Abstract: A packing material for liquid chromatography, comprising a spherical clay mineral powder which comprises a naturally occurring or synthetic water-swellable clay mineral, a clay mineral having foreign cations substantially substituted for interlayer ions inherently present in the naturally occurring or synthetic water-swellable clay mineral, or a calcined product thereof.

Abstract: The method of disposal of hydrocarbon sludge (such as petroleum-derived sludge residue from a hydrocracker) comprises mixing the sludge with spent silica-alumina catalyst particulate fines, of particle size not exceeding 50 micrometers, so as to form friable aggregates of the particulate fines in which the individual particles are bound together by the sludge. The resulting formulation is useful, inter alia, for road-making.

Abstract: A catalyst for purifying an exhaust gas comprising a zeolite catalyst ion-exchanged with a transition metal, which is heat-treated in a gas stream containing a sulfur oxide, optionally followed by washing with a glycol.

Abstract: Crystalline compositions, e.g. zincosilicates, which contain 3-membered rings and have a framework density (FD) of less than 21 tetrahedral atoms per cubic nanometer, and their method of preparation are disclosed. The compositions may be used as ion-exchangers, adsorbents, catalysts, e.g. hydrocarbon conversion catalysts, and catalyst supports.

Abstract: A process for significantly improving the physical and catalytic properties of fluid cracking catalysts (FCC) is disclosed. The invention is a process for manufacturing a fluid cracking catalyst. The process includes adding an effective amount of an acid stable surfactant or an alkaline stable surfactant to a slurry of clay particles and sodium silicate particles. The process then includes forming a sol binder and spray drying the particles. Forming of the dried particles into a catalyst product then occurs.

Abstract: The in situ formation of a supported active metal phthalocyanine catalyst is disclosed. The supported metal phthalocyanine catalyst is useful in sweetening sour petroleum distillates containing mercaptans.

Abstract: A treated permeable inorganic membrane is disclosed comprising a permeable inorganic membrane capable of reacting with an organic acid. The treated membrane has good chemical stability over a pH range of from 1 to 14, is capable of controlling the flux through the membrane, has altered internal and external wetting properties of the membrane surface, and has controlled pore size due to the presence of a monomolecular layer of an organic acid material chemically bonded to the surface of the inorganic membrane. The monomolecular layer of organic acid material is formed on the membrane surface by contacting the membrane with an organic acid reactant selected from the class consisting of phosphonic acid having the formula RPO(OH).sub.2 ; phosphinic acid having the formula RR'PO(OH); monocarboxylic acids having the formula RCOOH; dicarboxylic acids having the formula R"(COOH).sub.2 ; boronic acid having the formula RB(OH).sub.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a catalyst system and a process for selectively producing alcohols from olefines and synthesis gas. The catalyst system comprises one or several metal cluster compounds belonging to the cobalt group on an inorganic carrier and an amine of the form NR.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3, where R.sub.1,R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are either hydrogen or an aliphatic or aromatic group containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A granular filter aid composition for filtering liquids composed of a major amount of phosphorylated starch and minor amounts of clay and cellulosic fibers.

Abstract: The present invention provides a catalyst for hydrogenation of aromatic compounds, which comprises a hydrophilic support material; and a stationary aqueous acid phase supported by the hydrophilic support material, the aqueous acid having a transition metal catalyst dissolved therein. Preferably, the solid hydrophilic support material is an acidic material, such as an acid-treated clay. The foregoing catalyst is particularly useful in hydrogenating aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new synthetic composition of ultra-large pore crystalline material and use thereof as sorbent and in catalytic conversion of organic and inorganic compounds. The new crystalline material exhibits unusually large sorption capacity demonstrated by its benzene adsorption capacity of greater than about 15 grams benzene/100 grams at 50 torr and 25.degree. C., a hexagonal electron diffraction pattern that can be indexed with a d.sub.100 value greater than about 18 Angstrom Units and a hexagonal arrangement of uniformly sized pores with a maximum perpendicular cross section of at least about 13 Angstrom units.

