Abstract: Process for the preparation of racemic compounds of the formula I ##STR1## or enantiomers thereof, in which B is the radical of a nucleic base from the series comprising purine, a purine analogue or a pyridine analogue, and R is H or a protective group R.sub.1, by reactinga) a compound of the formula II or enantiomer thereof ##STR2## with a compound of the formulae X--CO--X, X--CS--X, X--SO--X, X--SO.sub.2 --X, R.sub.2 --NCO, R.sub.3 R.sub.4 N--C(O)--R.sub.5, X.sub.2 P--R.sub.6 or X.sub.2 P(O)--R.sub.6, in which X is a leaving group, R.sub.2 is, for example, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are, for example, H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl, R.sub.5 is, for example, H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl, and R.sub.6 is, for example, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkoxy, to give a compound of the formula III or enantiomers thereof ##STR3## in which Y is the groups --C(O)--, --C(S)--, --SO--, --SO.sub.2 --, R.sub.2 NH--CH.dbd., R.sub.3 R.sub.4 N--CR.sub.5 .dbd., R.sub.6 P.dbd. and R.sub.6 (O)P.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of recovering a cyclic alkylene carbonate, such as propylene carbonate, from an effluent stream of a process in which the cyclic alkylene carbonate removes an organic photoresist material from a substrate. The effluent is a cyclic alkylene carbonate effluent, e.g., a propylene carbonate effluent, of the carbonate, water, and polymeric solids. In the recovery process the cyclic alkylene carbonate effluent is fed to a heat exchanger, and separated into (i) water and volatiles, and (ii) cyclic carbonate. This lowers the concentration of water in the cyclic alkylene carbonate to a level that is low enough to substantially avoid hydrolysis of cyclic alkylene carbonate to the corresponding glycol. The dewatered cyclic alkylene carbonate is evaporated to separate the cyclic alkylene carbonate from high boiling materials and polymeric solids. The dewatered cyclic alkylene carbonate is separated into (i) a cyclic alkylene carbonate fraction, and (ii) a photoresist solids fraction.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compounds of structural formula (I) ##STR1## which are useful as cholesterol lowering agents and as inhibitors of squalene synthase.

Abstract: A process for producing trimethylene carbonate wherein 1,3-propanediol is reacted with diethylcarbonate in the presence of zinc powder, zinc oxide, tin powder, tin halide or an organo-tin compound, at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of alkylene carbonates is disclosed. Alkylene carbonates that are free of halogen contaminants are prepared by reacting alkylene oxides and carbon dioxide in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of cerous acetate, ceric ammonium nitrate, cerous nitrate hexahydrate, and ceric potassium nitrate.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 2-oxo-1, 3-dioxolanes comprises reacting an epoxy compound having at least one functional epoxy group in the optional presence of an inert solvent with carbon dioxide at 60.degree. C. to 200.degree. C. at normal pressure in the presence of a quaternary phosphonium compound as catalyst and novel quaternary phosphonium compounds useful as catalysts in the said process.

Abstract: Novel forskolin derivatives, intermediates and processes for the preparation thereof, and methods for treating cardiac failure and memory deficit utilizing compounds or compositions thereof are disclosed.

Abstract: Organic carbonates: ##STR1## and cyclic organic carbonates: ##STR2## are prepared by reacting an alcohol (R--OH), or respectively a diol (HO--R'--OH), with carbon monoxide, in the presence of:a halogen, ora halogen and/or a halide ion and an oxidizing agent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a two-stage liquid phase process wherein an alk-2-enyl glycidyl ether having the formula ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R' is C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 alkylene; n has a value of from 1 to 4 and n' has a value of from 0 to 4, is catalytically isomerized to the corresponding alk-1-enyl glycidyl ether in the first-stage of the reaction and the reaction mixture of the first-stage, containing the isomerization catalyst is then contacted with carbon dioxide in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst under a pressure ranging from atmospheric to about 400 psig in the second stage of the reaction.

Abstract: Novel forskolin derivatives, intermediates and processes for the preparation thereof, and methods for treating cardiac failure and memory deficit utilizing compounds or compositions thereof are disclosed.

Abstract: A method of preparing five- and six-membered cyclic carbonates is disclosed. The process comprises reacting a 1,2- or 1,3-diol with an acyclic diester of carbonic acid in the presence of a catalyst selected from alkylammonium salts, tertiary amines, and ion-exchange resins containing alkylammonium or tertiary amino groups. Cyclic carbonates free of polycarbonate by-products are obtained in high yields.

Abstract: Novel 12-halogenated forskolin derivatives, intermediates and processes for the preparation thereof, and methods for reducing intraocular pressure utilizing compounds or compositions thereof are disclosed.

