Abstract: A call forwarding method, a terminal, and a portable electronic device, where the method includes determining whether the phone number is in a preset blacklist when a terminal receives a call carrying a phone number, and executing, by the terminal, a preset first call forwarding policy when the blacklist includes the phone number, where the first call forwarding policy includes that the terminal blocks or terminates the call, and does not trigger a server to forward the call to another terminal preset, or executing, by the terminal, a preset second call forwarding policy when the blacklist does not include the phone number, where the terminal presets a call forwarding on busy service or an unconditional call forwarding service.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for remotely updating a portable storage device, comprising the steps of: a) delaying an access to an identification card interface of a portable storage device communicating with a hosting device by acknowledging with one or more consecutive no operation procedure byte to commands issued by the hosting device, the portable storage device being installed in an identification card socket; b) updating the portable storage device with new data through an updating device connected to an update interface of the portable storage device during the access of said hosting device to the identification card interface; and c) providing the new data to the hosting device through the identification card interface after the new data is updated in the portable storage device.

Abstract: A mobile terminal and a method for controlling the same are disclosed. The mobile terminal includes a display unit and a controller configured to execute a specific application related to a payment, change to a payment ready state and display a payment card in a center area of the display unit when selecting the payment card among cards stored in the specific application, produce one-time payment information, a token value, and perform the payment when receiving a first input in the payment ready state, and change to a payment waiting state and control the display unit so that a display of the payment card is changed to a display of a specific indicator, when receiving a second input in the payment ready state.

Abstract: Certain aspects relate to methods, apparatuses, computer readable mediums and access terminals that effectively (1) detect leaky or rogue access points and (2) take one or more actions based on such detection.

Abstract: A server obtains response data for an asynchronous response to a request from a client. The server generates, in response to obtaining the response data, a digital signature for the response data. The server makes available the response data, the digital signature, and location information that indicates a location from which a digital certificate usable to verify the digital signature can be obtained.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for distributing a virtual SIM card, a method for accessing a network, and related devices. The method for accessing a network includes: determining, from at least two primary virtual SIM cards, at least two candidate primary virtual SIM cards that match a network environment parameter of a visited place of a mobile device; downloading a secondary virtual SIM card by using an accessed primary virtual SIM card that is in the at least two candidate primary virtual SIM cards and that successfully registers with and accesses a network; and accessing a target mobile network of the visited place by using the secondary virtual SIM card. Embodiments of the present invention help improve a network access success rate and network access reliability of the mobile device and reduce operation costs.

Abstract: A notification is received from a user device indicating that an embedded subscriber identity module (eSIM) profile is deleted from an embedded universal integrated circuit card (eUICC) of the user device, in which the eUICC has a particular eUICC identifier (ID). The profile state of the eSIM profile is transitioned from a state of in use to a state of suspended. A billing function is then notified that the eSIM profile is deleted from the eUICC of the user device and the suspended state of the eSIM profile. If the billing function determines that the eSIM profile is active for billing a subscriber for telecommunication services, the profile state of the eSIM profile is transitioned from suspended to released for reuse solely by the eUICC with the particular eUICC ID. However, if the billing function determines that the eSIM profile is inactive, the profile state of the eSIM profile is transitioned from suspended to available for use by any eUICC.

Abstract: A system for supporting the deployment of an embedded subscriber identification module (eSIM) provisioning management system on the ES3 interface between Subscription Manager Data Preparation (SM-DP) of a target mobile network operator (MNO) and Subscription Manager Secure Routing (SM-SR) of a current MNO. A SM-Proxy implements a SM-SR functionality on a first interface towards the SM-DP, and implements a SM-DP functionality on a second interface towards the SM-SR. A hosted SM-DP implements a RESTful API to receive SIM profile information from a provisioning server in the target MNO's network. An Agreement Management system controls a set of eSIM provisioning rules. A Service Portal enables the MNOs to manage their eSIM provisioning rules across their MNO partners.