Abstract: A reversible adsorbent for carbon dioxide, which can be used as a decontaminant of closed environments, has been devised. It consists of a novel material formed by a surface modified silica gel with active sites for the chemisorption of CO.sub.2 at room temperature combined with a clay which acts as an agglomerant in a preferred weight ratio of 80/20. The carbon dioxide is liberated under heating at 110.degree. C. The surface area of the material ranges between about 120 and about 240 m.sup.2 /g with a total pore volume between about 0.4 and about 0.8 cc/g where about 80% of the total pore volume contains pores of a diameter between about 60 .ANG. and about 180 .ANG.. The material is capable of adsorbing between about 7.5 and 11.7 cc of dry CO.sub.2 per gram and can be regenerated between about 70.degree. and about 150.degree. C. without losing any adsorptive capacity. Dry carbon dioxide is chemisorbed as a surface ammonium carbamate which becomes a surface bicarbonate in the presence of water.

Abstract: Stable aqueous suspensions of crystalline aluminosilicate molecular sieve particles, particularly hydrophobic crystalline siliceous molecular sieves, are provided in compositions having a consistency ranging from thin lotions to semi-solid "stick" formulations. The aqueous suspensions are maintained using hydrophilic colloids, particularly a mixture of a colloidal magnesium silicate having the structure of smectite and an alkali metal salt of the carboxymethoxy ether of cellulose.

Abstract: A method of making a pillared hydrotalcite and an associated products. The pillared hydrotalcite is made by calcining a hydrotalcite having the formula A.sub.w B.sub.x (OH).sub.y [C].sub.z .multidot.nH.sub.2 O, wherein A represents a divalent metal cation, B represents a trivalent metal cation, C represents a mono- to tetravalent anion and w, x, y, z and n satisfy the following:0<z.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.4.ltoreq.w.ltoreq.1/2y and 12.gtoreq.n.gtoreq.1/2(w-x)The method further comprises combining the calcined compound with a salt solution of an anion to make the pillared derivative of the compound and then separating the pillared derivative from the salt solution. A method of intercalating inorganic anions and resulting product is also disclosed.

Abstract: A catalyst based on crystalline aluminosilicates of the pentasil type, having an Si/Al atomic ratio of at least 10, has the structure of primary crystallites of a mean diameter of at least 0.1 micron and at most 0.9 micron, which crystallites are partially combined into agglomerates the primary crystallites and/or agglomerates being mutually joined by finely disperse alumina obtainable by hydrolysis of aluminum-organic compounds, the BET surface area of the catalyst being 300 to 600 m.sup.2 /g and its pore volume (determined by mercury porosimetry) being 0.3 to 0.8 cm.sup.3 /g.

Abstract: Supported Group VIII noble metal reforming catalysts are pretreated with an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon at elevated temperatures, thereby lower activity during initial reforming operation and reducing gas production during the initial operation.

Abstract: It has been found that strongly basic molecular sieves can be used to make stable, relatively selective catalysts for reactions between carbon- and hydrogen-containing species if the strongly basic molecular sieve is combined with a volatile transition metal carbonyl compound. Although the volatile transition metal compound preferably contains initially only a single transition metal atom, clusterification can convert this compound to a compound or ion of the formulaH.sub.a M.sub.b (CO).sub.c (I)where a, b, and c are nubers greater than zero but no more than about 15, 1 to 2 being typical for a and 3 to 4 being typical for b. The polynuclear (i.e. poly-metal atom) compounds of formula (I) are believed to be trapped within "supercages" of the molecular sieve structure. To obtain the strongly basic molecular sieve used as a starting material for making the catalyst, the molecular sieve is treated with an alkali metal azide and the azide is then decomposed.

Abstract: Molded articles based on pyrogenically prepared silicon dioxide and having the following physical-chemical characteristic data:______________________________________ External diameter 2 to 15 mm BET surface area 50 to 400 m.sup.2 /g Total Pore volume 0.6 to 1.3 ml/g Crushing strength 40 to 120 N Pore size distribution no pores <5 nm in diameter, at least 80% in the range 5 to 40 nm in diameter Composition >95% by weight of SiO.sub.2 remainder Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. ______________________________________These products are produced by compacting pyrogenically prepared silicon dioxide with kaolin and/or graphite, sugar, starch, urea or wax with addition of water, drying the mixture at a temperature of from 80.degree. to 120.degree. C. and comminuting it to form a powder, pressing the powder to form the desired article, and tempering the articles at a temperature of from 400.degree. to 1200.degree. C. for a period of 0.5 to 6 hours. The molded bodies can be used as a catalyst support or catalyst.

