Abstract: A golf club head includes a body member having a ball striking face, a crown, a toe, a heel, a sole, a rear and a hosel region located at the intersection of the ball striking face, the heel, the crown and the sole. A plurality of dimples are located on the hosel region, on the crown, on the sole, and/or on the heel, wherein at least some of the plurality of dimples have a major axis that is not aligned in a direction parallel to the moment-of-impact club-head-trajectory direction. A golf club including the golf club head is also provided.

Abstract: A golf club incorporating a trip step feature located on the crown section. The benefits associated with the reduction in aerodynamic drag force associated with the trip step may be applied to drivers, fairway woods, and hybrids. A portion of the trip step is located between a crown apex and the back of the club head and may be continuous or discontinuous. The trip step enables a reduction in the aerodynamic drag force exerted on the golf club by forcing the air passing over the club head from laminar flow to turbulent flow prior to the natural separation point of the airstream from the crown. This selectively engineered transition from laminar to turbulent flow over the crown section slightly increases the skin friction but results in less aerodynamic drag than if the air were to detach from the crown section at the natural separation point.

Abstract: A golf club head includes a body member having a ball striking face, a crown, a toe, a heel, a sole, and a skirt extending between the crown and the sole and between the toe and the heel. The club head includes a drag-reducing structure that may include one or both of a continuous groove extending from a front portion to a rear edge of the toe, and along an entire length of the skirt, and a substantially V-shaped recess formed in the sole and having a vertex positioned proximate the ball striking face and the heel and away from the skirt and the toe, and a pair of legs extending to a point proximate the toe and away from the ball striking face, and curving toward the skirt and away from the ball striking face.

Abstract: A “Aerodynamic Golf Club Assembly” is designed for a minimal amount of air resistance to the face of the club head when it's in a forward swing mode. This allows the golfer to swing the club head at a higher speed (mph), which will cause the ball to travel a longer distance. This is done by means of one or more holes that protrude from the face of the head to the hill of the head. The hill of the head has a concave surface, so a stronger vacuum is created during a forward swing mode of the club head. This partial vacuum at the center hole will suck the air from the front face of the club head and suck the ball to the sweet spot of the head. The centerline of the center hole is on center with the centerline of the club head.

Abstract: A golf club head includes a body member having a length dimension, a height dimension, a breadth dimension, a center-of-gravity and a face-squared centerline. The body member includes a channel having an inlet, an outlet and a throughbore extending through the body member from the inlet to the outlet. The inlet is located to a heel-side of the centerline of the body member and the outlet is located to a toe-side of the centerline of the body member. A golf club including the golf club head is also provided.

Abstract: An integrated golf club comprising standard golf club shaft and an integrated electronics system golf club head apparatus for directly measuring physical parameters of the golf club head motional acceleration swing forces and golf club head face and golf ball impact forces and further processing those measurements and transmitting the measurement data wirelessly to a user interface device. The integrated electronics system golf club head comprises several optimized assemblies that support electronic measurement, processing and wireless communication functions that are integrated with a customized golf club head shell and club face to provide a golf club head with physical properties that are substantially similar to that of a regulation play golf club head of same type. The user interface device that receives wirelessly transmitted data further processes the data and provides the golfer with useful golf swing and impact metrics in multiple different user selectable formats.

Abstract: A golf club head includes a body member having a ball striking face, a crown, a toe, a heel, a sole, and a skirt extending between the crown and the sole and between the toe and the heel. The club head includes a drag-reducing structure that may include one or both of a continuous groove extending from a front portion to a rear edge of the toe, and along an entire length of the skirt, and a substantially V-shaped recess formed in the sole and having a vertex positioned proximate the ball striking face and the heel and away from the skirt and the toe, and a pair of legs extending to a point proximate the toe and away from the ball striking face, and curving toward the skirt and away from the ball striking face.

Abstract: A high volume aerodynamic golf club head with a club head volume of at least 400 cc and a front-to-back dimension of at least 4.4 inches producing reduced aerodynamic drag forces. The club head has a crown section having a crown apex located an apex height above a ground plane, wherein a portion of the crown section between the crown apex and the face has an apex-to-front radius of curvature that is less than 3 inches. The apex height and location of the crown apex obtain desirable airflow reattachment close to the face and improve airflow attachment to the crown section.