Abstract: An interface display method, a communication terminal and a computer storage medium. The interface display method comprises: detecting the number of SIM card(s) in a terminal; and according to the number of the SIM card(s), determining a display interface of the terminal.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a tray comprising a first external storage medium and a second external storage medium, a connection circuit comprising a plurality of first contacts configured to be electrically connected to the first external storage medium and a plurality of second contacts configured to be electrically connected to the second external storage medium when the tray is attached to the electronic device, a power management circuit configured to be electrically connected to at least one part of the connection circuit, a detector configured to detect that the tray is moved to be attached to or detached from the electronic device, and a processor electrically connected to the detector and the power management circuit, wherein the processor is configured to adjust the power management circuit to control power provided to at least one part of the plurality of first contacts or second contacts when the tray is moved to be attached to or detached from the electronic device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for activating a purchased or previously deployed device by a subscriber. In one embodiment, activation includes authenticating the device to a service provider or carrier, and providing the device with data necessary for enabling the service to the device. In one variant, a user device is activated at a retail store, with the assistance of a carrier representative. In another variant, user equipment is activated via a communications network without the assistance of a representative. In yet another variant, the user equipment is activated via the Internet without the assistance of a representative. The provision of access data includes pre-assigning eSIM from a population of unassigned eSIMs to certain devices for various carrier networks. Alternatively, the eSIM may be assigned on an as-needed basis. Unassigned and/or unused eSIMs can be released (or sold back to the vendor) and/or reused. Solutions for eSIM backup and restoration are also described.

Abstract: According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a storage medium accommodation device and an electronic device including the same. The storage medium accommodation device may include: a head; a first tray withdrawably introduced into an electronic device and configured to accommodate a first storage medium; a second tray provided between the head and the first tray to be withdrawably introduced into the electronic device, and configured to accommodate a second storage medium; first and second guides respectively provided on the first and second trays, and moved in a sliding manner such that the first and second trays can be introduced into/drawn out from the electronic device; and locking portions respectively included in the first and second guides and configured to restrict the sliding movement of the first and second guides such that the first and second trays can be selectively introduced/drawn out. Other embodiments may also be made.

Abstract: Application modules (AMs) with multi-carrier subscriber identity modules (MSIMs) for diagnostic mode monitoring of signals within wireless distributed communications systems (WDCSs), including but not limited to distributed antenna systems (DASs). Related systems and methods are also disclosed. The MSIMs comprise circuitry configured to implement multiple SIM instances, each SIM instance containing carrier-specific data to enable the AM to register with a carrier to perform diagnostic mode monitoring of signals from the respective carrier. In one embodiment, AMs may be associated with components of a WDCS. By associating the AMs into components of a WDCS, live signals in the WDCS can be monitored and measured for monitoring the performance of components within the WDCS. The AMs may include one or more application level applications configured to receive and monitor signals in the WDCS, and to provide application-level information about such monitored signals to other components or systems, or technicians.

Abstract: Provided is a network registration method and registration device for a terminal, and the terminal supports network standards of multiple operators. The network registration method includes: the identification code of a subscriber identity module is obtained after the subscriber identity module is installed on the terminal; the operator that the subscriber identity module belongs to is determined according to the identification code of the subscriber identity module; the subscriber identity module is led to register in the network of the operator that the subscriber identity module belongs to according to the operator that the subscriber identity module belongs to.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, carrier-specific configuration of a user device may be facilitated based on pre-stored information for multiple carriers. In some embodiments, a user device may store information for limited access (that allows the user device to obtain carrier-specific parameters from carrier networks). During activation, the user device may select one of the carrier networks on which the user device is to be configured to operate. Responsive to the selection, the user device may provide, to a carrier-side computer system on the selected carrier network, a request for limited access to the selected carrier network for configuring the user device, wherein the request comprises the stored access information that allows the user device to obtain carrier-specific parameters via the selected carrier network. Responsive to the limited access being granted, the user device may obtain a configuration package from the carrier-side computer system comprising parameters for configuring the user device.

Abstract: A method in a cellular communication network comprising the steps of: marking a SIM card as inactive when said SIM card has not been used for at least a quarantine duration, provisioning a recycler node by backing up managing parameters related to said inactive SIM card, in a database.