Abstract: Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites having increased silica to alumina mole ratios are prepared by a process wherein a conventional crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite is treated to remove alumina from the crystal lattice. By-product non-framework amorphous alumina is then selectively removed from the zeolite either by using a blocking agent, to prevent removal of framework aluminum during a subsequent acid treatment, or by using a selective organic acid extracting agent. The invention is also directed to high silica crystalline zeolites prepared by the present process.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for pillaring layered materials which do not swell appreciably in water. The process comprises first intercalating an amine or other neutral molecule such as an amide or dimethyl sulfoxide between the layers of the material to be pillared. This allows the subsequent incorporation of inorganic pillars which are more temperature stable than the intercalated amine.

Abstract: An amorphous substance obtained by mixing volcanic ash with or without added clay and water and, if necessary, a surfactant, kneading the mixture, and shaping and firing. Additives such as camphor or naphthalene may be included prior to firing for plasticity and to form pores. The resultant mixture possesses an ability to adsorb phosphorus selectively. When this substance is placed in contact with a phosphorus-containing liquid, it removes phosphorus from the liquid.

Abstract: A molded; i.e. pressed, article based on a pyrogenically produced system of mixed oxides of silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide and having the following physical-chemical features:______________________________________ pellet diameters 2 to 15 mm BET surface area according to 90 to 200 m.sup.2 /g DIN 66131 pore volume 0.6 to 1.3 ml/g pore size distribution no pores with <5 nm diameters, at least 75% of the pores in the range of 5 to 40 nm crushing strength 30 to 120 N composition >75% by weight of SiO.sub.2, remainder Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ______________________________________These molded articles are manufactured by homogenizing a pyrogenically produced system of mixed oxides of silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide with graphite and/or kaolin, urea, sugar, starch, glaze frit powder and/or microcrystalline wax while water is being added, by drying the mixture at a temperature between 80.degree. and 120.degree. C.

Abstract: Presulfurization of a catalyst used, e.g., for hydrocarbon conversion, wherein a polysulfide is employed as the sulfurization agent. In the first stage of the presulfurization, phosphorous, a halogen, or compounds thereof are introduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for treating a new or regenerated catalyst containing a support having as a base at least one metal or metalloid oxide and at least one active metal, comprising treating the catalyst with at least one sulfuration agent dissolved in a solvent.The invention is charcterized in that the sulfuration agent is a polysulfide with the following general formulaR'--S.sub.y --R--S.sub.x --R--S.sub.y).sub.n R'where R is a linear or a branched organic radical comprising from 2 to 12 carbon atoms; R' is an alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl or arylalkenyl radical comprising from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R' possibly comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; x has a value of from 1 to 4; y has a value of from 1 to 8 and n is such that the average molar mass of the polymer is about 5000.

Abstract: Transition metal on an inert stable carrier hydrogenation catalysts are stabilized with a coating of a fatty amine and an alkane wherein the fatty amine-alkane coating has a melting point of about 130.degree. C. to about 180.degree. F.

Abstract: The process disclosed is for the preparation of clay loaded metal complex hydrogenation catalyst which is particularly suitable for the hydrogenation of oils and other unsaturated compounds such as Jojoba oil and castor oil. In the process, a platinum group metal complex MX.sub.n wherein M is a platinum group metal, X is a halide and n is 1,2,3 or 4 is refluxed with a donor substituted phosphine or arsine ligand and clay in the presence of an organic solvent. The solution is precipitated and dried. The catalyst so obtained is cheap.