Abstract: A high volume aerodynamic golf club head having a post apex attachment promoting region with a club head volume of at least 400 cc and a front-to-back dimension of at least 4.4 inches producing reduced aerodynamic drag forces. The post apex attachment promoting region is on the surface of the crown section at an elevation above a maximum face height and begins at the crown apex and extends toward the back of the club head. The post apex attachment promoting region is a relatively flat portion of the crown section that is behind the crown apex, yet above the maximum top edge plane, and aides in keeping airflow attached to the club head once it flows past the crown apex.

Abstract: Methods of forming a golf club head having improved aerodynamic characteristics are disclosed herein. A preferred method is the largest tangent circle method, which utilizes a Cartesian coordinate system. The method results in identification and measurement of certain club head features, which can be adjusted to improve aerodynamic properties of the golf club head. One method of the present invention lowers the drag of the club head by specifying dimensional relationships of the driver head based on location of apex and nadir points, while another method lowers the drag of the club head by improving overall face design.

Abstract: A high volume aerodynamic golf club head having a post apex attachment promoting region with a club head volume of at least 400 cc and a front-to-back dimension of at least 4.4 inches producing a face-on normalized aerodynamic drag force of less than 1.5 lbf when exposed to a 100 mph wind parallel to the ground plane and oriented at the front of the club head. The post apex attachment promoting region is on the surface of the crown section at an elevation above a maximum face height and begins at the crown apex and extends toward the back of the club head. The post apex attachment promoting region is a relatively flat portion of the crown section that is behind the crown apex, yet above the maximum top edge plane, and aides in keeping airflow attached to the club head once it flows past the crown apex.

Abstract: A high volume aerodynamic golf club head with a club head volume of at least 400 cc and a front-to-back dimension of at least 4.4 inches producing a face-on normalized aerodynamic drag force of less than 1.5 lbf when exposed to a 100 mph wind parallel to the ground plane and oriented at the front of the club head. The club head has a crown section having a crown apex located an apex height above a ground plane, wherein a portion of the crown section between the crown apex and the face has an apex-to-front radius of curvature that is less than 3 inches. An apex ratio of the apex height to a maximum face top edge height is at least 1.13. The apex height and location of the crown apex obtain desirable airflow reattachment close to the face and improve airflow attachment to the crown section.

Abstract: Golf club, golf club shaft and golf club head structures are presented. The golf club may include a shaft having a core and an airfoil shaped skin substantially surrounding the core and in contact with the core. The golf club may further include a golf club head having a plurality of apertures formed in a front face of the golf club head and extending through an interior of the golf club head to a rear portion of the golf club head. The apertures may narrow or widen as they extend from the front face to the rear portion.

Abstract: A golf club head may include a body member having a ball striking face, a crown, a toe, a heel, a sole, a back, and a hosel region located at the intersection of the ball striking face, the heel, the crown and the sole. The crown may have a relatively round rear-side edge profile, as viewed from above. The sole may have a relatively square rear-side edge profile, as viewed from below. The rear-side edge of the sole may extend rearwardly beyond the rear-side edge of the crown along at least a portion of the back, as viewed from above. Further, the heel may have an airfoil-like surface in the forward portion of the heel. A golf club including the golf club head is also provided.

Abstract: A golf club head includes a body member having a ball striking face, a crown, a toe, a heel, a sole, a rear, and a hosel region. The heel includes an airfoil-like surface shaped like the leading edge of an airfoil that extends over a majority of the length of the heel. The back may include a Kammback feature having a concavity extending from the heel-side to the toe-side of the back. The heel-side edge of the concavity may be shaped like the leading edge of an airfoil. Further, the sole may include a diffuser that extends at an angle of from approximately 10 degrees to approximately 80 degrees from a moment-of-impact trajectory direction. A hosel fairing that extends from the hosel region toward the toe may also be provided on the crown. A golf club including the golf club head is also disclosed.

Abstract: A golf club head has a body member that includes a ball striking face, a crown region, a toe region, a heel region, a sole region, a rear region and a hosel region. The body member has a drag-reduction feature that may include first and second elongated fins. The fins extend in a generally front-to-rear orientation. The fins are spaced farther apart at their forward-most ends than at their rearward-most ends. Alternatively, the drag-reduction feature may include first and second elongated indentations. The indentations extend in a generally front-to-rear orientation. The indentations are spaced farther apart at their forward-most ends than at their rearward-most ends. The drag-reduction features may be located on one or both of the crown region or the sole region. A golf club including the golf club head is also provided.

