Abstract: Provided are two-stage processes by which primary alcohols such as ethanol or 1-butanol are converted into distillate-range ethers and olefins utilizing Guerbet coupling followed by intermolecular dehydration. The ethers can be used, for example, as cetane-improvers in diesel fuel, while the olefins can be hydrogenated to afford paraffins.

Abstract: An octane-enhancing additive includes a mixed butanol composition, sec-butyl ether, methanol, methyl tert-butyl ether, and a C4-dimer, the mixed butanol composition comprising sec-butanol and tert-butanol, and the C4-dimer comprising di-isobutylene, 2,2,4 trimethylpentane, 2,3,3 trimethylpentane, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a compound has the formula (I) where: R1 and R2 are alkyl or, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, cycloalkyl; R3, R4 and R5 are H or alkyl (formula II); R6 is alkyl or where: R7 and R8 are H, alkyl or, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, cycloalkyl; R9 is H or alkyl; X is alkylene or is absent; and p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and m and n are 0, 1, 2 or 3 provided that m is 0 when R4 and R5 are H. The compound is suitable for use as a base stock which provides low volatility for a given viscosity profile. The compound may be used in a lubricant composition for an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition comprising 10-40 mass! of C8-30 linear alkanes, up to 20 mass % of C7-20 aromatic hydrocarbons, at least 90 mass % of which are monoaromatic, and no more than 1 massl in total of oxygen containing compounds; wherein the total amount of C8-30 alkanes in the composition is 50-95 mass % (and the total amount of C8-30 alkanes, C7-20 aromatic hydrocarbons and C8-30 cycloalkanes is at least 95 massl; and wherein the amounts are based on the mass of the composition. Also provided is a method for producing the composition comprising the step of hydroprocessing a biological feedstock using a catalyst and the step of fractionating the product of the hydroprocessing step.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition comprising 8-30 mass % of C4-12 linear alkanes, 5-50 mass % of C4-12 branched alkanes, 25-60 mass % of C5-12 cycloalkanes, 1-25 mass of C6-12 aromatic hydrocarbons, no more than 1 mass % of alkenes, and no more than 0.5 mass % in total of oxygen-containing compounds; wherein the total amount of C4-12 alkanes is 40-80 mass %, and the total amount of C4-12 alkanes, C5-12 cycloalkanes and C6-12 aromatic hydrocarbons is at least 95 mass %; and wherein the amounts are based on the mass of the composition. Also provided is a method for producing the composition comprising the step of hydroprocessing a biological feedstock using a catalyst and the step of fractionating the product of the hydroprocessing step.

Abstract: Methods for producing fuel compositions with predetermined desirable properties are disclosed. Feedback control can be employed to meter precise amounts of fuel composition components while monitoring fuel composition properties to obtain fuel compositions having specifically defined properties.

Abstract: A method for superheated glycerin combustion (SGC) combines fumigation and SGC to effect greater fuel efficiency and reduce exhaust gas pollutants from a compression ignition engine such as a diesel engine. The invention utilizes the fumigant method by combining two gases (dimethyl ether and propane) which autoignite prior to the injection of the liquid glycerin water solution (GWS) fuel. This pre-combustion of the fumigant gases combined with the engine's compression of the combustion chamber gases is managed to attain a supercritical combustion chamber environment into which the liquid GWS fuel is injected. This targeted supercritical combustion chamber environment causes the GWS fuel to first vaporize the water which leaves the glycerin, prior to combustion, as highly dispersed monomers within the combustion chamber which autoignite similar to a “homogenous charge compression ignition” (HCCI) event resulting in significantly greater efficiency and negligible exhaust gas pollutants.

Abstract: A method for marking a petroleum hydrocarbon or a liquid biologically derived fuel by adding at least one compound having formula (I), wherein R1 and R2 independently represent hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl groups, and G represents hydrogen or at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C18 alkyl and C1-C18 alkoxy.

