Abstract: A relationship management system and method are configured to enable a user to manage a relationship with their contacts from the initial interaction through the life cycle of a transaction or relationship and beyond. For example, a relationship management system may record and sort all communications (for example, phone calls, text messages, and emails) into a contact's profile, empowering a user to easily see the entire relationship at a glance. Moreover, using actionable business intelligence, an exemplary relationship management system may utilize a workflow engine to send notifications, schedule tasks, and allow users to see reports, thus allowing a user to increase productivity and save time. Exemplary relationship management systems are configured for use in the multi-family housing industry.

Abstract: A computing device may receive, from a remote computing device, a request to establish a communication session with the remote computing device and contextual information indicative of an urgency level of the communication session. The computing device may output, at one or more output devices, the contextual information indicative of the urgency level of the communication session and at least one of: haptic output or an audible alert that indicates the request to establish the communication session.

Abstract: A system and method of determining pre-verification information for use by a certification authority to verify and attest phone numbers associated with healthcare facilities is provided. The method includes receiving an unverified phone number and determining, using one or more matching operations, whether the unverified phone number is associated with a healthcare facility. In response to such determination, the unverified phone number and a facility name associated with the healthcare facility is sent to a certification authority server to be used to verify the unverified phone number. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A processor may receive a call transcript including text and form a text string including at least a portion of the text. The processor may generate a situation description of the call transcript, which may comprise processing the text string using a transformer-based machine learning model. The processor may generate a trouble description of the call transcript, which may comprise creating a sentence embedding of the situation description, creating sentence embeddings for a plurality of utterances within the portion of the text, determining respective similarities between the sentence embedding of the situation description and each of the sentence embeddings for each respective one of the plurality of utterances, and selecting at least one of the plurality of utterances having at least one highest determined respective similarity as the trouble description. The processor may store a call summary comprising the situation description and the trouble description in a non-transitory memory.

Abstract: A system is provided for the storage of data, the system having: an encrypted host platform upon which regulatory controlled data is stored; a controller configured to allow a primary user to set permission settings and identify authorized end users and degrees of access granted to each the authorized end user, the authorized end user being pre-cleared for compliance with regulatory controls pertaining to the regulatory controlled data; the controller configured to permit access to the encrypted host platform only if the hosting platform is in compliance with predefined data security protocols the controller configured to allow the authorized end user access to the regulatory controlled data, and the controller configured to exclude access to both a provider of the system for storage and a system host platform provider; at least one individual computing device accessible by at least one the authorized end user, the individual computing device configured to provide authorized end user identification data to th

Abstract: A method and systems for identifying communicators as wanted or unwanted based on communications from such communicators, the method comprising determining communications from phone numbers as being unwanted by analyzing communication content features of communications associated with unwanted communicators, identifying telecommunications carriers that acquired the phone numbers, computing scores for the telecommunications carriers based on an amount of the determined unwanted communications from the phone numbers are unwanted, intercepting an inbound communication from a given phone number, identifying the given phone number is associated with a given one of the telecommunications carriers, and configuring handling of communications from the phone number based on a score of the given telecommunications carrier.

Abstract: A method of monitoring and protecting access to an online service from an Account Take Over attack may include: providing a Traffic Inspector in signal communication with at least one client device for Internet browsing and with a web server having the online service residing therein; providing a Traffic Analyzer in signal communication with the Traffic Inspector; identifying, by the Traffic Inspector, each browsing session of the at least one client device on the online service; extracting and identifying, by the Traffic Analyzer, one or more usernames when a user performs authentication to the online service, analyzing traffic exchanged between the at least one client device and the web server; and collecting, by the Traffic Inspector, first characteristic data concerning unique and/or non-unique technical parameters and associating, by the Traffic Analyzer, the first characteristic data with respective identified one or more usernames.

Abstract: A method and system for detecting and queuing data stewardship tasks, the method may comprise receiving, at a private database, incoming identity information comprising one or more received data record attributes; comparing the one or more received data record attributes to a plurality of saved data records in the private database. Each saved private data record may include one or more saved attributes. A data stewardship task record is created that contains the received data record attributes and saved data record attributes that are near matches to the received data record. The data stewardship task is displayed to indicate a match quality for each of the received data record attributes and the saved data record attributes. The match quality may be indicated using a color coding scheme that uses a unique color or lack of color to indicate one of a match, a partial match, and no match.

