an inorganic porous support material with a bifunctional monomeric material and a substrate followed by additional treatment with an enzyme and thereafter again treating the complex with additional bifunctional monomer and substrate.

Abstract: Proteins and non-protein affinity ligands are covalently bonded to trichloro-s-triazine activated supports. The activated support is prepared by reacting a water-free insoluble solid support with trichloro-s-triazine in a non-aqueous medium and neutralizing HCl generated during the reaction with a tertiary amine which does not form an insoluble complex with the trichloro-s-triazine.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for binding enzymes comprising reacting an amino acid and/or a protein with an excess of a urethane prepolymer, curing the resulting product and coupling an enzyme thereto by use of a carbodiimide. The product of the process is also described as well as the use thereof in analyzing blood fluids. The invention is particularly adapted to binding hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to determine creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in human blood serum.

Abstract: A reagent for an immunological determination comprising water insoluble latex particles being formed from vinyl polymerizates and having free terminal functional groups of the formula: ##STR1## through which are bound an immunologically active material including materials for preparing this reagent and for utilizing this reagent for diagnostic purposes. The latex particles contain a core and an outer layer, said core being formed by polymerization of vinyl, or diene monomers or mixtures thereof with said polymerizates in said core carrying a functional group selected from group consisting of carboxyl, sulfonate or mixtures thereof and said outer layer being formed from vinyl polymerizates carrying said terminal functional group.

Abstract: Complexes of metals with chelating resins are described. In the principal embodiment the complex is a complex of a resin, an enzyme and a metal that is in non-ionic form and that is chelated by the resin and the enzyme. Such material is of particular value for converting dextrin to glucose. In another embodiment a solid agricultural composition is formed comprising a complex of an agriculturally acceptable trace metal chelated by a chelating resin and finely divided solid carrier.

Abstract: The products of the invention are obtained by a method which consists of: oxidizing cytidine-diphosphocholine, fixing the dialdehyde obtained by the preceding oxidation of the ribose of the cytidine on NH.sub.2 groups of the amino compound in alkaline aqueous solution, stabilizing the coupling thus formed by reduction and recovering the macromolecular product thus obtained in the form of an aqueous solution. The latter can be freeze-dried to provide a powder suitable for preservation. The coupling occurs between the oxidized ribose groups of the cytidine-diphosphocholine and the lysine residues of the amino compounds. The products of the invention are suitable as vaccines against parasites belonging to the class of those including molecules bound to a phosphorylcholine residue, such as intestinal or respiratory parasites.

Abstract: A process for bonding a ligand to a carrier through the use of a pyrimidine derivative of the formula: ##STR1## in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, loweralkylthio, loweracylamino, nitro, cyano, carboxamido, loweralkylsulphonyl, loweralkoxycarbonyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl or chloromethyl, the ligand or the carrier containing at least one functional group that reacts with the pyramidine derivative.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing an immunological dignostic reagent by mixing an immunologically inert carboxylated latex polymer substantially free from any contaminating amino compound with a water-soluble activating agent and adding an immunologically active material thereto.

Abstract: Polypeptides such as enzymes and insulin are coupled to polyethylene glycol or polypropropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500 to 20,000 daltons to provide a physiologically active non-immunogenic water soluble polypeptide composition. The polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol protect the polypeptide from loss of activity and the composition can be injected into the mammalian circulatory system with substantially no immunogenic response.

Abstract: A process for producing a composition containing insolubilized enzyme and/or insolubilized bacterial cells which comprises (i) the step of mixing (a) an aqueous solution of enzyme and/or an aqueous dispersion of bacterial cells, (b) at least one porous adsorbent and (c) at least one vitrifiable monomer.

Abstract: Process for preparing a vehicle substance capable of covalent bonding with iological material, especially enzymes, by reacting a matrix containing --OH or NH.sub.2 groups with an organic diisocyanate under anhydrous conditions. The distance between the matrix and biological material may be extended by a stepwise reaction of the matrix with an organic diisocyanate, and organic spacer containing two or more --OH and/or NH.sub.2 groups and again with an organic diisocyanate. The coupling of the vehicle material with biological material takes place in buffered aqueous solution.