Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media for managing network function (NF) request messages at a security edge protection proxy (SEPP) are disclosed. One method comprises receiving, by a SEPP and from an NF service consumer, an initial NF request message and obtaining a target NF type identifier, a requestor NF type identifier, and a network identifier from the initial NF request message. The method further includes utilizing the target NF type identifier, the requestor NF type identifier, and the network identifier to determine whether the initial NF request message is to be blocked by an associated service based interface at the SEPP and discarding, by the SEPP, the initial NF request message if the initial NF request message is determined to be blocked by the associated service based interface.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein include methods and apparatus for dynamically selecting antenna settings for reception of wireless signals in multiple radio frequency band by wireless devices. A wireless device includes at least two SIM/eSIM profiles that each use different radio frequency bands and dynamically selects an antenna tuner setting based on requirements of one or more applications in use and key radio frequency performance indicators. In some embodiments, the antenna hardware tuner setting is selected to improve paging reception for a secondary SIM/eSIM from a second cellular wireless network when applications communicating using a first SIM/eSIM via a first cellular wireless network can accommodate performance degradation for a period of time.

Abstract: A receiver system and a method for receiving a transmitted signal via a long-range link. The system comprises a plurality of interconnected devices in a short-range network, the plurality of devices including at least one main device and one or more assisting devices, the at least one main device and the one or more assisting devices each configured to receive the transmitted signal via the long-range link; wherein the one or more assisting devices are configured to transmit a relayed signal representing the received transmitted signal at the assisting device to the at least one main device via the short-range network; and wherein the at least one main device is configured to generate output data representing the content of the transmitted signal based on the transmitted signal received at the at least one main device and the one or more relayed signals received from the one or more assisting devices.

Abstract: The present disclosure may provide a method of operating a terminal based on a plurality of networks in a wireless communication system. Herein, the method of operating the terminal may include establishing a connection with a public land mobile network (PLMN), determining whether or not to simultaneously access the PLMN and non-public networks (NPN), transmitting, to the NPN, indication information indicating a simultaneous access request for the PLMN and the NPN, receiving, from the NPN, supported PLMN list information, and when the connected PLMN is included in the supported PLMN list information, accessing the NPN through a packet data unit (PDU) session of the PLMN. Herein, a supported PLMN list may be a list which is determined according to whether or not a quality of service (QoS) is supported based on a service level agreement (SLA) between the PLMN and the NPN.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for counting registered User Equipments (UEs) in a network slice service area. In one embodiment, a method performed by an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) in a core network of a cellular communications system comprises receiving a registration request from a UE and, responsive to receiving the registration request from the UE, initiating a registration procedure and determining whether the registration request received from the UE is applicable for update of counting for a respective network slice to be used by the UE. The method further comprises sending, to a Network Function (NF) that maintains a count of a number of UEs that are using the respective network slice, a message that causes an update to the count of the number of UEs that are using the respective network slice.

Abstract: Systems and methods for handling a wireless device in a Configuration Management (CM)-Connected state with Radio Resource Control (RRC) Inactive state are provided. In some embodiments, a method for performing a mobility transfer from a Fifth Generation network to an Evolved Packet System (EPS) network includes a 5G network node: receiving, from an EPS network node, a context request for context associated with a User Equipment (UE); determining data forwarding information associated with the UE; and sending, to the EPS network node, a context response comprising context information associated with the UE and data forwarding information associated with the UE. In this way, packet losses will be minimized leading to improved end user performance.

Abstract: A vehicle management system for managing access of an application on a vehicle to a wireless network external to the vehicle. The system may include a network usage controller configured for determining a data usage status for the application to be one of allowed and blocked and a network access manager configured for storing a route for the application to access a server of the wireless network when the data usage status is allowed and for erasing or disabling the route when the data usage status is blocked.