Abstract: A fuel additive imparting high lubricity to gasoline and diesel fuels while concurrently increasing miles and reducing emissions. The fuel additive is formed of a plurality of individual components having individual and a combined synergistic effect along with components increasing fuel lubricity which are mixed with a liquid fuel-soluble carrier and added to the fuel supply of internal combustion engines.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of converting glycerol into organic reaction products. The method may include mixing glycerol with a monohydric alcohol. The mixture of glycerol and monohydric alcohol is then reacted in the presence of a heterogeneous nano-structured catalyst, wherein the monohydric alcohol is present at subcritical/supercritical temperatures and pressures. This converts the glycerol into one or more reaction products, wherein the reaction products include an oxygenated organic reaction product. Ninety percent or greater of the glycerol is converted.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods for converting biomass-derived hydrocarbon streams into products suitable for use as fuel additives. These methods involve the acidic condensation of hydrocarbon monofunctional alcohols comprising five or six carbon atoms to form ether condensation products containing at least ten carbon atoms. The oxygenated condensation products can be separated from un-reacted alcohols and gasoline range hydrocarbons to provide an oxygenated fuel additive that may be mixed with a diesel or kerosene-type liquid hydrocarbon fuel to provide an improved fuel that may have an increased cetane number, decreased emissions of environmental pollutants during combustion, or both.

Abstract: The invention provides a distillate fuel blend with improved seal swell properties comprising at least one highly paraffinic distillate fuel fraction having a mass swelling ratio less than 9% when measured according to ASTM D1414 or ASTM D471 at 50° C. and for 20 days when using an NBR (nitrile butadiene rubber) O-ring with a hardness of 70 that has been de-plasticised; and about 0.5 volume percent to about 15 volume percent of at least one component selected from a group of aromatic ethers wherein the blend exhibits a mass swelling ratio of at least 10% when measured according to ASTM D1414 or ASTM D471 at 50° C. and for 20 days when using an NBR (nitrile butadiene rubber) O-ring with a hardness of 70 that has been de-plasticised. The invention extends to the use of an aromatic ether fraction in a blend with a synthetic middle distillate fraction for the purposes of achieving seal swell characteristics more comparable with those characteristic of crude-derived middle distillate fuel product.

Abstract: A fuel for compression-ignition engines is described, which contains mono oxymethylene dimethyl ether and has a cetane number of ?51. This fuel for compression-ignition engines advantageously contains oxygenates of the n-polyoxaalkane type and/or di-tert-butyl peroxide. Up to about 20% by weight of the mono oxymethylene dimethyl ether can be replaced by dimethyl ether.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of converting glycerol into organic reaction products. The method may include mixing glycerol with a monohydric alcohol. The mixture of glycerol and monohydric alcohol is then reacted in the presence of a heterogeneous nano-structured catalyst, wherein the monohydric alcohol is present at subcritical/supercritical temperatures and pressures. This converts the glycerol into one or more reaction products, wherein the reaction products include an oxygenated organic reaction product. Ninety percent or greater of the glycerol is converted.

Abstract: A fuel additive to gasoline and diesel fuels which when added in small quantities relative to total volume of fuel treated and burned as fuel in an internal combustion engine, enhances fuel burning to concurrently increase mileage and reduce emissions. The fuel additive is formed of a plurality of individual components having individual and a combined synergistic effect along a liquid fuel-soluble carrier and added to the fuel supply of the intended internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A compression ignition (CI) (typically diesel) fuel formulation is provided containing (i) a C4 to C8 dialkyl ether (DAE), (ii) a naphtha fuel component and (iii) a low boiling component selected from low boiling hydrocarbons, ethers and mixtures thereof. The formulation may be produced along with a gasoline fuel formulation, by (1) preparing a gasoline fuel formulation in a manner which yields a naphtha fuel component as a byproduct, and (2) blending at least some of the naphtha byproduct with a C4 to C8 DAE and a low boiling component (iii) so as to produce the CI fuel formulation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing gasoline components from syngas. Syngas is converted to one or more of methanol, ethanol, mixed alcohols, and dimethyl ether, followed by various combinations of separations and reactions to produce gasoline components with oxygenates, such as alcohols. The syngas is preferably derived from biomass or another renewable carbon-containing feedstock, thereby providing a biorefining process for the production of renewable gasoline.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition is disclosed, as well as a method for reducing NOx emissions from a diesel engine at minimum fuel consumption wherein the diesel engine operates in a low temperature combustion mode, comprising the step of adding to the diesel engine at least one diesel fuel or blending component for a diesel fuel having a combination of a low T50 in the range of from 190° C. to 280° C., a high cetane number in the range of from 31 to 60, and an effective emissions reducing amount of a nitrogen-free cetane improver.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods for converting light glycol streams of biological origin into products suitable for use as oxygenated fuel additives. These methods involve the acidic condensation of light glycols to form larger products, termed low molecular weight poly-glycols. The remaining hydroxyl functional groups of the poly-glycol products are then modified to decrease the overall polarity of the products, and improve their suitability for use as an oxygenated fuel additive.