Abstract: A golf club includes a shaft and a club head. The club head may include a ball striking face, a crown, a sole, and a hosel region. The hosel region may have a free end configured for receiving a shaft having a longitudinal axis. When the club head is in a 60 degree lie angle position, at least a portion of the free end of the hosel region may extend above the adjacent crown surface. When the club head is in a 60 degree lie angle position, the vertical distance between the horizontal projections of the outermost points of the sole and the crown may be greater than the vertical distance between the horizontal projections of the outermost points of the sole and the hosel region.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of a golf club head having at least one rib with an external portion. For example, according to one embodiment, a wood-type golf club head includes a body that has at least one wall defining an interior cavity. The golf club head further includes at least one rib projecting from the at least one wall. The at least one rib can include an internal portion located within the interior cavity and an external portion located without the interior cavity.

Abstract: A golf club head includes a body member having a ball striking face, a crown, a toe, a heel, a sole, a back and a hosel region, located at the intersection of the ball striking face, the heel, the crown and the sole. The body member may have a first cross-section having a first airfoil-shaped surface in the heel. The first cross-section may be oriented at approximately 90° from the centerline of the club head. The body member may have a second cross-section having a second airfoil-shaped surface. The second cross-section may be oriented at approximately 45° or at approximately 70°. The airfoil-shaped surfaces may be defined by spline points or by equations. A golf club including the golf club head is also provided.

Abstract: A golf club head includes a body member having a ball striking face, a crown, a toe, a heel, a sole, and a skirt extending between the crown and the sole and between the toe and the heel. The club head includes a drag-reducing structure that may include one or both of a continuous groove extending from a front portion to a rear edge of the toe, and along an entire length of the skirt, and a substantially V-shaped recess formed in the sole and having a vertex positioned proximate the ball striking face and the heel and away from the skirt and the toe, and a pair of legs extending to a point proximate the toe and away from the ball striking face, and curving toward the skirt and away from the ball striking face.

Abstract: Golf clubs having improved features and a golf swing training device are disclosed. In one embodiment, the golf club has a club head made of at least one material having a first specific gravity, and at least one weighting portion that has a higher specific gravity than the first specific gravity of the material forming the main body of the club head. In another embodiment, the golf club has a club head of the “iron” type, and the club head has a sole that is provided with “bounce” thereon. In another embodiment, the golf club has a club head of the “iron” type that has a configuration that provides it with improved ability to cut through the “rough” on the golf course. In another embodiment, the golf club has a club head having a club face with at least one portion thereof that has a thickness that is modified to account for a groove in the striking surface of the club face.

Abstract: A structure of a putter head for golf improves straightforwardness of a hit golf ball direction and disperses an instantaneous shock impact between the golf ball and the putter head, to thereby improve a hitting sense, and minimize air resistance to thus enable a player to perform a stable golf playing operation. The golf putter head structure includes a number of throughholes which penetrate the front portion and the rear portion of the putter head, respectively; and a number of protrusions which are inserted into and contact the dimples of the golf ball when a player hits a golf ball by the putter head.

Abstract: A wood type club is provided. A toe-side part and a heel-side part located between the crown part and the sole part of the head are provided with at least one concave groove opened outward in a horizontal direction and extending from the face part to the back part in a longitudinal direction to guide an air stream to the head in a swing action; and a whole or part of the concave groove has a curved part bulging outwardly so that an angle in which a concave groove bottom formed from an inlet of the concave groove to an inside thereof is inclined inward with respect to a line perpendicular to the face part is smaller than an angle in which a line connecting an inlet of the concave groove bottom and an outlet thereof is inclined inward with respect to the line perpendicular to the face part.

Abstract: A golf club includes a club head that has one or more air passages extending from its front face to its rear face, so that when the club is swung in a ball-striking action air in the path of the club head is transferred from a pressurized zone on the head front face through the air passages into a low pressure wake area behind the club head. The air transfer action minimizes resistance to club movement, so as to contribute to a faster club head speed and a longer ball travel.