Abstract: A battery storage system is configured to store batteries in a safe manner that reduces the threat of thermal runaway. Batteries held by the system are electrically connected to at least one load that is powered by energy from the batteries, thereby depleting the charge level of the batteries. In some embodiments, the load is a temperature control device that is configured to cool the batteries to help prevent a thermal runaway condition during storage. That is, discharging of the battery helps not only to reduce the charge levels in the batteries, thereby decreasing the likelihood of an occurrence of thermal runaway, but also cool the batteries further decreasing the likelihood of such an occurrence. Thus, over time, the battery storage system efficiently controls the charge levels and temperatures of the batteries so that a thermal runaway condition is unlikely.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an exemplary method that may include steps of obtaining a permission from the user to monitor a plurality of activities executed within the computing device; continually monitoring the plurality of activities executed within the computing device for a predetermined period of time; identifying an indication of an incoming interaction session within the predetermined period of time; verifying at least one session interaction parameter associated with the incoming interaction session to identify the incoming interaction session as a repeat interaction session; dynamically retrieving at least one relation-specific notation from a plurality of relation-specific notations to display; instructing an input GUI element to display input data associated with the repeat interaction; automatically updating the plurality of relation-specific notations associated with the historical data relationship; and instructing at least one programmable output GUI to display a notif

Abstract: Techniques for using validated communications identifiers of a user's communications profile to resolve entries in another user's contact list are described. When a user imports a contact list, the contact list may include multiple entities related to the same person. The system may identify one of the entries in the contact list that corresponds to a validated communications identifier stored in another user's communications profile. The system may identify other validated communications identifiers in the other user's communications profile and cross-reference them against the entries of the contact list. If the system determines the contact list includes entries for the different validated communications identifiers of the other user, the system may consolidate the entries into a single entry associated with the other user.

Abstract: A computing device is described that accepts, a telephone call, from another device, initiated by a caller. Prior to establishing a telephone user interface that receives spoken input from the user and outputs spoken audio from the caller, the computing device executes a call screening service that outputs an audio user interface, to the other device and as part of the telephone call. The audio user interface interrogates the caller for additional information including a purpose of the telephone call, which allows the user to have more context of the telephone call before deciding whether to accept the call or hang up. The computing device outputs a graphical user interface associated with telephone call. The graphical user interface includes an indication of the additional information obtained via the audio user interface that interrogates the caller.

Abstract: A system and method for providing call sessions between personal communication devices (PCDs) of sender users and recipient users are described. The system includes one or more voice communication domains (VCDs) interacting with each other, and a cross-domain coordinator configured to coordinate interaction between the voice communication domains over the Global Communication Network. Each VCD includes PCDs associated with the corresponding users, and a voice communication server (VCS) deployed within the voice communication domain. The VCS is configured to control operation of the PCDs verbally by user voice commands, and to provide call sessions between a sender user and a recipient user within the same voice communication domain and between the users of different voice communication domains.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems related to performing an operation responsive to a voice call are described. In an example, a method can include storing data representing a number of contact lists on a memory of a first computing device, wherein the data representing the number of contact lists includes data representing credentials of a number of contacts on the number of contact lists, receiving data representing a voice call and credentials of a second computing device at the first computing device, comparing the data representing the credentials of the second computing device with the data representing the credentials of the number of contacts on the number of contact lists to determine which contact list the second computing device is included in, and performing an operation at the first computing device at least partially based on which contact list the second computing device is included in.

Abstract: A method and system for discovering and locating the source of unwanted communication origination in a communications network, the method comprising compiling a communication campaign database storing data of one or more communication campaigns along with automatically identified instances of those campaigns, and simultaneously or sequentially matching those instances against known communication traffic of a set of cooperating telecommunication carriers. The one or more communications campaigns include a grouping of related fingerprints and patterns that identify a sequence of characters, audio or video associated with instances of a same likely campaigns, either legitimate or illegitimate/fraudulent.