Abstract: Aphidicolane derivatives of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 stands for hydrogen or a hydroxy radical, R.sup.2 stands for a hydroxy or methyl radical, or the group CR.sup.1 R.sup.2 stands for a keto group; R.sup.3 stands for a formyl or hydroxymethyl radical, or for the group --CH.sub.2 O.CO.OR.sup.6, wherein R.sup.6 stands for a defined radical or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are joined together to form the group --O.CO.OCH.sub.2 --; R.sup.4 stands for a hydroxy radical; R.sup.5 stands for a formyl radical, a hydroxyalkyl radical --(CH.sub.2).sub.1-3 OH, a radical --CHR.sup.7 OH, wherein R.sup.7 stands for a defined radical, or R.sup.5 stands for an azidomethyl or pyrrolidinylcarbonyloxymethyl radical, or for the group --CH.sub.2 O.CO.OR.sup.8, wherein R.sup.8 stands for a defined radical, or R.sup.5 stands for the group --CH.sub.2 O.CO.(CH.sub.2).sub.m.CR.sup.11 R.sup.12.(CH.sub.2).sub.n.NR.sup.9 R.sup.10, wherein m, n, R.sup.9, R.sup.10, R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 have defined values, or R.sup.

Abstract: Cyclic carbonic acid esters are produced by reaction of hydroxy compounds with phosgene in the presence of a heterocyclic compound containing at least one nitrogen atom as ring member in an aromatic ring.

Abstract: Cyclic monocarbonate bischloroformates are prepared by the reaction of a carbonyl halide such as phosgene with a bridged substituted resorcinol or hydroquinone such as bis(2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylphenyl)methane or bis(2,5-dihydroxy-3,4,6-trimethylphenyl)methane in the presence of aqueous alkali metal hydroxide. The cyclic monocarbonate bischloroformates may be used for the preparation of linear or cyclic polycarbonates containing cyclic carbonate structural units, which may in turn be converted to crosslinked polycarbonates.

Abstract: Cyclic carbonates are prepared by reacting a 1,3-diol or 1,2-diol with a dialkylcarbonate in the presence of a basic catalyst. They are obtained in higher yields with higher purity by subjecting the reaction mixture to heat aging under vacuum in the presence of the basic catalyst, and recovering the cyclic carbonate from the mixture.

Abstract: Poly(alkylene carbonate) polyahl polymers containing two or more acid-terminal moieties are disclosed. Acid-terminal polyahls provided herein are useful as surfactants or as intermediates for the syntheses of other polymers.

Abstract: Cyclic monocarbonate bischloroformates are prepared by the reaction of a carbonyl halide such as phosgene with a bridged substituted resorcinol or hydroquinone such as bis(2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylphenyl)methane or bis(2,5-dihydroxy-3,4,6-trimethylphenyl)methane in the presence of aqueous alkali metal hydroxide. The cyclic monocarbonate bischloroformates may be used for the preparation of linear or cyclic polycarbonates containing cyclic carbonate structural units, which may in turn be converted to crosslinked polycarbonates.

Abstract: Disclosed are additives which are useful as dispersants in marine crankcase oils and hydraulic oils, lubricating oils. In particular, disclosed are nitrogen-containing lubricating oil dispersants having at least one primary or secondary amino group which have been modified by treatment with a cyclic carbonate.

Abstract: Disclosed are additives which are useful as dispersants in lubricating oils, gasolines, marine crankcase oils and hydraulic oils. In particular, disclosed are multiply adducted alkenyl or alkyl succinimides which contain carbamate functionalities.

Abstract: Disclosed are additives which are useful as dispersants in marine crankcase oils and hydraulic oils, lubricating oils. In particular, disclosed are hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamines having at least one primary or secondary amino group which have been modified by treatment with a cyclic carbonate.

Abstract: Novel oxolabdanes, intermediates and processes for the preparation thereof, and methods for reducing intraocular pressure utilizing compounds or compositions thereof are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are additives which are useful as dispersants in marine crankcase oils and hydraulic oils, lubricating oils. In particular, disclosed are nitrogen-containing lubricating oil dispersants having at least one primary or secondary amino group which have been modified by treatment with a cyclic carbonate.

Abstract: Cyclic polycarbonate (or thiol analog) oligomer mixtures are prepared by the reaction of bishaloformates or their thio analogs, or mixtures thereof with dihydroxy or dimercapto compounds, with alkali metal hydroxides and various amines. The oligomer mixtures may be converted to polycarbonates or their thiol analogs by a method which is particularly adaptable to integration with polycarbonate processing operations. Polymerization may be conducted simultaneously with molding, extrusion and the like. The oligomer mixtures are adaptable to the preparation of filled prepregs.

Abstract: A composition comprising an aromatic polycarbonate branched or crosslinked with a residue of a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein X, Y, X' and Y' are the same or different and are hydrogen or alkyl of one to about six carbon atoms, inclusive; W, W', Z and Z' are the same or different and are alkyl of one to about six carbon atoms, inclusive, and E is alkylene or alkylidene of two to about twelve carbon atoms, inclusive.

Abstract: A composition comprising a cyclic oligomer of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is selected from the group consisting of alkylene of two to twelve carbon atoms, inclusive, alkylidene of one to twelve carbon atoms, inclusive, cycloalkylene of four to twelve carbon atoms, inclusive cycloalkylidene of four to twelve carbon atoms, inclusive, --S--, --O--, --S--S--, ##STR2## a is zero or 1; n and m are the same or different and are integers of one to about fifteen;R is alkylene of two to eight carbon atoms, inclusive or alkylidene of one to eight carbon atoms, inclusive, phenylene or a single bond.R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and are alkyl or one to four carbon atoms, inclusive or halo;b and c are the same or different and are integers of zero to four; andR.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same or different and are alkyl of one to eight carbon atoms, inclusive, phenyl, hydrogen or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are taken together to form an alkylene of two to eight carbon atoms inclusive.

