Abstract: An enantiomerically pure compound of the formula ##STR1## is prepared when the associated racemic mixture is reacted with an acrylating agent R.sup.3 --C(O)--O--R in the presence of a microorganism or enzyme derived therefrom capable of catalyzing transesterification of an alcohol. X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are each independently halogen, R is alkyl, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or aryl and R.sup.3 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl.

Abstract: Salicylate hydroxylase isolated from Pseudomonas bacteria can be used to determine the level of salicylate in a body fluid by reacting a sample of the fluid with the enzyme and monitoring the conversion of salicylate to catechol. A method of purifying the enzyme from crude bacterial extract using a salicylate affinity column is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods of making and selecting esterase enzymes having an improved perhydrolysis to hydrolysis ratio, and varying K.sub.cat, K.sub.m, and K.sub.cat /K.sub.m and substrate specificity. Such enzymes are useful in peracid bleaching systems and other applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microbiological process for the production of polyesters and utilizes bacteria of the Pseudomanas fluorescens rRNA branch according to the phylogenetic classification of De Vos and De Ley. These bacteria are cultured under aerobic fermentation conditions in a nutrient medium comprising an excess of at least one assimilarable acylic aliphatic hydrocarbon compound having 6-18 carbon atoms and a limiting quantity of at least one of other nutrients essential for growth to form poly-3-hydroxyalkanaoates.

Abstract: Optically active .beta.-halolactic acids can be produced by contacting an .alpha.,.beta.-dihalopropionic acid with 2-halo acid dehalogenase. When the pH of the reaction system is above 9, this process gives optically active glycidic acid. Treatment of the optically active .beta.-halolactic acid thus obtained with an alkali also gives optically active glycidic acid.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for the production of vanillin through the bioconversion of a vanillin precursor with a tissue culture of undifferentiated callus cells derived from a vanilla plant and/or enzymes obtained therefrom in the presence of a water soluble sulfhydryl compound and optionally, also in the presence of an assimilable carbon source.

Abstract: A process for preparation of R-(-)-3-halogeno-1,2-propanediol which comprises cultivating in a medium containing racemate 3-halogeno-1,2-propanediol a bacterium, which, when cultivated in a medium containing racemate 3-halogeno-1,2-propanediol as a sole carbon source, can grow and proliferate, has an ability to assimilate S-(+)-3-halogeno-1,2-propanediol preferentially compared to R-(-)-3-halogeno-1,2-propanediol and belongs to the genus Pseudomonas, or its culture cells; and recovering R-(-)-3-halogeno-1,2-propanediol from the resulting culture broth.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-member ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The heterocycle serves as the substrate and exhibits no substituent on the carbon atoms adjacent to the methyl groups to be oxidized. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by means of microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas utilizing toluene, xylene, or cymene. The enzymes of the microorganisms been previously induced.

Abstract: A biologically pure culture of naturally-occurring Pseudomonas strain 679-2 is described. This nonobligate bacterial predator microorganism and its extracellular products are useful for the control of many bacterial and fungal diseases of plants. Whole cells of this bacterium and the antimicrobial compounds that it produces are involved in biological control effects. Materials and methods of preparation and application involving Pseudomonas strain 679-2 and its antimicrobial products are described.

Abstract: A microbiological process for oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas, which utilize toluene, xylene or cymene. An inducer, the aromatic heterocycle, as the substrate, and a carbon source and energy source are fed in and, after the maximal product concentration is reached, the product is separated.

Abstract: A novel pyrimine-producing strain belonging to genus Pseudomonas exhibits the following bacteriological properties: denitrification reaction: negative; assimilation of carbon sources:D-arabinose: positiveL-lysine: negativeand a novel pyrimine-producing strain belonging to genus Pseudomonas exhibits the following bacteriological properties: denitrification reaction: negative, assimilation of carbon sources:D-arabinose: positiveL-lysine: positiveThese novel strains produce pyrimine in high yield and if the strains are cultured in a proper culture medium in the presence of an iron salt, a natural red dye, ferropyrimine, can be easily produced and directly be recovered from the culture medium.

Abstract: Pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acids are prepared by the action of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-3,4-dioxygenase on 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acids in a liquid medium which lacks active decarboxylase and which has a pH from 4 to 9, an ionic strength below about 1 molar, and a low concentration of metal cations and complex anions. In close temporal proximity, the 2-hydroxy-3-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde which forms is allowed to react with a source of ammonia or a primary amine, avoiding substantial decarboxylation.