Abstract: A high volume aerodynamic golf club head with a club head volume of at least 400 cc and a front-to-back dimension of at least 4.4 inches producing a face-on normalized aerodynamic drag force of less than 1.5 lbf when exposed to a 100 mph wind parallel to the ground plane and oriented at the front of the club head. The club head has a crown section having a crown apex located an apex height above a ground plane, wherein a portion of the crown section between the crown apex and the face has an apex-to-front radius of curvature that is less than 3 inches. An apex ratio of the apex height to a maximum face top edge height is at least 1.13. The apex height and location of the crown apex obtain desirable airflow reattachment close to the face and improve airflow attachment to the crown section.

Abstract: An aerodynamic golf club head incorporating a trip step feature located on the crown section. The benefits associated with the reduction in aerodynamic drag force associated with the trip step may be applied to drivers, fairway woods, and hybrid type golf club heads. The trip step is located between a crown apex and the back of the club head and may be continuous or discontinuous. The trip step enables a significant reduction in the aerodynamic drag force exerted on the golf club head by forcing the air passing over the club head from laminar flow to turbulent flow just before the natural separation point of the airstream from the crown. This selectively engineered transition from laminar to turbulent flow over the crown section slightly increases the skin friction but results in less aerodynamic drag than if the air were to detach from the crown section at the natural separation point.

Abstract: A high volume aerodynamic golf club head having a post apex attachment promoting region with a club head volume of at least 400 cc and a front-to-back dimension of at least 4.4 inches producing a face-on normalized aerodynamic drag force of less than 1.5 lbf when exposed to a 100 mph wind parallel to the ground plane and oriented at the front of the club head. The post apex attachment promoting region is on the surface of the crown section at an elevation above a maximum face height and begins at the crown apex and extends toward the back of the club head. The post apex attachment promoting region is a relatively flat portion of the crown section that is behind the crown apex, yet above the maximum top edge plane, and aides in keeping airflow attached to the club head once it flows past the crown apex.

Abstract: This present invention is a golf club head that has a concave shaped crown directly downwardly from behind the striking face toward the read edge of the club head. The rearwardly directed side portions of the club head include rudder elements extending along both sides at the same height as the club face, much like the rudder of an airplane. The rudders are connected across the respective top rear portions of the side elements of the club head, with an optional aero stabilizer that is roughly one quarter of the front to rear dimension of the club head. One or more removable fins can be inserted into the channel shaped slots between the side rudders to act as additional rudders for additional influence to the club head. The rear of the club head is open between the rudders and below the optional stabilizer for directing the flow of air.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of a golf club head having at least one rib with an external portion. For example, according to one embodiment, a wood-type golf club head includes a body that has at least one wall defining an interior cavity. The golf club head further includes at least one rib projecting from the at least one wall. The at least one rib can include an internal portion located within the interior cavity and an external portion located without the interior cavity.

Abstract: A new method for manufacturing hollow golf club heads is presented where the metal of the upper and lower club surfaces is impressed with regular dimples in a geometric pattern. The dimpling of the metal confers additional structural strength to the club head, permitting reduction in the weight of metal in the club head per unit of strength. The club also has improved aerodynamic characteristics during the golf swing and because of the reduced amount of surface area contacting the ground, reduced friction with the ground upon contacting the ball.

Abstract: A golf club is fabricated with at least one vertical stability plate and/or at least one horizontal stability plate at a club head. The golf club is provided with a stability plate and an asymmetrical wing, or a combination of the same, which are installed at an upper side or left and right sides of the head of the golf club such as a driver, wood or iron, for example. An aerodynamic force generated in a downward direction by the loft of the club face is compensated by asymmetric wings applying an aerodynamic lifting force to an upper direction of the club head during a swing of the club. Even when a golfer has a swing speed or posture problem when swinging a club, the head of the club is guided to rotate along a desired proper orbit. A golf ball can be hit by a sweet spot of the head face of the club due to the stability and compensating force for achieving a straight drive, and enhanced flying distance.

Abstract: Provided is a golf club for leisure and sports of a new concept which is an application of a golf game. More particularly, the golf club includes a head, a shaft and a grip in which the head has a plurality of air vent holes to reduce weight of the head to thereby shorten a flight distance of a golf ball when struck and in flight. Accordingly, an effect of saving a land can be obtained by reducing the golf club's head weight, in view of a practical use of the land, when a golf playing field is constructed. Particularly, the golf club enables leisure and sports of a new concept including a new golf playing method, to thereby lead to a popular base spread of the golf play, and to thus provide public effects of making use of people's spare moments such as recreational pastime and promoting fitness and welfare, by change of work situation such as five working days a week or change of social situation such as member's graying.