Abstract: Provided are a method for adjusting timer T when disaster roaming occurs, and a device supporting same. When a disaster condition is applied to a home public land mobile network (HPLMN), a user equipment (UE) performs registration with a disaster roaming PLMN. When the registration with the disaster roaming PLMN is performed, a timer for periodically searching for the HPLMN does not operate, and the HPLMN is not searched while the timer does not operate. In addition, the UE re-operates the timer on the basis of the disaster condition no longer being applied to the HPLMN or the UE leaving a disaster area.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for improving network packet transmission performance in terms of latency with reduced packet retransmission times and fewer packet drops in congested networks are provided. Packet-switched networks can experience long delays while waiting for out-of-order packets or re-transmissions of lost packets. In addition, network faults such as transmission path failures can result in excessive delay while attempting to find a new route over which to transmit packets. To improve packet transmission performance, application data may be encapsulated into first network packets by a first transport protocol having an interface exposed to the application, in the first network packets may be encapsulated into second network packets according to a second transport protocol. The second transport protocol can enable the second network packets of a same packet flow to be transmitted across multiple paths over the network.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus, where the method includes: a session management network element sending location area information; a mobility management network element receiving the location area information from the session management network element; obtaining location information of a terminal; determining, based on the location area information and the location information, that the terminal is located outside a service area indicated by the location area information; and in response to the determination, sending, to the session management network element, a message for triggering update of a session management information.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices, methods, apparatuses and computer readable storage media of a proactive switch of vehicle-to-everything communication from a device-to-device connection to a connection routed by one or more network devices. In example embodiments, a first terminal device receives, from a second terminal device via a device-to-device connection, an indication of a decision to switch the device-to-device connection to a connection routed by at least one network device for communication with the second terminal device. Based on the received indication from the second terminal device, the first terminal device then determines proactive switching from the device-to-device connection to the routed connection to be performed. The first terminal device then sends a request to a first network device of the at least one network device to set up the routed connection, the request indicating a cause for the determined proactive switching.

Abstract: Location-aware software defined antenna management is described herein. A method as described herein can include generating, by a system comprising a processor, positioning data associated with movement of a vehicle, associated with the system, through an environment; obtaining, by the system from network equipment of a communication network operating in the environment, network data associated with the communication network; and altering, by the system, a configuration of antennas, associated with the vehicle, from a first configuration to a second configuration, distinct from the first configuration, based on the positioning data and the network data.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media for identifying roaming messages at network functions in a home public land mobile network (PLMN). A method includes receiving, at a home security edge protection proxy (SEPP) for the home PLMN, a request message from a consumer network function in a visitor PLMN and adding, at the home SEPP, a header to the request message indicating that the request message originated in the visitor PLMN. The method includes receiving, at a producer network function in the home PLMN, the request message and determining, at the producer network function, that the request message originated in the visitor PLMN by finding the header indicating that the request message originated in the visitor PLMN. The method includes applying, at the producer network function, a roaming-specific policy while processing the request message in response to determining that the request message originated in the visitor PLMN.

Abstract: A terminal control apparatus comprise: a transceiver that obtains information on a first terminal and a second terminal; and a processor that makes a predetermined determination in relation to each terminal's user based on the information obtained on the first terminal and the second terminal, that provides a result of the determination to the first terminal, and that, upon receiving role information including information on a role to be performed by the first terminal and information on a role to be performed by the second terminal, sets operation modes of the first terminal and the second terminal based on the received role information.

Abstract: A device may include a processor configured to detect that a communication session in a private cellular wireless network is associated with an application and determine that data units associated with the communication session match a network slicing rule associated with the private cellular wireless network. The processor may be further configured to classify the communication session to a network slice based on the network slicing rule and assign the data units associated with the communication session to the network slice.

Abstract: Based on an instruction for starting communication parameter sharing processing using a Wi-Fi Device Provisioning Protocol, a public key to be used in the communication parameter sharing processing is shared, and authentication processing with a providing apparatus that provides a communication parameter is executed using the shared public key. After the authentication processing, a Configuration Request packet indicating a request for a plurality of network identifiers is generated, and the generated Configuration Request packet is transmitted to the providing apparatus.

Abstract: A wireless network switching method. In the method, a station and a target access device directly generate a message integrity check key by means of a domain key, and verify an integrity code on the basis of the message integrity check key, so as to realize the authentication of two parties; and when the authentication of the opposite party is successful, session keys are generated by means of the domain key and in conjunction with random numbers of the two parties, thereby simplifying a switching process and realizing secure and efficient network switching. Further disclosed are a corresponding station and a corresponding access device.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for improving roaming configuration efficiency. The method includes receiving roaming configuration data for a first roaming partner network operator and roaming configuration data for a second roaming partner network operator. The method includes applying the roaming configuration data for the first roaming partner network operator to a first set of network entity data associated with the first roaming partner network operator and applying the roaming configuration data for the second roaming partner network operator to a second set of network entity data associated with the second roaming partner network operator. The method includes providing the roaming configuration data for the first and second roaming partner network operators.