Abstract: Bacteria that metabolize phenylacetate along a mandelate-to-cis,cis-muconate pathway are disclosed. Bacteria that express the pathway for metabolizing phenylacetate through a mandelate intermediate can be isolated reproducibly by first selecting bacteria that can utilize both L-phenylalanine and mandelate as the sole carbon source and then blocking alternate pathways for the degradation of L-phenylalanine. The activity of selected enzymes along the mandelate-to-cis,cis-muconate pathway can be blocked in these bacteria to effect the accumulation of selected intermediates.

Abstract: A process for the production of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid from nicotinic acid by means of enzymatic hydroxylation in the presence of microorganisms of the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus or Achromobacter. By maintaining a specific concentration range during the addition of nicotinic acid, the biomass formation can take place in the same process step as the product formation, without product losses occurring by further decomposition.

Abstract: Microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas containing aspartate beta-decarboxylase at a high level are produced by culturing said microorganism in a medium supplemented with a chelating agent. L-Alanine can be efficiently produced from L-aspartic acid said microorganisms or the treated product thereof.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for the production of vanillin through the bioconversion of a vanillin precursor with a ferulic acid degrading microorganism in the presence of a water soluble sulfhydryl compound and optionally, also in the presence of an assimilable carbon source.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for producing L-alanine by reacting in a single reaction tank, in an aqueous reaction mixture having a pH of 6 to 10 and containing at least one .alpha.-keto acid, fumaric acid or a salt thereof with ammonia or ammonium ions in the presence of two microorganisms having fumarase inactivity.

Abstract: A novel pyrimine-producing strain belonging to genus Pseudomonas exhibits the following bacteriological properties: denitrification reaction: negative; assimilation of carbon sources:D-arabinose: positiveL-lysine: negativeand a novel pyrimine-producing strain belonging to genus Pseudomonas exhibits the following bacteriological properties: dentrification reaction: negative; assimilation of carbon sources:D-arabinose: positiveL-lysine: positiveThese novel strains produce pyrimine in high yield and if the strains are cultured in a proper culture medium in the presence of an iron salt, a natural red dye, ferropyrimine, can be easily produced and directly be recovered from the culture medium.

Abstract: An enzymatic process for the enantiomer-specific preparation of mercapto alkanoic acids by stereoselective hydrolysis of mercapto or thioester alkanoic acid esters.

Abstract: A microbiological process for the oxidation of methyl groups in aromatic 5- or 6-member ring heterocycles to the corresponding carboxylic acid. The heterocycle serves as the substrate and exhibits no substituent on the carbon atoms adjacent to the methyl groups to be oxidized. The reaction of the heterocycle takes place by means of microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas utilizing toluene, xylene, or cymene. The enzymes of the microorganisms have been previously induced.

Abstract: A microorganism is disclosed for degrading toxic waste materials into more environmentally acceptable materials. Processes for utilizing the microorganism in a sequencing batch reactor, and for treating industrial and municipal wastes, such as chemical waste landfill leachate and chemical process wastewater, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A coenzyme-independent L-sorbosone dehydrogenase has been prepared from a microorganism belong to the genus Pseudomonas, which acts on L-sorbosone to produce 2-keto-L-gulonic acid. The enzyme is membrane bound and has a molecular weight of about 47,000 kDa. The enzyme is used to carry out the conversion of L-sorbosone to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid.

Abstract: Process for the production of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid from nicotinic acid. The hydroxylation is carried out enzymatically in the presence of a microorganism of the species Pseudomonas, Bacillus or Achromobacter, for example, Achromobacter xylosoxydans. Preferably the enzymatic hydroxylation is carried out at 20.degree. to 40.degree. C. and a pH of 5.5 to 9.0 under aerobic conditions. Also, preferably a 0.1 percent by weight solution up to a saturated (preferably a 0.5 to 10 percent by weight) nicotine acid solution is used.

Abstract: A method of degrading halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons is disclosed comprising incubating microorganisms capable of degrading halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons by an aromatic degradative pathway together with the halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons under conditions such that said aromatic degradative pathway is active.

Abstract: The production of 1,2-dihydroxy-cyclohexadienes from aromatic compounds by a biochemical process by using strains of Pseudomonas putida, and novel 1,2-disubstituted-cyclo-hexadienes are described. Certain of the novel compounds are useful as intermediates in the production of polymers.