Abstract: The present invention provides useful cooking and/or heating fuel compositions which may be produced substantially from renewable resources, such as biomass, to provide green fuel compositions, methods, and systems. The fuel compositions include gases stored under pressure, liquids, and gels/gelled waxes. Gases and liquids can include dimethyl ether and one or more C2 or larger alcohols, or can include dimethyl ether and one or more C2 or larger hydrocarbons. Gels and gelled waxes can include dimethyl ether and/or one or more C1-4 alcohols and wax or a gel. Methods of making these fuel compositions, particularly from biomass-derived syngas, are also described. Various applications and methods of using the fuel compositions, such as portable cylinder fuels for camping, are disclosed. Additionally, principles of burner design for these fuel compositions are disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method and process is described for producing negative carbon fuel. In its broadest form, a carbon-containing input is converted to combustible fuels, refinery feedstock, or chemicals and a carbonaceous solid concurrently in separate and substantially uncontaminated form. In an embodiment of the invention, biomass is converted via discrete increasing temperatures under pressure to blendable combustible fuels and a carbonaceous solid. The carbonaceous solid may be reacted to synthesis gas, sold as charcoal product, carbon credits, used for carbon offsets, or sequestered.

Abstract: Gasoline compositions are provided comprising component A, an alkyl alkenoate compound, or a mixture of alkyl alkenoate compounds, selected from compounds of formula I: wherein R1 is a linear alkenyl group containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by a methyl group, and R2 is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, with the proviso that component A has a boiling point or boiling point range within the temperature range of from 90 to 200° C., and at least one additional selected component.

Abstract: A clean, high efficient and environmentally friendly gasoline product with main fractions of C6-C11 has a low octane rating and a low spontaneous ignition temperature. It can be compressively ignited within an internal combustion engine with a compression ratio of 16-19. Small amount of ethanol or dimethyl ether can be added into the gasoline product.

Abstract: A method and process is described for producing negative carbon fuel. In its broadest form, a carbon-containing input is converted to combustible fuels, refinery feedstock, or chemicals and a carbonaceous solid concurrently in separate and substantially uncontaminated form. In an embodiment of the invention, biomass is converted via discrete increasing temperatures under pressure to blendable combustible fuels and a carbonaceous solid. The carbonaceous solid may be reacted to synthesis gas, sold as charcoal product, carbon credits, used for carbon offsets, or sequestered.

Abstract: The present invention further contemplates a process for making a dialkyl ether composition comprising two or more ethers of the formula R1—O—R2. The present invention further contemplates a process for making a dialkyl ether composition starting from a first reaction product comprising 1-butanol. The invention further contemplates a dialkyl ether composition comprising two or more ethers of the formula R1—O—R2, where each R1 and R2 can independently be any carbon chain length, saturated or unsaturated; branched or straight-chain, of between C2 and C10; specifically between C4 and C10; more specifically between C4 and C6; more specifically C6; more specifically 04.

Abstract: The present invention provides useful fuel compositions which may be produced substantially from renewable resources, such as biomass, to provide green fuel compositions, methods, and systems. In some embodiments, fuel compositions include dimethyl ether and one or more C2 or larger alcohol, such as ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, or tent-butanol. In some embodiments, fuel compositions include dimethyl ether and one or more C2 or larger hydrocarbons, such as propane, propylene, propyne, and propadiene, n-butane, isobutane, isobutylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, or 1,3-butadiene. Methods of making these novel DME-based fuel compositions, particularly from biomass-derived syngas, are described. Various applications and methods of using the fuel compositions, such as portable cylinder fuels for camping, are disclosed. Additionally, principles of burner design for these fuel compositions are disclosed herein.

Abstract: A fuel additive composition containing an alkylene-oxide-adducted hydrocarbyl amide and a friction modifier is disclosed. The alkylene-oxide-adducted hydrocarbyl amide and friction modifier are surprisingly useful for improving the acceleration response and the driving performance of vehicles having internal combustion engines when used as fuel additives in hydrocarbon-based fuels, such as gasoline fuel or diesel fuel.