Abstract: A communication system for providing a wireless terminal with access to a network, the wireless terminal storing an identification number for accessing a first network, the communication system being configured to receive a connection initiation request from the wireless terminal while the wireless terminal is located in a second service area of a second network, the second service area being different from a first service area of the first network; select, in response to the connection initiation request, a gateway of a third network connected to the second network; and send a gateway ID of the selected gateway toward the second network. A method and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program are also disclosed.

Abstract: One illustrative method of providing network broadcast information to a wireless device from a wireless local area network (WLAN) includes the steps of receiving, from one or more available cellular networks or a network database, cellular network broadcast information associated with the one or more available cellular networks; providing the cellular network broadcast information in a generic container message which varies in content and format according to one or more cellular standards associated with the one or more available cellular networks; and causing the generic container message to be regularly broadcasted for receipt and use by a wireless device.

Abstract: A method for over-the-top, OTT, management in a communication network is presented. The method is performed in a packet data network gateway, PGW. The method comprises receiving (S200) a request for an application network interaction protocol, ANIP, service from an application client, sending (S210) the received request to a global ANIP server, wherein the request is extended with a public land mobile network, PLMN, identity, receiving (S220) an address to a local ANIP server from the global ANIP server, and sending (S230) the received address to the local ANIP server to the Send request for application client. Methods, a PGW, an application client, an ANIP server, computer programs, and a ANIP service computer program product for OTT management in a communication network are also presented.

Abstract: Techniques for distributed charging in digital telecommunications networks are disclosed. In one particular embodiment, the techniques may be realized as a method that includes provisioning a data path that carries a plurality of network flows, receiving a shared usage quota associated with the plurality of network flows, and allocating the shared usage quota among the plurality of network flows. For each network flow among the plurality of network flows, the method includes providing the data path with data indicative of an amount of the shared usage quota allocated to the network flow, configuring the data path to collect metering data associated with the network flow, and configuring the data path to enforce the shared usage quota based on the metering data associated with the network flow and the amount of the shared usage quota allocated to the network flow.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for allocating processing resources may be used in a wireless communication network. The method includes: configuring by a base station, a first sidelink resource pool and a second sidelink resource pool. The first sidelink resource pool is a resource pool of sidelinks that can be used by a user equipment (UE) after entering an idle state or an inactive state, and the second sidelink resource pool being a resource pool of sidelinks that can be used by the UE in the idle state or the inactive state after the first sidelink resource pool has been released. The method further includes: sending by the base station, information of the first sidelink resource pool and information of the second sidelink resource pool to the UE.

Abstract: A mobile device (UE) may access standalone non-public networks (SNPNs) in various different locations as equivalent SNPNs (eSNPNs) corresponding to a home SNPN of the device. The device may obtain a list of eSNPNs corresponding to the home SNPN, and may access a second SNPN at a location different from a location of the home SNPN, in response to identifying the second SNPN and the list including the second SNPN as an eSNPN corresponding to the home SNPN of the device. The eSNPNs may include roaming eSNPNs (ReSNPNs) for accessing an enterprise NPN globally and/or at various different locations. The eSNPN/ReSNPN list may be maintained in a new network identifier management function (NMF). NPNs may be implemented as network slice instances (NSIs) via identifying data in the single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI). Multiple credentialed SNPNs of a UE may be prioritized for access by the UE.

Abstract: The present application discloses an edge cloud system, a server, and a cloud control platform. The edge cloud system includes: an edge cloud access gateway module configured to access data of the road side terminal, the vehicle terminal, the third party platform and the regional cloud; a standardized hierarchical sharing interface module connected to the edge cloud access gateway module, wherein the standardized hierarchical sharing interface module is configured to standardize and classify the data of the road side terminal, the vehicle terminal, the third party platform and the regional cloud accessed by the edge cloud access gateway module to form multiple levels of standardized data; wherein standardized data at each level of the multiple levels of standardized data is available to be called only by a module with corresponding level of that of the standardized data.