Abstract: An authentication server according to an embodiment disclosed includes a number receiver that receives a number of a user terminal from a callee who has received a call originated from the user terminal, an device authenticator that determines whether to generate an authentication key based on the number of the user terminal received from the callee and a caller number received from the user terminal, and generates the authentication key when it is determined to generate the authentication key, and an authentication key transmitter that transmits the authentication key to the user terminal.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a computer system, method, and computer-readable medium for a computer processor to detect, prevent and counter potentially fraudulent communications by proactively monitoring communications and performing multi-step analysis to detect fraudsters and alert communication recipients. The present disclosure may implement artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to identify fraudulent communications. The AI model may be trained by real world examples to become more efficient.

Abstract: One example method of operation may include identifying a call from a calling device destined for a mobile device, responsive to identifying a calling device number assigned to the calling device, accessing a call content application programming interface (API), operated by a content delivery device, configured to deliver to the mobile device a first caller identification name (CNAM) or a second CNAM, assigned to the calling device number, determining a context assigned to a mobile device number assigned to the mobile device, selecting one of the first CNAM and the second CNAM based on the context, and assigning the selected CNAM to the call.

Abstract: Method and systems for transitioning a wireless device between client-less connectivity and client-based connectivity are disclosed. In an embodiment, a method for transitioning a wireless device between client-less connectivity and client-based connectivity involves forwarding traffic from a wireless device through a SASE domain, receiving a request for information related to a SASE gateway in the SASE domain from the wireless device, transmitting information related to the SASE gateway from the SASE domain to the wireless device in response to the request, and transitioning the wireless device between client-less connectivity to the SASE gateway and client-based connectivity to the SASE gateway.

Abstract: Restricting mobility between networks by identifying and rejecting incoming mobility events (e.g. handovers) from unknown cell sites based on a cellID included in a handover request. Core network nodes e.g. MME, AMF, SMF, can detect and reject the incoming mobility events by comparing Cell ID with a white list or referring to a database. This improves over current 3GPP specifications and network vendor implementations that support restriction policies on the source but not on the target.

Abstract: A method performed by, and a system embedded within, a communication device operating in a communication network, performing the steps of: obtaining a plurality of caller identification codes for the caller device, where each of the caller identification codes identifies the caller device in a network; obtaining at least one rule for selecting a caller identification code from the plurality of caller identification codes according to a characteristic of the called device; obtaining a characteristic of the called device; selecting a caller identification code from the plurality of caller identification codes according to the characteristic of the destination telephone identification, or caller environment or destination environment parameters, or caller decision on the time of making the call; and forwarding the selected caller identification code to any of another communication network and a terminal device of a communication network.

Abstract: A system is provided for the storage of data, the system having: an encrypted host platform upon which regulatory controlled data is stored; a controller configured to allow a primary user to set permission settings and identify authorized end users and degrees of access granted to each the authorized end user, the authorized end user being pre-cleared for compliance with regulatory controls pertaining to the regulatory controlled data; the controller configured to permit access to the encrypted host platform only if the hosting platform is in compliance with predefined data security protocols the controller configured to allow the authorized end user access to the regulatory controlled data, and the controller configured to exclude access to both a provider of the system for storage and a system host platform provider; at least one individual computing device accessible by at least one the authorized end user, the individual computing device configured to provide authorized end user identification data to th

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for displaying notifications received from multiple applications. In some embodiments, an electronic device can monitor notifications that are received from the multiple applications. Responsive to receiving the notifications, the electronic device can control the manner in which the notifications are displayed while the device is operating in a locked or an unlocked state. In some embodiments, the electronic device can allow users to customize how notifications are to be displayed while the device is in the locked and/or unlocked states.

Abstract: An electronic device according to various embodiments may comprise a communication module, a display, an output device, and a processor, wherein the processor is configured to: in response to the reception of a call signal through the communication module, identify a caller corresponding to the call signal; identify a first photo on the basis of the caller; when the electronic device has been configured to output sound in response to the reception of the call signal, output an incoming call screen generated on the basis of the first photo to at least part of the display, wherein the incoming call screen includes one or more image components, each having at least one display attribute that changes according to a change of the sound characteristics of a ringtone; and output the ringtone through the output device while outputting the incoming call screen. Various other embodiments are also possible.