Abstract: The conversion of 2,6-dialky naphthalene to the corresponding 2,9-dicarboxy naphthalene by microbiological means is described. Exemplary means include the use of NAH7 plasmids, encoding aromatic oxygenase enzymes, in a Pseudomonas host. The conversion product is useful as a monomer in the production of high performance synthetic polymers.

Abstract: This invention provides novel strains of microorganisms (e.g., Pseudomonas putida Biotype A) which are capable of converting substrates such as toluene or catechol to muconic acid quantitatively by the ortho (catechol 1,2-oxygenase) pathway.Muconate lactonizing enzyme is not induced in the microorganism, thereby permitting the muconic acid to be produced and accumulated in a quantity greater than one gram of muconic acid per liter of bioconversion medium.

Abstract: A stable mutant form of creatine amidohydrolase is disclosed. This enzyme is formed via expression of altered DNA, which may be in plasmid form. Also disclosed is a method for determining creatinine using the mutant form.

Abstract: New microorganisms belonging to Pseudomonas putida or Pseudomonas sp., which are isolated from soil and have tolerance to one or more of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones and their derivatives or their mixture. These new microorganisms can be used in the fields of bioreactor, liquid-waste treatment, protein engineering, etc.

Abstract: A method is provided for converting 4-substituted biphenyls, such as 4-hydroxybiphenyl, to the corresponding 3,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl utilizing mutant strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus or Pseudomonas putida. Hydroxylation of the unsubstituted biphenyl ring to the corresponding (1S-cis)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol and its conversion to the corresponding triacetate, followed by treatment in base to form 3,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl is also provided.

Abstract: This invention provides a continuous bioconversion process in which a non-growth toluene substrate is bio-oxidized by a specific microbe mutant strain to accumulated extracellular muconic acid at a bioreactor production rate of at least about 5 grams of muconic acid per liter of fermentation medium per hour.Essential features of the invention process include a continuous feed of whole cell-containing fermentation broth from an auxiliary cell growth and enzyme induction fermentation zone into the main fermentation zone, and a purge stream of whole cell-containing fermentation broth from the main fermentation zone.

Abstract: A method of degrading chloroethylene compounds is disclosed comprising incubating microorganisms capable of degrading chloroethylene compounds by an aromatic degradative pathway together with the chloroethylene compounds under conditions such that the aromatic degradative pathway is active.

Abstract: Strains of Pseudomonas putida selected from Pseudomonas putida NCIB 12190 and mutant strains thereof, which mutant strains can be obtained by chemical and physical mutation, allowing the mutated bacteria to grow prior to exposure to benzene or fluorobenzene, and subsequently, after further growth in the presence of benzene or fluorobenzene, selecting those mutant strains which accumulate cis-dihydroxycyclohexadiene or catechol or their fluorinated analogues. The new strains can be used in biochemical processes for the preparation of cis-dihydroxycyclohexadienes and catechols.

Abstract: A mixture of Pseudomonas putida one having plasmids encoding the camphor (CAM) and toluene (TOL) degradation and the other having a plasmid encoding for naphthalene (NAH) degradation is described. The mixture is more effective than either Pseudomonas putida alone or than a single Pseudomonas putida with three related plasmids which encode for the degradation of CAM, TOL and NAH.

Abstract: A method of culturing an amino acid racemaseproducing microorganism of the genus Pseudomonas, which comprising culturing said microorganism in a culture medium containing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of glycerol, ethanol, tartaric acid, fumaric acid and succinic acid as a carbon source, and recovering microorganism cells containing the amino acid racemase in an increased amount.

Abstract: It is possible to efficiently obtain D-(31)-tartaric acid in high yield and to supply DL-tartaric acid of high concentration to the culture medium by cultivating a microorganism which belongs to the genus Pseudomonas, Cryptococcus, Tricosporon or Klebsiella and has an ability to assimilate L-(+)-tartaric acid and does not assimilate substantially D-(-)-tartaric acid in a culture medium containing DL-tartaric acid.

Abstract: Certain novel alkenyl-substituted dihydroxycyclohexadienes and the corresponding catechols are prepared by providing a culture of a microorganism selected from P.putida NCIB 12190 and mutants thereof, supplying to the culture the corresponding benzene derivatives in suitable fermentation medium, and subsequently recovering the desired dihydroxycyclohexadiene in cis-relationship, optionally followed by dehydrogenating the compound to afford the corresponding catechol.