Abstract: The instant disclosure is directed to a silanated metal-pillared interlayered clay which comprises the reaction product of a metal-pillared interlayered clay and a silanating agent. The clay finds application as a catalyst in the isomerization of olefins and in the conversion of syngas intermediates into hydrocarbon streams rich in C.sub.3 and C.sub.4 hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The process disclosed is for the preparation of clay loaded metal complex hydrogenation catalyst which is particularly suitable for the hydrogenation of oils and other unsaturated compounds such as Jojoba oil and castor oil. In the process, a platinum group metal complex MX.sub.n wherein M is a platinum group metal, X is a halide and n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 is refluxed with a donor substituted phosphine or arsine ligand and clay in the presence of an organic solvent. The solution is precipitated and dried. The catalyst so obtained is cheap.

Abstract: A treated permeable inorganic membrane having good chemical stability over a pH range of from 1 to 14. The monomolecular layer of organic acid material is formed on the membrane surface by contacting phosphonic acid having the formula RPO(OH).sub.2 ; phosphinic acid having the formula RR'PO(OH); monocarboxylic acids having the formula RCOOH; dicarboxylic acids having the formula R"(COOH).sub.2 ; or boronic acid having the formula RB(OH).sub.2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solid granular catalyst subject to degradation by exposure to humidity and/or oxygen, wherein each granule of the catalyst is coated with a continuous and removable protective film of a material that is impermeable to gases and moisture and inert to the constituents of the catalyst.

Abstract: A process for significantly improving the physical and catalytic properties of faujasite containing fluid cracking catalysts (FCC) employing a sol binder by incorporating acid stable surfactants into the catalyst component streams prior to spray drying.

Abstract: A process for the epoxidation of olefinic compounds comprising reacting said compounds with hydrogen peroxide introduced as such or produced by substances under the reaction conditions, in the presence of synthetic zeolites containing titanium atoms corresponding to the general formula:x TiO.sub.2.(1-x)SiO.sub.2wherein x is in the range of from about 0.0001 to about 0.04, and optionally, in presence of one or more solvents, at a temperature in the range of from about 0.degree. to about 150.degree. C. and at a pressure of from about 1 to about 100 atm. The synthetic zeolites are treated with alkaline substances before and/or during their use in the reaction, or alternatively the synthetic zeolites are acid neutralized with a compound such as X-Si-(R).sub.3 where X is selected from Cl, Br, I, ##STR1## and an imidazolyl group wherein R is selected from an alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl group.

Abstract: There is disclosed synthesis of CH.sub.3 OH from carbon monoxide and hydrogen using an extremely active homogeneous catalyst for methanol synthesis directly from synthesis gas. The catalyst operates preferably between 100.degree.-150.degree. C. and preferably at 100-150 psia synthesis gas to produce methanol. Use can be made of syngas mixtures which contain considerable quantities of other gases, such as nitrogen, methane or excess hydrogen. The catalyst is composed of two components: (a) a transition metal carbonyl complex and (b) an alkoxide component. In the simplest formulation, component (a) is a complex of nickel tetracarbonyl and component (b) is methoxide (CH.sub.3 O.sup.13 ), both being dissolved in a methanol solvent system. The presence of a co-solvent such as p-dioxane, THF, polyalcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, and crown ethers accelerates the methanol synthesis reaction.

Abstract: A process for the separation of radioisotopes and stable isotopes and other deleterious materials from radioactive waste and other liquids, wherein the waste stream is passed through a filter/demineralizer septum screen pre-coated with a mixture of finely-divided zeolitic material and finely-divided ion-exchange resin material.

Abstract: A novel modified clay sorbent and method of treating industrial effluents to remove trace pollutants, such as dioxins, biphenyls, and polyaromatics such as benzo(a)pyrene and pentachlorophenol. The novel clay sorbent has a composite structure in which the interlayer space of an expandable clay, such as smectite, is filled with polyvalent or multivalent inorganic cations which forces weaker surfactant cations to locate on the surface of the clay in such an orientation that the resulting composite is hydrophilic in nature. A specific example is cetylpyridinium-hydroxy aluminum-montmorillonite. In certain embodiments, a non-expanding clay, such as kaolinite, is used and surfactant cations are necessarily located on an external surface of the clay. A specific example is cetylpyridinium-kaolinite.