Abstract: A system and method for providing a call session in a communication environment between a caller communication device associated with a caller user and a recipient communication device associated with a recipient user are described. The system includes an automated call controller adapted for being coupled to the caller and recipient communication devices. In operation, a caller user utters a call initiation phrase in a natural language into his communication device. The system analyses the call initiation phrase, finds the recipient device in the communication environment, transmits and plays back the call initiation phrase on the recipient communication device. The system receives and analyzes a recipient reaction to recognize the recipient user intention either to accept or reject the call session, and establishes the call session between the communicating caller and recipient users.

Abstract: A method and systems for identifying communicators as wanted or unwanted based on communications from such communicators, the method comprising determining communications from phone numbers as being unwanted by analyzing communication content features of communications associated with unwanted communicators, identifying telecommunications carriers that acquired the phone numbers, computing scores for the telecommunications carriers based on an amount of the determined unwanted communications from the phone numbers are unwanted, intercepting an inbound communication from a given phone number, identifying the given phone number is associated with a given one of the telecommunications carriers, and configuring handling of communications from the phone number based on a score of the given telecommunications carrier.

Abstract: In an example, a piece of content is obtained. The piece of content is segmented into a plurality of segments. Each of the plurality of segments is divided into a plurality of units. Then, for each of the plurality of units for each segment, a quality model is used to pass the unit through a long short-term memory (LSTM) corresponding to the unit, causing an embedding of the unit and generating one or more parameters. For each of the plurality of segments for the piece of content, the quality model is used to pass the segment, and one or more parameters obtained from LSTMs corresponding to units within the segment, through an LSTM corresponding to the segment, causing an embedding of the segment. The piece of content is then classified as spam based on the embeddings of the plurality of segments for the piece of content, using the quality model.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for enabling voice communications via a messaging application. The method comprises enabling an instant messaging (IM) presence status option to be selected; and blocking an incoming voice communication when the presence status option has been selected. A method and system are also provided comprising displaying a first instant message in an instant messaging conversation user interface comprising call status information; and displaying updated call status information in the instant messaging conversation user interface after determining whether an call attempt has been successful.

Abstract: A method for operating a device for handling a phone call is disclosed. In one aspect the method comprises (a) receiving a phone call from a calling party, (b) determining an action to be performed by the device among a predetermined list of actions related to the handling of a phone call, as a function at least of identity information about the calling party, and (c) performing the determined action for handling the phone call. The device may be programmable and mobile, e.g., a smartphone.

Abstract: Techniques for operating a communication platform herein can be used to select a profile to be used for configuration one or more parameters of the communication session. These techniques include receiving a signal from a user device to initiate a communication session between a first party and a second party via the communications platform; determining a context of the communication session based on contact information, calendar information, or both associated with the first party, the second party, or both; selecting a profile from a plurality of profiles based on the context; and handling the requested communication session according to the selected profile by setting one or more communications parameters based on the selected profile.

Abstract: A video call mediating method includes: connecting, by a first terminal and a second terminal, to a video call platform; extracting a first identifier (ID) of a user of the first terminal and a second ID of a user of the second terminal, that is not displayed on the first terminal and the second terminal, during a video call; creating a first identification code for the first terminal and a second identification code of the second terminal from the first ID and the second ID, respectively; establishing a first video call session between the first terminal and the second terminal; creating a first image and a second image corresponding to the first terminal and the second terminal, respectively, with reference to the first identification code and the second identification code, respectively; and displaying the first image and the second image on a display of the first terminal and on a display of the second terminal, respectively.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods for authenticating a user requesting access to a computing resource based on telematics data. A system may include a telematics device associated with a vehicle having one or more sensors arranged therein, a mobile device, and a server computer. The server computer may receive telematics data of a user associated with the vehicle from the telematics device, store the telematics data in memory, receive a request to authenticate the user, generate one or more questions for authenticating the user based on the telematics data, transmit the one or more questions for presentation to the user, receive one or more answers to the one or more questions from the mobile device, and transmit, to the mobile device, an indication of whether the user is authenticated based on the one or more answers.