Abstract: A golf club head with low peripheral and rearward weighting includes C-shaped and annular weights connected with at least one of the rear and bottom surfaces, respectively, of the head. The weighting within the peripheral weights is adjustable between the heel, rear, and toe portions of the head to customize the weight distribution of the head in accordance with a golfer's swing. The added weight and its orientation increases the moment of inertia of the head and reduces the rotation thereof.

Abstract: A new and novel golf club 10 having a handle portion 12 and a golf ball contacting portion 16 which includes at least one aperture or slot 30 which reduces the drag experienced by the golf club 10 as it hits a golf ball 70.

Abstract: A golf club head with low peripheral and rearward weighting includes C-shaped and annular weights connected with at least one of the rear and bottom surfaces, respectively, of the head. The weighting within the peripheral weights is adjustable between the heel, rear, and toe portions of the head to customize the weight distribution of the head in accordance with a golfer's swing. The added weight and its orientation increases the moment of inertia of the head and reduces the rotation thereof.

Abstract: A metalwood type golf clubhead including a clubhead body having a toe, heel, upper crown surface, bottom sole surface, side surfaces, rear surface and ball-striking clubface having at least one raised, elongated, aerodynamically shaped reinforcing and stabilizing member extending outwardly from the clubhead body and having at least one frontal ball-striking surface coincident with the ball-striking clubface. The structure provides improved weight distribution for better balance, additional strength and stability to clubhead and provides more effective aerodynamic surfaces to increase clubhead speed.

Abstract: A slotted golf club head for reducing the obstruction of an obstacle such as sand, water, or grass when striking a golf ball. The slotted golf club head having: i.) a wide club sole that prevents the golf club head from being encumbered by the hazard or obstacle and for providing mass and a lower center of gravity for the golf club head; and ii.) a club face having a) an un-slotted upper portion adapted to provide an un-slotted striking surface for the golf ball and additional mass and balance to the golf club head; and b) a slotted lower portion having a plurality of slots for allowing an obstacle to pass through the golf club head. The slots extend from the club face through the club body. The slot bottoms of that extend through the sole allowing the slot bottoms to be straight and substantially level with the club sole.

Abstract: A golf club including an elongated shaft and a head connected toward one end of the shaft is disclosed. The golf head has a striking face and a rear side opposite to the striking face. To enhance its aerodynamics, the golf club head defines at least one air flow passage extending therethrough. More specifically, the air passage in the golf club head has an inlet, opening to the striking face, and an outlet, opening to the rear side of the head. Moreover, the golf club head defines a closed margin for such air passage, and wherein the closed margin of the air passage defined by the golf club head has a continuous decreasing taper between the inlet and outlet ends thereof.

Abstract: A golf club head (1) having a hollow portion is partly or entirely provided with a PCCP structure (2) excluding its face portion (16). By this structure, a golf club head having an outer body structure which permits the thickness of the head to be reduced without loss in the strength to be provided.

Abstract: A wood type golf club head has a hollow body, an air fin and air guides. The hollow body has a front, a rear, a crown and a sole. The crown has a top convex surface with a symmetric central line. The air fin is formed perpendicularly from the convex top surface of the crown from the front to the rear of the hollow body along the symmetric central line of the convex top surface. The air guides are defined on the sole with a forked configuration and are extended to the air fin. The air fin and the air guides will reduce external airflow effects during the golf club head moving. Consequently, the motion and direction of the motion of the golf club head will be stable such that a golfer will swing successfully to hit a golf ball.

Abstract: A golf club head for a driver has a slot that extends from the toe portion around the rear portion to the heel portion of the head. The club head is fabricated from a titanium alloy that is compressed to create the slot, which improves club head structural integrity.

Abstract: A metalwood type golf clubhead including a clubhead body having a toe, heel, upper crown surface, bottom sole surface, side surfaces, rear surface and ball-striking clubface having at least one raised, elongated, aerodynamically shaped reinforcing and stabilizing member extending outwardly from the clubhead body and having at least one frontal ball-striking surface coincident with the ball-striking clubface. The structure provides improved weight distribution for better balance, additional strength and stability to clubhead and provides more effective aerodynamic surfaces to increase clubhead speed.