Abstract: Various embodiments herein disclose a method camping a User Equipment (UE) on a cell, the method comprising: creating a combined Most Recently Used (MRU) list by merging a list 4G MRU frequencies with a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) having a 5GC and a list of 5G MRU frequencies, determining whether one of a 4G cell with 5G core (5GC) and a 5G cell is available for camping by performing a MRU scan on the combined MRU list; performing one of: camping on one of the 4G cell with 5G core and the 5G cell in response to determining that one of the 5G cell and the 4G cell with 5G core is available and performing a 4G MRU frequency scan on a list of 4G without 5GC MRU frequencies in response to determining that one of the 4G cell with 5G core and the 5G cell is not available.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a machine-readable medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a processor, facilitate performance of operations including receiving a first message from a mobile management entity (MME) in a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network indicating a handover of user equipment (UE) to a fifth generation (5G) network covering a first area in which the UE is located; discovering an access mobility management function (AMF) in the 5G network responsive to the second message; receiving a second message from the AMF indicating a handover of the UE to the LTE network; and discovering a second mobile management entity (MME) in the LTE network covering a second area in which the UE is located. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Techniques are discussed herein for detecting anomalous signals such as spoofed satellite positioning system (SPS) signals and for the transmission of accurate location estimates between user equipments (UEs) when the SPS signals are not reliable. A UE determines an SPS derived location estimate and determines an associated confidence level. The confidence level is determined based on time or location derived from the SPS signals, e.g., relative to local time or non-SPS information, such as stored previous location estimates, non-SPS sensor information, and location information from other UEs. The UE transmits location information to other UEs that includes a selected location estimate, confidence level, and the source of the location estimate, e.g., where the SPS derived location estimate is selected if the confidence level is high and the non-SPS derived location estimate is selected if the confidence level is low.

Abstract: Devices that connect via a WLAN and Internet to communication network, e g. a Public Switched telecommunication network (PSTN) can call e.g. an emergency centre. The method proposed, defines enables the device that initiates a call setup via a WLAN to provide the emergency centre with geographical location information by retrieving this information locally by e.g. a GPS module. The operator of the phone of the subscriber maintains a database wherein the identity of the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is recorded. The subscriber is enabled to add devices that generally have no SIMs (non-SIM devices), such as tablets to the database. In determining whether a WLAN based call setup to the emergency centre is allowed, it is checked with the database whether a record for the non-SIM device is present, and valid.

Abstract: A communications method includes receiving, by a session management network element, a message for requesting to establish or modify a session, and determining, by the session management network element based on an access technology type corresponding to the session, whether to send a request message to an access management network element in the first communications network, where the request message requests the access management network element to allocate a connection identifier of a connection of the session in a second communications network.

Abstract: A data management method includes sending, by a first communications apparatus, first request information to a second communications apparatus, where the first request information includes subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) information of user equipment (UE), and the first request information is used to instruct the second communications apparatus to obtain, from a third communications apparatus, policy information of the UE stored in the third communications apparatus, where the policy information is stored in the third communications apparatus by using a location area as a classification, and receiving, by the first communications apparatus, the policy information sent by the second communications apparatus.

Abstract: A communication system comprises a plurality of cells, each cell being associated with a respective serving area of TUPF. A base station controls a communication session of a communication device via the base station and a TUPF. Mobility of the communication device between a source cell and a target cell is performed as follows: when the communication session uses a nomadic IP address and the target cell is associated with the same TUPF serving area as the source cell but the base station is unable to determine the TUPF serving area of the target cell, the base station initiates a redirection procedure rather than a handover procedure. When performing the redirection procedure, the communication connection for the communication session via the source cell is broken before the target cell has been prepared to receive communication for the communication session of the communication device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a communication method and a communication apparatus. The method incudes acquiring, from a preset public network access channel, unique network identification information of a region where the terminal is located; determining a spectrum standard corresponding to the region where the terminal is located according to the public network access channel and the unique network identification information; and communicating according to the spectrum standard.