Abstract: An approach is provided that hides a caller's telephone number and instead displays a user friendly string that acts as an alias for the caller's identity. The approach receives, from a caller using a calling device, an incoming call at a receiving device that is the information handling system such as a smart phone. The incoming call includes a set of textual metadata that includes an alias corresponding to caller as well as the caller's telephone number that corresponds to the calling device. The approach then displays, on a display screen accessible from the receiving device, the alias while inhibiting display of the caller telephone number, thus keeping the caller's actual telephone number hidden from the user of the receiving device.

Abstract: A method and service for enabling routing of calls to a user is described. Connection rules for a user are established, and organisational or social network data is obtained from the user for use in determining a social network connection graph. On receiving a request to route a call to the user with organisational or social network data associated with the caller, a matching directory service (1) determines from the social network connection graph and the connection rules whether or how to provide call routing data in response to the request.

Abstract: Automatic cell discovery of a source radio access network (RAN) cell by a neighboring, target RAN by initiating a fake handover of a user equipment (UE) from a source RAN cell to a target RAN. A source RAN cell initiates a handover request using handover signaling to the target RAN(s). The handover request is a fake handover request without actual intention of handing over UE to the target RAN. The source RAN cell includes information in initiated handover request that can be used by target RAN to discover source RAN cell. The handover request will fail, because the handover request is not for any actual UE moving from the source RAN cell to the target RAN. However, the target RAN becomes aware of the source RAN cell as a result of this process and can add the source RAN cell (e.g., its EARFCN) to a list of its neighboring cells.

Abstract: At a device of a sender, a screen capture image is captured from a first portion of data presented on the device by a data source. Historical messaging data is analyzed to compute a set of topics in which the sender has participated. Using a topic from the set of topics as a context, a second portion of the data presented on the device by the data source is searched to extract an additional information from the second portion, the additional information corresponding to the context. the additional information is associated with the screen capture image. The screen capture image and the additional information are caused to be transmitted in a messaging channel.

Abstract: A method and system for processing a Push To Talk (PTT) call at an alternate bearer gateway. The alternate bearer gateway is connected to a Land Mobile Radio (LMR) Core Network and a Broadband Network. The alternate bearer gateway receives a PTT message from either the LMR Core Network or the Broadband Network. The PTT message includes a talkgroup identifier and a message. When the PTT message is received from the LMR Core Network, the alternate bearer network determines at least one Broadband talkgroup member using the talkgroup identifier. The alternate bearer gateway sends the message to the Broadband talkgroup member via the Broadband Network. When the PTT message is received from the Broadband Network, the alternate bearer gateway sends the message to the LMR Core Network.

Abstract: A vehicle communication system facilitates hands-free interaction with a mobile device in a vehicle or elsewhere. Users interact with the system by speaking to it. The system processes text and processes commands. The system supports Bluetooth wireless technology for hands-free use. The system handles telephone calls, email, and SMS text messages. The user can customize the device via a user profile stored on an Internet web server.

Abstract: Disclosed in various examples is a method for supporting voice calls linked with message provision in a communication terminal. To this end, additional information is transmitted to a counterpart communication terminal by a voice call request to the counterpart communication terminal, and after the additional information is transmitted, the counterpart communication terminal is called in response to the transmitted additional information. The additional information includes information on at least one message selected from among messages transmitted to the counterpart communication terminal or being received from the counterpart communication terminal and stored.

Abstract: Implementations set forth herein relate to generating a pre-call analysis for one or more users that are receiving and/or initializing a call with one or more other users, and/or prioritizing pre-call content according to whether security-related value was gleaned from provisioning certain pre-call content. One or more machine learning models can be employed for determining the pre-call content to be cached and/or presented prior to a user accepting a call from another user. Feedback provided before, during, and/or after the call can be used as a basis from which to prioritize certain content and/or sources of content when generating pre-call content for a subsequent call. Other information, such as contextual data (e.g., calendar entries, available peripheral devices, location, etc.) corresponding to the previous call and/or the subsequent call, can also be used as a basis from which to provide a pre-call analysis.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable media for interactive voice response using a cloud-based service are disclosed. Voice input indicating interaction with an entity is received at a service provider environment. The entity is associated with an IVR data structure comprising one or more options associated with contacting the entity. The IVR data structure is selected based (at least in part) on analysis of the voice input by the service provider environment. The voice input is sent from a voice-capturing device to the service provider environment via a non-telephonic network. A contact point is selected from the IVR data structure based (at least in part) on analysis of the voice input and/or contextual information. A connection is initiated with the contact point.