Abstract: A method for activation of an organic cation-containing crystalline catalyst is disclosed. The method includes contacting the catalyst with steam under conditions to decompose the organic cations, which result in the activation of the catalyst. The method has the advantage that organic cations are converted to non-hazardous by-products such as ammonia and light hydrocarbons such as ethylene. These are more easily controlled by environmental control schemes than higher molecular weight by-products resulting from traditional activation methods (nitrogen or nitrogen/air). The steamed catalyst can optionally be calcined to remove any organic material which may remain after steaming.For instance, a major product which results from decomposting the tetraethylammonium organic cations in zeolite .beta. is ethylene. The ethylene can be subsequently converted into carbon dioxide and water by oxidation.

Abstract: Moisture absorbing pellets useful as animal litter are made from a blend of bentonite clay and a solid water-swellable but water-insoluble organic polymeric hydrocolloid.

Abstract: A novel zeolite hydrocracking catalyst which contains NH.sub.4.sup.+ sites, at ambient temperatures, and surface sites constituted of a chemisorbed silica-containing species, and process for producing said catalyst. The process for preparation of the catalyst includes a series of steps: an initial step wherein an acid zeolite, or acid zeolite hydrocracking catalyst, is treated with an agent, e.g., a nitrogen-containing compound, suitably ammonia, to convert the H.sup.+ sites throughout said zeolite framework to NH.sub.4.sup.+ sites, and a subsequent post treatment of said NH.sub.4.sup.+ zeolite with an organosilane to silylate, modify and form on the surface of said zeolite a chemisorbed silica species, e.g., --O--Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3. The surface silylated catalyst is useful for the production of high octane gasoline. When employed at elevated temperatures in a hydro-cracking operation the catalyst will evolve ammonia and convert to a surface silylated H.sup.

Abstract: An element for adsorbing one or more active gases in an inert gas to obtain an inert gas such as air containing an inert gas such as air containing an ultra-low concentration active gas such as water vapor. The element is produced by laminating low density papers composed of inorganic fiber to form a matrix in the form of a gas adsorbing element having numerous small channels penetrating through opposite surfaces, impregnating the matrix with water glass in which synthesized zeolite powder is dispersed, and soaking the matrix in aqueous solution of aluminum salts, magnesium salts or calcium salts, and so on, to form metal silicate hydrogel on the paper and in the apertures between fibers of papers, and washing and drying the matrix and the metal silicate hydrogel to obtain the element. The main constituent of the element being synthesized zeolite and metal silicate aerogel deposited on the inorganic fiber matrix.

Abstract: Pentasil coated catalysts and fully crystalline catalysts in which the individual pentasil crystals are larger than 5 .mu.m are prepared by hydrothermal treatment of SiO.sub.2 by a process in which the SiO.sub.2 moldings are subjected to a hydrothermal treatment at from 140.degree. to 220.degree. C. in an alkali-free mixture of water, an amine and/or a tetraalkylammonium compound, with or without ammonia. The aluminum component for the preparation of an aluminosilicate zeolite can be kneaded into the SiO.sub.2 moldings or fed in via the liquid phase during the hydrothermal treatment. The tetraalkylammonium compound used can be a tetra-n-propyl-ammonium salt or hydroxide.

Abstract: A process for producing substantially linear hydrocarbons by oligomerizing a lower olefin at elevated temperature and pressure which comprises contacting the lower olefin under oligomerization/polymerization conditions with siliceous acidic ZSM-23 zeolite having Bronsted acid activity; wherein the zeolite has acidic pore activity and wherein the zeolite surface is rendered substantially inactive for acidic reactions. The zeolite surface can be neutralized by a bulky pyridine compound having an effective cross-section larger than the zeolite pore. The preferred deactivating agent is 2,4,6-collidine, which may be applied to the zeolite as a pretreatment or added with olefin feed in a continuous process. The olefin oligomers may be used as alkylating agents to prepare biodegradable alkylbenzenes and alkylphenylsulfonates. A preferred catalyst for this alkylation reaction is dealuminized mordenite.