Abstract: Use of a composition of liquefied gases for domestic use, containing dimethylether or DME in a mixture with at least one hydrocarbon with 3 carbon atoms and at least one hydrocarbon with 4 carbon atoms, in which the gaseous mixture released from storage contains a DME concentration fixed at a value of no more than 40 weight %.

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalysts, systems, and methods for producing products such as fuels and fuel additives from polyols. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method of producing a fuel additive, including combining a polyol and a component selected from the group consisting of alcohols and organic acids to form a reaction mixture and contacting the reaction mixture with a metal oxide catalyst at a temperature of greater than about 150 degrees Celsius. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Abstract: Botanically derived compositions of fuel oxygenates are provided, as well as methods of making the same. The compositions are produced from extracts of plant tissues, and unexpectedly contain aliphatic ethers and alcohols in useful concentrations. These compositions represent sources of oxygenates such as MTBE, ETBE, DIPE, TAME, ETBE and TBA from non-mineral sources, allowing them to be produced domestically in countries without mineral hydrocarbon resources and allowing them to be combusted without any net addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel, comprising the steps of providing a mixture of a primary hydrocarbon fuel comprising one or more alcohols; and dehydrating in the mixture the one or more alcohol to its or their corresponding ether and water, to obtain the compression ignition fuel.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods for converting biomass-derived hydrocarbon streams into products suitable for use as fuel additives. These methods involve the acidic condensation of hydrocarbon monofunctional alcohols comprising five or six carbon atoms to form ether condensation products containing at least ten carbon atoms. The oxygenated condensation products can be separated from un-reacted alcohols and gasoline range hydrocarbons to provide an oxygenated fuel additive that may be mixed with a diesel or kerosene-type liquid hydrocarbon fuel to provide an improved fuel that may have an increased cetane number, decreased emissions of environmental pollutants during combustion, or both.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel for fuel cells which contains at least one organic compound selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether and formic acid, and 1-200 ppm of a hydrocarbon compound in terms of a single component as determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Also disclosed are a fuel cartridge for fuel cells and a fuel cell.

Abstract: An additive mixture for fuels including a) at least one N-formal, b) at least one antioxidant and c) at least one corrosion inhibitor. The additive mixture ensures that the additized fuels and lubricants have biocidal and corrosion-inhibiting additization, especially when they include proportions of renewable raw materials, such as biodiesel, and when they are in contact with copper-containing surfaces.

Abstract: Systems for producing fuel compositions with predetermined desirable properties are disclosed. Feedback control can be employed to meter precise amounts of fuel composition components while monitoring fuel composition properties to obtain fuel compositions having specifically defined properties.

Abstract: The present invention provides useful fuel compositions which may be produced substantially from renewable resources, such as biomass, to provide green fuel compositions, methods, and systems. In some embodiments, fuel compositions include dimethyl ether and one or more C2 or larger alcohol, such as ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, or tert-butanol. In some embodiments, fuel compositions include dimethyl ether and one or more C2 or larger hydrocarbons, such as propane, propylene, propyne, and propadiene, n-butane, isobutane, isobutylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, or 1,3-butadiene. Methods of making these novel DME-based fuel compositions, particularly from biomass-derived syngas, are described. Various applications and methods of using the fuel compositions, such as portable cylinder fuels for camping, are disclosed. Additionally, principles of burner design for these fuel compositions are disclosed herein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for the production of carboxylic acid esters and/or biodiesel fuel from feedstocks containing fatty acids, glycerated fatty acids, and glycerin by reactive distillation. Specifically, in one embodiment, the present invention relates to the production of biodiesel fuels having low glycerin, water, and sulfur content on an industrial scale.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines, which can achieve a stable homogeneous charge compression ignition at a higher output. The fuel satisfies the following requirements (1), (2), (3), and (4): (1) certain distillation characteristics between an initial boiling point (IBP): 0° C. or higher and 60° C. or lower; and an end point (EP): 250° C. or higher and 380° C. or lower; (2) research octane number: 62 or greater and 85 or less; (3) density at 15° C.: 0.700 g/cm3 or higher and lower than 0.800 g/cm3; and (4) Reid vapor pressure at 37.8° C.: 30 kPa or greater and lower than 65 kPa.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprising a combustible fuel, an effective friction reducing amount of at least one saturated C5 to C31 ?-glycerol ether, and a detergent package is disclosed, as well as a method of reducing the amount of friction in an internal combustion engine by adding the fuel composition to the engine.