Abstract: A spectrum refarm system defines, for each of multiple geographic regions, a spectrum set that represents telecommunications spectrum blocks in use in a corresponding geographic region and a first distribution of technical allocations of each spectrum set. The first distribution of technical allocations for an identified spectrum set specifies telecommunications technologies that are deployed on the spectrum blocks in the identified spectrum set and a number of the spectrum blocks on which each technology is deployed. The spectrum refarm system can maintain the spectrum sets in a data store and modify information in the data store to cause a distribution of technical allocations for a first spectrum set to change from a respective first distribution to a second distribution. Information in the data store is also modified to cause a distribution of technical allocations for a second spectrum set to change from a respective first distribution to a third distribution.

Abstract: Various embodiments herein disclose a method camping a User Equipment (UE) on a cell, the method comprising: creating a combined Most Recently Used (MRU) list by merging a list 4G MRU frequencies with a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) having a 5GC and a list of 5G MRU frequencies, determining whether one of a 4G cell with 5G core (5GC) and a 5G cell is available for camping by performing a MRU scan on the combined MRU list; performing one of: camping on one of the 4G cell with 5G core and the 5G cell in response to determining that one of the 5G cell and the 4G cell with 5G core is available and performing a 4G MRU frequency scan on a list of 4G without 5GC MRU frequencies in response to determining that one of the 4G cell with 5G core and the 5G cell is not available.

Abstract: A communication device electrically connecting to a vehicle including an engine performs a periodic network search to search for a predetermined network when a network currently used by the communication device is not the predetermined network. The communication device restricts performance of the periodic network search during an off period in which the power source is in an off state.

Abstract: The present disclosure addresses missing procedures on subscription to notification of subscription data changes in current standards and provides for amending the “Policy Data Subscription” data structure to indicate that the URI of the “Policy Data Subscriptions” resource and the URI of the “Individual Policy Data Subscription” resource are excluded from the list of resources for which a modification triggers a notification. The present disclosure also provides for new attributes to be included in the “Policy Data Change Notification” data type.

Abstract: A method and system for a device-based smart NAT selection. A method includes receiving a request from a user equipment (UE) for access to a mobile network. The method further identifies a configuration profile embedded in the request from the UE. In response to identifying, the mobile network identifies a plurality of connection preferences in the configuration profile. The method further enables the mobile network to select one of the plurality of the connection preferences for accessing the mobile network by the UE. The method further connects the UE to the mobile network according to the selected one of the connection preferences.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a paging method, a positioning information sending method, a core network node and a base station, and relates to the technical field of communication. The paging method is applied to the core network node in a satellite Internet communication system and comprises the following steps: acquiring the setting mode of the tracking area TA in the satellite Internet communication system; determining the base station for paging the terminal according to the setting mode; and sending a paging message to the base station; wherein the setting mode comprises one of the following setting mode: dividing the satellite Internet communication system one TA; setting at least two fixed TAs; and setting at least two non-fixed TAs.

Abstract: A communication device that attaches to a network and performs radio communication, the communication device is configured to receive, from the network, a reject message indicating rejection in response to a request from the communication device to the network or a request for a detach from the network. The communication device is configured to transmit an attach request message to the network. The communication device configured to determine that a state of a service contract with respect to the network is a contract-canceled state when a first condition is satisfied and then a second condition is satisfied, wherein the first condition is a condition that the receiver consecutively receives the reject message from the network over a predetermined time period, and the second condition is a condition that the attach request message transmitted by the transmitter is rejected by the network.

Abstract: An electronic device according to various embodiments may comprise: a touch-responsive display; a wireless communication circuit configured to transmit/receive a radio signal; a processor operatively connected to the wireless communication circuit and the display; and a memory operatively connected to the processor.

Abstract: MBS key distribution includes processing group information associated with an MB session context received from an AF. At least a portion of the group information comprises a TMGI. A plurality of session join requests received from a plurality of UEs are processed. Each of the plurality of session join requests include the TMGE and are associated with the MB session context. A request associated with the MB session context for transmission to an MB-SMF is encoded. A response associated with the MB session context received from the MB-SMF is processed. The response includes a key derived for each of a portion of the plurality of UEs using a UE ID and the TMGI. A DL NAS message and an N2 message are encoded for the plurality of UEs and a base station, respectively. The DL NAS message and the N2 message include the derived key.