Abstract: Embedded subscriber identity module (eSIM) profile provisioning between proximate devices is described. In at least one example, a first device can broadcast expression data to one or more other devices. Based on determining a presence of a second device within a particular region, the first device can send a request for a profile associated with an eSIM of the second device to the second device. The second device can provision the profile to the first device via a direct connection with the first device. Based on receiving the profile from the second device, the first device can associate the profile with its eSIM and can access at least one service based at least in part on the profile.

Abstract: A mobile phone and a communication method thereof are provided. The mobile phone includes a mobile phone body and mobile phone accessory, wherein the mobile phone body includes a first communication module, a mobile phone card information reading module, a data transmission control module and a basic communication module; and the mobile phone accessory include a mobile phone card, a storage module and a second communication module.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a SIM multiplexing device that provides a mechanism for multiplexing multiple SIM cards into a single SIM device. The SIM Mux device interfaces to the host device via the host device's standard SIM slot. The SIM Mux application resides on the SIM Mux logic device and communicates with the device over the SIM slot's SIM I/O line using standard ISO-7816 messages. The SIM Mux application allows a user to select the active SIM slot via a SIM application interface and directs the logic device which SIM socket to activate on the shared SIM I/O line, thus enabling the user to utilize any one of the populated SIM cards at one time.

Abstract: Methods for obtaining network services on a mobile communication device may include attaching the mobile communication device to a first network associated with a first subscription supported by a first profile stored on an embedded universal integrated circuit card (eUICC) on the mobile communication device, caching, in memory on the mobile communication device, the first profile corresponding to the first subscription, deactivating the first subscription of the eUICC on the mobile communication device without detaching from the first network, caching, in memory on the mobile communication device, a second profile stored on the eUICC corresponding to a second subscription, activating the first subscription of the eUICC, and monitoring for paging indicators directed to the second subscription utilizing the cached second profile.

Abstract: Detecting a fraudulent subscriber identity module (SIM) swap may be performed by a mobile app executing on a mobile computing device. A network connectivity state is determined for the mobile computing device to a mobile telephony network provided by a mobile network operator. The mobile computing device is associated with a SIM which is associated with the mobile network operator. A signal strength is determined at the mobile computing device of the mobile telephony network provided by the mobile network operator. A likelihood is determined that a SIM swap has taken place involving the SIM based on the signal strength and the network connectivity state. In some embodiments, a probe request is transmitted to a remote server, requesting that the remote server programmatically call the telephone number associated with the SIM to confirm whether the SIM swap has taken place.

Abstract: Techniques to manage updates for eSIMs of a secondary wireless device are disclosed. Responsive to a user input, expiration of a timer, receipt of a message from an associated primary wireless device, processing circuitry of the secondary wireless device commands an eUICC to update an eSIM. A secure data connection is established between the eUICC and a network provisioning server, either directly from the secondary wireless device to a cellular wireless network or relayed indirectly via the primary wireless device. The eUICC and the network provisioning server exchange messages in accordance with a BIP process to update the eSIM. The eUICC provides a status to the processing circuitry indicating success or failure for the eSIM update. Upon success, a portion of the secondary wireless device may be placed in a reduced power state. Upon failure, the eSIM update process may repeat up to a maximum number of retries.

Abstract: An operating method of user equipment configured to personalize use of service is provided. The user equipment includes a storage that stores personalization management information including pieces of personalization information and pieces of service operator information corresponding to each of the pieces of personalization information. The operating method includes accessing the storage to read the personalization management information and, from the personalization management information, detecting personalization information and service operator information matched to reference information registered in the user equipment, and determining whether a user is able to use the service, by using user information that is received from the outside and a result of the detection.

Abstract: A method for coupling a subscriber identity module in an electronic device and the electronic device thereof. The method includes sensing a request for changing from a currently coupled 1st SIM to a 2nd SIM among a plurality of SIMs. A 1st communication protocol between the 1st SIM and a short-range communication module is inactivated in response to the change request to release a 1st communication session with the 1st SIM. A 2nd communication protocol between the 2nd SIM and the short-range communication module is activated to couple a 2nd communication session with the 2nd SIM.