Abstract: The method of adding to gasoline which has been stored in a container, of relatively small size for a substantial period of time to cause substantial loss of the more volatile gasoline components, an additive composition which comprises a flammable organic liquid having a Reid vapor pressure of 2 to 18 psig, to improve starting capacity of a motor fueled by said gasoline.

Abstract: An aviation gasoline (Avgas) formulation free from tetraethyl lead (TEL) for piston driven aircraft is described, the formulation comprising, in volume percent, between 0 and 65.2 base alkylate, between 0 and 50 super-alkylate, between 0 and 25 toluene, between 2 and 10 of a toluidine isomer blend, between 0 and 5 ethyl alcohol, between 0 and 25 C5 cut and between 0 and 10 triptane. The formulations are prepared by admixing the components, with the order of mixing being from the denser to the less dense, except in the case of the toluidine isomer blend, which in spite of being the denser product is the latest to be added to the other streams in order to by-pass homogenization problems.

Abstract: Botanically derived compositions of fuel oxygenates are provided, as well as methods of making the same. The compositions are produced from extracts of plant tissues, and unexpectedly contain aliphatic ethers and alcohols in useful concentrations. These compositions represent sources of oxygenates such as MTBE, ETBE, DIPE, TAME, ETBE and TBA from non-mineral sources, allowing them to be produced domestically in countries without mineral hydrocarbon resources and allowing them to be combusted without any net addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Abstract: Unleaded blend compositions, as well as formulated gasolines containing them have a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 80 comprising either: (i) component (a) at least 5% (by volume of the total composition) of at least one hydrocarbon having the following formula I R—CH2—CH(CH3)—C(CH3)2—CH3??I wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, especially triptane, or (ii) at least 2% of component (a?), which is at least one branched chain alkane of MON value of at least 90 and of boiling point 15-160° C. or a substantially aliphatic hydrocarbon refinery stream, of MON value of at least 85, at least 70% in total of said stream being branched chain alkanes, said stream being obtainable or obtained by distillation from a refinery material as a cut having Initial Boiling Point of at least 15° C. and Final Boiling Point of at most 160° C.

Abstract: This invention relates to a unit, a method, and a renewable material. The unit for producing renewable materials includes a decarboxylation apparatus for converting a ketoacid stream into a ketone stream, and a hydrogenation apparatus for converting the ketone stream and a hydrogen stream into an alcohol stream. The method for producing renewable materials includes the step of converting a ketoacid stream into a ketone stream in a decarboxylation apparatus, and the step of converting the ketone stream and a hydrogen stream into an alcohol stream in a hydrogenation apparatus.

Abstract: Use of a composition of liquefied gases for domestic use, containing dimethylether or DME in a mixture with at least one hydrocarbon with 3 carbon atoms and at least one hydrocarbon with 4 carbon atoms, in which the gaseous mixture released from storage contains a DME concentration fixed at a value of no more than 40 weight %.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for making a composition comprising at least two different ethers using ethanol, or a combination of ethanol and methanol, as a starting material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel for fuel cells which contains at least one organic compound selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether and formic acid, and 1-200 ppm of a hydrocarbon compound in terms of a single component as determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Also disclosed are a fuel cartridge for fuel cells and a fuel cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of stockpiling a fuel source by storing methanol or dimethyl ether in appropriate storage facilities to provide an alternative fuel source that can be used to avoid shortages due to unavailability, limited availability or excessive costs of oil.

Abstract: An efficient and environmentally beneficial method of recycling and producing methanol from varied sources of carbon dioxide including flue gases of fossil fuel burning powerplants, industrial exhaust gases or the atmosphere itself. Converting carbon dioxide by chemical or electrochemical reduction seconardy treatment to produce essentially methanol, dimethyl ether and derived products.

Abstract: This invention describes genes, metabolic pathways, microbial strains and methods to produce methyl butanol and other compounds of interest from renewable feedstocks.