Abstract: Approaches of reassigning a home region from a first data center to a second data center as requested by a customer are described herein. The home region is able to implement write operations to a domain, whereas other data centers cannot implement write operations to the domain. The customer can request the home region being reassigned to another data center such that the customer can utilize the other data center to implement write operations to the domain.

Abstract: The disclosures relates to a method of provisioning a subscriber profile into a subscriber data store of an IP Multimedia System (IMS) capable telecommunications network, the subscriber profile being for a subscriber which is a visiting subscriber with respect to the IMS-capable telecommunications network, the subscriber data store being for use in IP Multimedia System (IMS) call processing, the method comprising: receiving a request to allocate an IMS Access Point Name (APN); and in response to receiving the request to allocate the IMS APN, triggering a provisioning of the subscriber profile into the subscriber data store.

Abstract: An operator system of a wireless communication network operator sends, to a regulator system of a regulator, a record that includes information about administration of a subscription identifier associated with the wireless communication network operator. Responsive to sending the record to the regulator system, the operator system receives a response that indicates whether the regulator system approves of or rejects the record being added to a permissioned distributed database that is distributed at least in part between the regulator system and the operator system. The operator system adds or does not add the record to the permissioned distributed database depending on the response.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) is configured to prioritize a plurality of Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMNs) from an aggregate roaming priority public land mobile network (RPPLMN) list containing the plurality of PLMNs into a plurality of prioritized PLMNs and connect to a selected PLMN from the plurality of prioritized PLMNs based on a priority of the selected PLMN. The UE is further configured to determine if an application processor (AP) assisted location service is available, wherein the AP-assisted service is configured to identify a plurality of deployed PLMNs and a plurality of frequencies used by the plurality of deployed PLMNs at a current geographical location of the UE and when the AP) assisted location service is available, determining if a registered PLMN (RPLMN) is valid in a current mobile country code (MCC).

Abstract: A method for routing inter-public land mobile network (inter-PLMN) messages relating to existing subscriptions with a network function (NF) repository functions (NRFs) includes, at a security edge protection proxy (SEPP) implemented using at least one processor, automatically populating, by the SEPP, a subscription identifier to target NRF resource identification information mapping database accessible to the SEPP with mappings between subscription identifiers and target NRF resource identification information. The method further includes receiving an inter-PLMN message for modifying or deleting a subscription. The method further includes reading a subscription identifier from the message for modifying or deleting the subscription. The method further includes using the subscription identifier from the message for modifying or deleting the subscription to access the database and obtain an identifier associated with an NRF that created the subscription.

Abstract: A mobile communication device for receiving an ad hoc temporary upgrade in quality of service (QoS). The mobile communication device comprises a processor, at least one cellular radio transceiver, a non-transitory memory, and an ad hoc service upgrade application. When executed by the processor, the application monitors wireless cellular communication on a network via the at least one cellular radio transceiver, detects a significant delay in the communication, generates a prompt on a GUI, the prompt comprising a plurality of options for an ad hoc temporary upgraded QoS, where each option is associated with a time period. The application further, based on a user input, requests a preferred roaming list (PRL) associated with the temporary upgraded QoS, receives the PRL, wherein the PRL is associated with providing the upgraded QoS on an allocated spectrum, activates the received PRL, and upon expiration of the time period, deactivates the received PRL.

Abstract: At switch-on or when recovering from lack of coverage, a UE determines first frequency bands corresponding to an initial MCC of a country in which the UE currently is located (402). The frequency bands include a first set of frequency bands associated with a network carrier to which the UE is subscribed and a second set of frequency bands not associated with the network carrier (404). The UE scans the first set of frequency bands (406). In response to detecting a new MCC and determining that no service is available within the first set of frequency bands (408), the UE scans a third set of frequency bands preferred by the UE within a second plurality of frequency bands corresponding to the new MCC (410). In response to determining that no service is available within the third set of frequency bands, the UE scans the second set of frequency bands (412).

Abstract: Empirical data of exit nodes are continuously monitored and each exit node's overall performance and available capacity are calculated. The empirical data can include monitoring the number of concurrent requests currently being executed by each exit node and the disconnection chronology of each exit node. Further, each exit node is tested by benchmark requests and ping messages and each exit node's quality rate is calculated. Additionally, systems and methods are provided to select an exit node with the highest quality and available capacity value, from a particular pool to route the user request.