Abstract: Information regarding the status of an update to a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) being performed across a mobile wireless communication network is provided to a server involved in the update process and/or to a user of the mobile communication device having the UICC. The UICC update server sends an update trigger to the mobile communication device, and the UICC initiates establishment of a communication link to receive the update. The UICC further causes a baseband processor of the mobile communication device to send a proof-of-receipt of the update trigger by short message service (SMS) messaging back to the update server. Additionally or alternatively, the UICC causes the baseband processor to send a wakeup message to a mobile device application executing on the mobile device. The wakeup message includes status information relating to the UICC update which can be provided to a user of the mobile device.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus including a circuitry configured to initiate a reception of an information request that has been wirelessly transmitted from an information processing terminal, initiate, based on the information request, an obtaining of an information wirelessly from an external communication device, and initiate a wireless transmission of the obtained information to the information processing terminal.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a security module of a mobile terminal, and a security module. The security module is developed to communicate over one of a plurality of mobile communication networks. The security module comprises different system configurations for different mobile communication networks of the plurality of mobile communication networks. The security module receives subscription data for logging into one mobile communication network of the plurality of mobile communication networks, analyzes the subscription data, and identifies the mobile communication network out of the plurality of mobile communication networks. Subsequently, the security module selects a system configuration in accordance with the mobile communication network, identified in the preceding step, of the plurality of mobile communication networks. The security module is operated with the selected system configuration in the identified mobile communication network.

Abstract: Management of multiple subscriber identity modules is disclosed. An apparatus includes an interface to a set of subscriber identity modules of a wireless communication system; one or more processors, and one or more memories storing instructions, that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to: obtain data relating to the subscriber identity modules through the interface; obtain data relating to a mobile terminal; obtain at least one selection ground for the subscriber identity module; and select at least one optimal subscriber identity module for use by the mobile terminal on the basis of the data relating to the subscriber identity modules, the data relating to the mobile terminal, and the at least one selection ground for the subscriber identity module.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture to emulate a toy are disclosed. An example method includes identifying a toy to be emulated by a mobile communication device. A request to obtain toy-identifying data associated with the toy is transmitted to a remote storage. The toy-identifying data is received from the remote storage at the mobile communication device. The toy-identifying data is stored in a secure element of the mobile communication device. The toy-identifying data is transmitted, through a wireless radio of the mobile communication device, to a gaming console.

Abstract: A mobile terminal device having a first radio connection and a second radio connection may also include a radio processing circuit configured to receive and process radio frequency signals and a baseband modem system including of one or more baseband modems, the baseband modem system configured to identify a missed subframe of the first radio connection, select a subframe from one or more additional subframes of the first radio connection during which to schedule radio activity of the second radio connection based on a probability metric for each of the one or more additional subframes, where the probability metric for each given subframe of the one or more additional subframes indicates a probability that the subframe contains a data block of the missed subframe, and perform the scheduled radio activity of the second radio connection during the selected subframe of the first radio connection.

Abstract: A system includes a subscriber identity module (SIM) application; a physical SIM driver configured to be coupled to a physical SIM card; a simulated SIM driver; a control switch that selectively couples the SIM application to the physical SIM driver or the simulated SIM driver, wherein the SIM application, when coupled to the physical SIM driver, is configured to read and write on the physical SIM card; and a SIM simulator in communication with the control switch and the simulated SIM driver, wherein the SIM simulator is configured to control the selective coupling of the control switch, and is configured to receive at least one request comprising an authentication request from the simulated SIM driver and transmit at least one response comprising an authentication response to the simulated SIM driver.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) is equipped with multiple subscriber identity modules (SIMs). The UE identifies a situation requiring selection of a cell to camp on for a first SIM configured to operate using a first mobile network of a first network operator. The UE checks whether the UE is in a coverage hole of the first mobile network. If the UE is not in a coverage hole, the UE camps the first SIM in a cell of the first mobile network. If the UE is in a coverage hole, the UE determines whether any other SIM is already camped on a cell with support for limited service. If there is such other SIM, the UE suspends selection of the cell for the first SIM. Otherwise, the UE camps the first SIM on any acceptable cell for limited service.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and computer readable storage media are provided for implementing a trusted subscription management platform. An example server device is configured to transmit, to a trusted UI client of a mobile station, information regarding a set of virtual SIM cards associated with the mobile station, and receive, from the trusted UI client of the mobile station, a request to provision a particular virtual SIM card. The server device is further configured to initiate, by an SM-SR module and via a trusted baseband client of the mobile device, a secure proxy channel between the server device and a profile manager that hosts the particular virtual SIM card, and transmit, via the secure proxy channel and to the profile manager, an instruction regarding the particular virtual SIM card. Corresponding methods and computer readable storage media are provided.