Abstract: An aerodynamic apparatus that is built into or attached to a body of a golf club head to cause the airflow over the body to transition from smooth to turbulent at a defined length from the striking face of a club. The device reduces asymmetric variations in the boundary layer separation point that cause unsteady forces on the club head and create excess unpredictable cavitation behind the club head. The device is aligned essentially parallel to the intersection of the striking face and the body and is situated near the maximum thickness of the body cross-section. The device is comprised or a small strip of material, a string, a gap, a ridge, a groove, a step up, a step down, a surface curvature breakpoint, or a series of geometric patterns that traverses around the entire perimeter of the body surface either continuously or in broken segments.

Abstract: An improved aerodynamic golf club shaft is disclosed. The improved aerodynamic golf club shaft comprises a tube that has an exterior with a non-circular cross section. The golf club shaft may have an elliptical exterior cross section in one preferred embodiment. The golf club shaft has a leading edge that is on the half of the shaft aligned with the face of the golf club and a trailing edge on the half of the shaft aligned with the back of the club. A portion of the leading edge of the shaft has a smaller radius of curvature than the leading edge of a equivalently sized shaft having a circular cross section.

Abstract: A golf club including a shaft and a club head coupled to the shaft. The club head includes a strike face, a shell defining an interior volume and a skeletal structure. The skeletal structure advantageously comprises a plurality of elongate skeletal members and a weight substantially entirely supported by the skeletal structure, wherein the weight and the skeletal structure collectively comprise at least 30% of the entire weight of the club head.

Abstract: A metalwood type golf club head including a club head body having a toe, heel, top surface, bottom sole, side surfaces, rear surface and ball striking face having at least one raised, elongated, aerodynamically shaped reinforcing and stabilizing member extending outwardly from a side or bottom surface, and having a front face coincident with the ball striking face. The structure provides improved weight distribution for better balance, additional strength and stability to club head and provides more effective aerodynamic surfaces to increase club head speed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a wood-type club constituted such that the toe-down effect and the covering effects of the head can be more reliably suppressed. Attitude-correcting portions (30, 31) extending from the impact face (11) side to the back (14) side of the head are provided in at the least the toe (T) side and the heel (H) side of the head relative to a center line passing longitudinally through the head center of gravity in either the side parts (15, 16) or the sole (13) of the head (10), and are formed such that a portion of the highspeed airflow impacting the head at downswing is captured by at the least two attitude-correcting portions, either maintaining the head in a proper attitude, or correcting the head to a proper attitude.

Abstract: A wooden golf club head has an air flow guiding slot structure which comprises an upper guiding port, a lower guiding port, and a continuous wall connecting the upper guiding port and the lower guiding port. The continuous wall is provided with an opening. The upper guiding port is located in a top curved surface of an arcuate side of the head and is provided with a notch. The lower guiding port is located in a bottom inclined surface of the arcuate side of the head. The upper guiding port, the lower guiding port, the opening, and the continuous wall form together an air flow channel for balancing the air flow pressures of the top curved surface and the bottom inclined surface of the head.

Abstract: A small fin extends radially aft from a golf club head to resist rotation of a golf club shaft about its longitudinal axis. The fin is aligned relative to the club head so as to produce minimum drag when the club is drawn smoothly through the desired arc without rotating the club shaft about its longitudinal axis. Rotation of the shaft about its longitudinal axis displaces the fin from its minimum drag position and hence puts the fin in disequilibrium, such that the drag is greater on the side of the fin that would urge the fin back into its equilibrium position, thereby rotating the shaft back into its correct position.

Abstract: A golf club for effecting shots within sixty yards of play to the “green”. The golf club includes two distinct shaft configurations and has a club head with a striking face or impact surface which gradually narrows downwardly to a rounded bottom edge to form a convex shaped structure having a series of cavity contours for effecting different degrees of impact with a target. The convex top surface of the golf club head has a series of seven colored parallel grooves incorporated thereon to form an optical pattern to help a golfer's eyes focus and to project a more broad-based target line-up. The angle between the line-up defined by the shaft when positioned normally as during play and a line perpendicular to the ground is six to seven degrees.