Abstract: Novel compound cis-1,2-dihydroxy-3-trifluoromethylcyclohexa-3,5-diene (and certain fluoro-substituted analogues) can be produced biochemically by culturing a wild type or mutant strain of P.putida with benzotrifluoride or certain fluoro-substituted analogues as substrate.

Abstract: A method of growing cells of Pseudomonas putida, preferably mutants of strains NCIB 11680 or 11767, to induce in them an enzyme capable of converting an aromatic or substituted aromatic compound to a corresponding cyclic dihydroxy compound. Suitable inducers include pyridine and substituted pyridines.

Abstract: Strains of Pseudomonas putida selected from Pseudomonas putida NCIB 12190 and mutant strains thereof, which mutant strains can be obtained by chemical and physical mutation, allowing the mutated bacteria to grow prior to exposure to benzene or fluorobenzene, and subsequently, after further growth in the presence of benzene or fluorobenzene, selecting those mutant strains which accumulate cis-dihydroxycyclohexadiene or catechol or their fluorinated analogues. The new strains can be used in biochemical processes for the preparation of cis-dihydroxycyclohexadienes and catechols.

Abstract: A process for controlling algal growth in wastewater, lagoons and ponds which comprises treating the algae containing water with a high concentration of a selected actively growing species of pseudomonas product which products an exudate which exhibits antialgal characteristics.

Abstract: A method for degrading linalool using Pseudomonas strains is described. Also described are novel Pseudomons putida strains which degrade linalool and in some instances geraniol and citronellol. A method for producing 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one using certain novel strains is also described.

Abstract: An apparatus for the biodegradtion of toxic organic solvents contained in liquid scintillation cocktail (LSC) wastes is disclosed, as well as a method for its operation. Additionally, a novel microorganism, Pseudomonas sp NNRL B-18435, is disclosed for the biodegradation of the organic solvents contained in such wastes. The apparatus is capable of operating with solvent concentrations greater than 5,000 ppm and emulsifier concentrations greater than 2,000 ppm. Rates of solvent biodegradation range from 0.095 mg/L.min to about 7.0 mg/L.min.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a catechol and/or a compound comprising a 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene ring, which comprises growing a microorganism in the presence of a carbon source, the microorganism being capable of converting the corresponding aromatic compound into the catechol and/or the compound comprising a 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene ring; and supplying the corresponding aromatic compound to the microorganism; characterized in that the carbon source is molasses.

Abstract: The present invention provides a micro-organism of the species Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas putida, wherein it constitutively forms creatinamidinohydrolase.The present invention also provides a process for the production of such a micro-organism.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for the bioconversion of a non-growth aromatic feed to an accumulated quantity of a picolinic acid product with reduced accumulation of 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde, and conducted in the presence of ammonium or a primary amine, which acid subsequently can be converted by chemical means to a pyridine product.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for enhancing the yield of root crops, such as potatoes, sugar beets, radishes and the like, comprise treating the roots, plants, seeds, seed pieces, or soil in which they are to be planted, with a root crop growth promotant bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas.

Abstract: An aerobic biodegradation method is provided utilizing a biologically pure culture of a strain of Pseudomonas putida which is capable of degrading PCBs free of vicinal hydrogen atoms as well as congeners unchlorinated in either a 2,3 position, a 3,4 position, or both 2,3 or 3,4 positions.

Abstract: This invention provides a semi-continuous fermentation process which is operated in a repeated fed-batch mode to maintain cell bioconversion productivity at a high level without product inhibition of enzymatic activity. The process is illustrated by the bioconversion of toluene or catechol via the ortho pathway to muconic acid which accumulates in the fermentation medium in a quantity up to about 50 grams per liter.

Abstract: The composition intended for recovery of oil-polluted water and soil contains Pseudomonas putida-36 as an active biocomponent deposited under No. B- 2443 and a salt mixture as a mineral component, mass %: 34.26-37.12 of KNO.sub.3 ; 28.66-31.28 of NH.sub.4 Cl; 25.42-28.71 of NH.sub.4 H.sub.2 PO.sub.4 ; and 2.89-11.66 of NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3. The mass ratio between the biocomponent and mineral component is 1:26-32. The composition can be utilized with or without the carrier in the form of a solid inert substance or water.