Abstract: A combo communication terminal has a first communication terminal and a second communication terminal. A switch unit of the second communication terminal has a first end, a second end, a third end and a control end. The control end selectively couples the first end to the second end or to the third end according to a control signal. When a communication link between the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal has been established, a second processing unit of the second communication terminal generates and transmits a first control signal to the control end, such that a first processing unit of the first communication terminal is coupled to a first subscriber identity unit of the second communication terminal via the first port, so that the first communication terminal uses the first subscriber identity unit to perform tasks of communication.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and devices for updating a cache memory in a telecommunications terminal suitable for co-operating with a subscriber identity module. Some implementations of the subscriber identity module may perform operations that include detecting a modification of an elementary file and generating update data associated with the modified elementary file. During a starting stage, the operations may further include receiving a start message from the terminal; receiving a request serving to identity an elementary file for processing; sending the update data associated with the elementary file for processing; and reading the elementary file in compliance with a read command from the terminal. The invention also provides corresponding methods and devices for the terminal, and the corresponding module and terminal.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and device for switching SIM card of a communication terminal and a computer storage medium. The method comprises: identifying a called number of a missed call or identifying an addressee number of an unread message; when callback is initiated, detecting a number of a current SIM card, and if the number is not the called number, switching to a SIM card of the called number, or when message replying is initiated, detecting the number of the current SIM card, and if the number is not the addressee number, switching to a SIM card of the addressee number, and calling back via the switched SIM card or replying to the message via the switched SIM card.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and a relevant apparatus for achieving localized roaming of a mobile terminal. In the present invention, the mobile terminal sends real SIM card information to apply for a virtual SIM card to obtain a corresponding mobile terminal number of a roaming region, and registers user information to activate the virtual SIM card to serve as a calling party or a called party, so as to set up a called communication connection of a real SIM card. The mobile terminal applies for a virtual SIM card from a communication network of a roaming country to obtain a corresponding mobile terminal number of the roaming region through allocation, so that the user does not need to purchase a new SIM card in the roaming region, thereby saving the charges for purchasing the SIM card, ensuring a convenient operation and satisfying the demand of the user.

Abstract: A method and a terminal device for keeping a subscriber identity module card in a standby state, where the method for keeping a subscriber identity module card in a standby state includes receiving, by a terminal device, an enabling request, where the enabling request is used for requesting simultaneous standby of a first subscriber identity module card and a second subscriber identity module card; invoking a third-party invocation interface provided by an operating system of the terminal device; performing interaction with a subscriber identity module card control module, so as to complete a network access process of the first subscriber identity module card on the basis of a data file of the first subscriber identity module card; and keeping the first subscriber identity module card and the second subscriber identity module card in a standby state at the same time according to the enabling request.

Abstract: A method includes displaying, at a display device of a wireless communication device, an option to store a copy of first subscriber identity module (SIM) card information in response to detection of a SIM card in a SIM card slot of the wireless communication device. The method includes, in response to a selection of the first option, storing the copy of the first SIM card information to a storage device of the wireless communication device. The method includes, after storage of the copy, sending a notification to the display device, the notification indicating that the SIM card can be removed from the SIM card slot. The method also includes sending a second option to the display device, the second option associated with setting a parameter value. The parameter value corresponds to a type of service associated with data delivery using the first SIM card information.

Abstract: In a management method and a management server for using a plurality of SIM cards, a large number of users can start use easily. First, an MVNO 230A that has obtained one or more SIM cards logs in to a management screen provided by an MVNE 210 in association with a user ID of the MVNO 230A. From the standpoint of the MVNE 210, it is determined whether a user ID of a user who has accessed a management screen of a management server of the MVNE 210 is under MVNO contract (S301). When the user ID is under MVNO contract, an identification number given to each SIM card and a passcode for authentication given as needed are received as registration information (S302).