Abstract: For location-based communication with mobile devices, a set of callee conditions is received at a caller's device, which has to be satisfied by a callee according to information descriptive of a condition of the callee. The state information is distinct from the location and a time of the callee's presence at the location. An evaluation is made that each device associated with each potential callee in a first subset has been present at the location at a specified time, and that each potential callee in the first subset satisfies the set of callee conditions. At the caller's device, an instruction is received for making a telecommunication call to a device of a potential callee in a first subset. The call is initiated from the caller's device to mobile devices associated with the first subset of potential callees.

Abstract: The present invention relates to communications methods and apparatus for determining whether a received call originated from an artificial intelligence system and the call handling procedures to be used on the received call based on whether or not the call was determined to have been originated from an artificial intelligence system. An exemplary method embodiment includes the steps of: receiving a first call; determining whether said first call originated from an artificial intelligence system; and when said first call is determined to have originated from an artificial intelligence system performing one or more artificial intelligence call handling operations.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide a unified call log for user devices in a device group. A user device receives an invite message for an incoming call and stores first call log information including a caller identifier based on the invite message. The user device receives a status message indicating that another user device has answered the incoming call and stores second call log information including a timestamp for the status message. The user device receives a call information message for a new line between the user device and a device associated with the caller telephone number, determines that the new line is a handover call associated with the incoming call, and stores third call log information for the new line. The user device determines that the handover call on the new line is ended and generates a call log entry including information from the incoming call and the handover call.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for managing electronic communications. According to certain embodiments, an enterprise directory is provided for listing a plurality of enterprises. In one embodiment, the enterprise directory may include an enterprise profile for each enterprise identifying, among other things, a mode of communication for the enterprise. Enterprises that wish to communicate with one another may form partnerships with one another. In one embodiment, a partnership may be formed between two enterprises when one enterprise accepts a partnership request submitted by the other enterprise. Information regarding partnerships between enterprises may be stored in a database. Further, an enterprise user may request to electronically communicate (e.g., via IM, voice, or email) with a user associated with a different enterprise. Users associated with different enterprises may be allowed to communicate electronically with one another if their respective enterprises are in a partnership with one another.

Abstract: Method and arrangement for detecting subscriber identity. The method includes: capturing in a fake base station at least one wireless message transmitted from a mobile subscriber apparatus interoperable with a mobile phone system; detecting an encrypted subscriber identity from the at least one captured wireless message; and retrieving an unencrypted subscriber identity from an entity inside an infrastructure of the mobile phone system based on the encrypted subscriber identity.

Abstract: A communication device and method can include one or more processors operatively coupled to memory and an audible output device, where the one or more processors receive a call from a calling party that includes caller identification information and a voice paging message associated with the caller identification information, presenting the caller identification information, presenting the voice paging message as an alias of or to a ring tone or interleaved with the ring tone before the call from the calling party is answered or rejected. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for real-time data exchange allows for sharing data, including metadata such as user data and phone data, between multiple handsets so that handsets may automatically display such data upon initiation or establishment of a telephone call, and in some arrangements throughout the life of the call. In this way, the need for subsequent data transmissions is reduced or eliminated, making bandwidth usage more efficient and conserving battery power.

Abstract: A method and system for discovering and locating the source of unwanted communication origination in a communications network, the method comprising compiling a communication campaign database storing data of one or more communication campaigns along with automatically identified instances of those campaigns, and simultaneously or sequentially matching those instances against known communication traffic of a set of cooperating telecommunication carriers. The one or more communications campaigns include a grouping of related fingerprints and patterns that identify a sequence of characters, audio or video associated with instances of a same likely campaigns, either legitimate or illegitimate/fraudulent.

Abstract: There is provided an information processing device including a detection unit for detecting a state of a manipulating body in a manipulation area, a state judgment unit for judging whether the manipulating body is in an input state in which a given input manipulation process is executed according to input information input by the manipulating body or in a standby state in which the input manipulation process is not executed, based on the detection result of the detection unit, and an execution process determination unit for determining a process to be executed from a plurality of processes including the input manipulation process based on the state judged by the state judgment unit or a change of the state.