Abstract: New ferrierites are disclosed as well as their process of manufacture.According to the invention, these new ferrierites are characterized by:(a) The following approximate formula:M.sub.x/n (T.sup.III O.sub.2).sub.x (Si.sup.IV O.sub.2).sub.36-xwherein T.sup.III is at least one element selected from the group formed of boron (B.sup.III),aluminum (Al.sup.III),gallium (Ga.sup.III) and iron (Fe.sup.III)x ranges from 0.05 and 6.6M is a compensation cationn is the valence of M.(b) A particular X-ray diagram,(c) A fluorine content after synthesis ranging from about 0.01 to 1.6% by weight, and(d) A Si.sup.IV /T.sup.III molar ratio of at least 4.75.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation of a novel Si/HZSM-5 catalyst through vapor phase deposition of Si on the surface of HZSM-5 catalyst which is obtained by ion exchanging ZSM-5 catalyst. The source of depositing Si comes from tetraalkyl ortho-silicate (or tetra-alkoxy silane), Si(OR)4, wherein R represents the alkyl group that contains 1-4 carbon atoms. The silicon deposit will substantially not clog the pores of the catalyst.The present invention is to make use of the modified catalyst in the alkylation or disproportionation reactions in order to enhance the yield of p-dialkylbenzene as an ingredient in the final product of aryl compounds such as toluene or ethylbenzene.

Abstract: There is provided a catalyst comprising from 0.5 to 7% by weight of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid incorporated onto an acid-form pentasil zeolite having a Si/Al atomic ratio ranging from 5 to 50 and a process for producing same. Also within the scope of the present invention is a process for the conversion of dilute aqueous ethanol to ethylene comprising: flowing said ethanol through a catalyst comprising from 0.5 to 7% by weight of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid incorporated onto an acid-form pentasil zeolite having a Si/Al atomic ratio range from 5 to 50 at a temperature ranging from 170.degree. to 225.degree. C. and recovering the desired product.

Abstract: A process for preparing a pillared interlayered clay comprises heating a smectite clay containing material with a solution comprising a polymeric cationic hydroxy metal complex of a suitable metal (preferably aluminum) and a surfactant having the formula of R.sup.1 --O--(CHR.sup.2 --CHR.sup.2 O).sub.x H, wherein, R.sup.1 is an aliphatic C.sub.6 H.sub.13 --C.sub.24 H.sub.49 hydrocarbyl radical, R.sub.2 is hydrogen or the methyl group, and x is about 3-7. The thus prepared pillared interlayered clay exhibits high surface area, high methane storage capacity and high resolution in separating gaseous hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A finely porous article is produced by a method which comprises preparing a colloidal liquid phase containing silica particles by the addition of an ion-exchange resin to an aqueous sodium silicate solution or a liquid phase by the addition of an ion-exchange resin to an aqueous silica colloid solution and the subsequent treatment of the resultant composite for removal of salt or acid therefrom, mixing the former colloidal liquid phase or the latter liquid phase with a smectite type mineral, and drying the resultant mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved adsorbent, essentially impermeable to oxygen and nitrogen but permeable to water vapor, and to sealants incorporating said adsorbent. The adsorbent comprises outgassed zeolite having pores with apertures large enough to permit entry of gases such as oxygen and nitrogen into the pore spaces and having on its surface, covering the pore apertures, a fluid which is essentially impermeable to nitrogen and oxygen molecules and yet permeable to water vapor. The zeolite adsorbent, and sealants prepared from the zeolite, are particularly useful in the fabrication of thermal insulating glazed windows having a sealed air pocket.

Abstract: A method for preparing a mixture of lower aliphatic alcohols from the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a zeolite-containing heavy metal catalyst under carbon monoxide-hydrogenation conditions in which said catalysts comprises a zeolite support, at least one heavy metal oxide selected from the group of oxides consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, optionally, a heavy metal oxide from the group of elements consisting of cobalt, iron and nickel and an alkali or alkaline earth promoter which has been treated with a nitrogen-containing compound, or a thermally stable derivative thereof is provided. A method for preparing zeolite-containing catalysts by treating with volatile metal complexes at high pressure is also provided.

Abstract: A method is disclosed which provides improved control over the noble-metal exchange of zeolite catalyst by using bulky organic bases to control pH during the metal loading step.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for producing attrition-resistant moving bed particles with improved efficiency.