Abstract: A method and device for network/card locking of a mobile terminal, a terminal, a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card and a storage medium are provided. The method for card locking of a mobile terminal includes that: encrypted data sent by a mobile terminal is received; it is authenticated, according to the encrypted data, whether the mobile terminal can initialize a SIM card, and an authentication result is obtained; and the authentication result indicating whether the mobile terminal can initialize the SIM card is returned to the mobile terminal.

Abstract: A SIM card connector includes a base, signal spring, a detection apparatus, and a controller. The detection apparatus includes a fixed contact and a detection spring. An action of a SIM card can be detected by means of separation or union between the fixed contact and the detection spring. A trigger part of the detection spring can press against a surface of the SIM card to move a movable end of the detection spring. A power supply of the signal spring can be cut off before the SIM card is separated from the signal spring, and the power supply of the signal spring can be switched on after the SIM card presses against the signal spring.

Abstract: The present invention relates to modifying rights to a security domain for a smartcard, and more specifically, to a server for managing modification of rights to a security domain, a smartcard for modifying the rights to the security domain, a terminal which is loaded with the smartcard, and to a method for modifying the rights.

Abstract: A SIM selection method of a wireless communication device connectable to a first SIM associated with a first subscription in relation to a first wireless communication system and a second SIM associated with a second subscription in relation to a second wireless communication system. The method comprises obtaining current values of first second and third parameters. The first parameters are applicable in relation to the first SIM and in relation to the second SIM, and comprise a geographical location of the wireless communication device. The second and third parameters obtained for the first SIM are applicable in relation to the first SIM only and the second and third parameters obtained for the second SIM are applicable in relation to the second SIM only. The current values of the third parameters are based on values of the third parameters associated with the geographical location and uploaded to a server by a plurality of other wireless communication devices.

Abstract: (EN) The invention relates to a portable electronic device (SC, TK) comprising electric input means (VCC, GND, ANT) for receiving electric power from an external power supply. The portable electronic device (SC, TK) comprises an application, the application being set to be triggered when power is supplied to said electric input means (VCC, GND, ANT), and to not communicate with entities external to the portable electronic device (SC, TK), or to only notify such entities of an event. The application is further set to configure the portable electronic device (SC, TK), and to be successfully executable at most once. The invention also relate to a manufacturing equipment (M) for configuring a portable electronic device (SC, TK) and to a method for configuring a portable electronic device (SC, TK).

Abstract: A method at a user equipment including a mobile equipment and a smartcard, the method receiving from a remote server a plurality of subscriber identities and a roaming policy; storing the plurality of subscriber identities and roaming policy on the smartcard; selecting, based on the roaming policy, a subscriber identity; and attaching to a network based on the selected subscriber identity.

Abstract: A subscriber identity module card for wireless devices, having a top surface, a bottom surface, a first cut-out space, a first material layer arranged on the bottom surface, a second memory card secured within said first cut-out space, said second memory card having said first material layer arranged on a bottom surface of said second memory card and having a second cut-out space, and a third memory card secured within said second cut-out space, said third memory card having a second material layer arranged on a bottom surface of said third memory card.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of personalizing a security element cooperating with an apparatus. This personalization includes downloading data, which is related to a subscription to a network of a mobile radiotelephony operator, in the security element. The method further includes: (i) connecting the apparatus to a card reader; (ii) reading from the card operator data corresponding to at least one subscription to a network of a mobile radiotelephony operator; (iii) transmitting the operator data from the reader to an operator network; (iv) transmitting from the operator network to a subscription manager a request for transferring data related to the subscription to the mobile radiotelephony operator network; and (v) transmitting, from the manager to the security element, the data related to the subscription to the mobile radiotelephony operator network.

Abstract: An information display method for displaying diverse communication protocol information in order is provided. The communication protocol information display method of a mobile device includes discovering devices connectable through diverse communication protocols, displaying information on the discovered devices, displaying symbols of communication protocols supported by the discovered devices respectively, and displaying image objects associated with applications or functions for use in interoperation with the discovered devices.

Abstract: A mobile device may retrieve information about a network prior to associating with the network. For example, the information may be related to a public land mobile network (“PLMN”) and compatibility with Extensible Authentication Protocols (“EAPs”).