Abstract: There is presented optically uniform .beta.-lactams of the formulae ##STR1## wherein Z is a readily cleavable acyl group, R.sup.1 is amino or a group convertible into amino, R.sup.2 is hydrogen or a readily cleavable protecting group and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each are a lower hydrocarbon group which optionally contains oxygen and which is attached via a carbon atom, whereby these groups can also be joined with one another to form a ring, with the proviso that R.sup.1 is a readily cleavable acylamino when R.sup.2 is hydrogen,and the corresponding optical antipodes, their manufacture and use in the manufacture of antimicrobially-active .beta.-lactams as well as novel intermediates usable in their manufacture.

Abstract: A composition comprising at least one oligomer of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is selected from the group consisting of alkylene of two to twelve carbon atoms, inclusive, alkylidene of one to twelve carbon atoms, inclusive, cycloalkylene of four to twelve carbon atoms, inclusive, cycloalkylidene of four to twelve carbon atoms, inclusive, --S--, --O--, --S--S--, ##STR2## a is zero or 1; n is an integer of one to about fifteen;R is alkylene of two to eight carbon atoms, inclusive, or alkylidene of one to eight carbon atoms, inclusive;R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and are alkyl or one to four carbon atoms, inclusive or halo;b and c are the same or different and are an integer of zero to four; andR.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are the same or different and are alkyl of one to eight carbon atoms, inclusive, or phenyl; andd and e are individually integers of 0, 1 or 2 with the proviso that d+e is at least one.

Abstract: Disclosed are additives which are useful as dispersants in marine crankcase oils, hydraulic oils, and lubricating oils. In particular, disclosed are polyamino alkenyl or alkyl succinimides modified by reaction with a compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of a divalent hydrocarbyl group of from 2 to 30 carbon atoms with the proviso that the hydrocarbyl carbon atom bound to one ##STR2## group is not also bound to the other ##STR3## group and --R.sub.5 --OR.sub.5 --.sub.p wherein R.sub.5 is alkylene of from 2 to 5 carbon atoms and p is an integer of from 1 to 100; X is selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro and --OR.sub.6 wherein R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl and phenyl substituted with 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of chloro, bromo, nitro, alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and trifluoromethyl; and m is independently an integer of from 0 to 1.

Abstract: Disclosed are additives which are useful as dispersants in marine crankcase oils and hydraulic oils, lubricating oils. In particular, disclosed are nitrogen-containing lubricating oil dispersants having at least one primary or secondary amino group which have been modified by treatment with a cyclic carbonate.

Abstract: New chlorocarbonic esters of the formula ##STR1## new polycyclic carbonic esters of the formula ##STR2## and new copolymers obtainable by copolymerization of the new polycyclic carbonic esters of the formula (III) with monocyclic carbonates.

Abstract: Described is di(7-octenyl) carbonate having the structure: ##STR1## and the use thereof as an intermediate in producing the compound having the structure: ##STR2## useful in perfumery.

Abstract: Forskolin and its disclosed derivatives are useful as antiallergic agents. Certain of the derivatives are novel.

Abstract: New cyclic carbonic acid derivatives of the formula ##STR1## in which R denotes either --CH.sub.2 OH, R.sup.1 then representing an alkyl radical having 1 to 4 C atoms, or ##STR2## R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 then independently of one another representing methyl or ethyl, or ##STR3## R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 then each representing an alkyl radical having 1 to 4 C atoms,or in whichR and R.sup.1 together denote ##STR4## wherein A represents the group ##STR5## or oxygen, a process for their preparation, and their use as copolymerization components in the preparation of polycarbonates.

Abstract: Described is a class of macrocyclic carbonates defined according to the structure: ##STR1## wherein n is an integer of from 1 up to 8 and m is an integer of from 1 up to 8 and where n and m may be the same or different and organoleptic uses thereof in augmenting or enhancing the aroma or taste of foodstuffs, chewing gums, toothpastes, medicinal products, chewing tobaccos, perfume compositions, colognes and perfumed articles (i.e. solid or liquid anionic, cationic, nonionic or zwitterionic detergents, fabric softener compositions, fabric softener articles, cosmetic powders and perfumed polymers).

Abstract: New cyclic carbonic acid derivatives of the formula ##STR1## in which R denotes either --CH.sub.2 OH, R.sup.1 then representing an alkyl radical having 1 to 4 C atoms, or ##STR2## R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 then independently of one another representing methyl or ethyl, or ##STR3## R.sup.1 and R.sup.5 then each representing an alkyl radical having 1 to 4 C atoms, or in whichR and R.sup.1 together denote ##STR4## wherein A represents the group ##STR5## or oxygen, a process for their preparation, and their use as copolymerization components in the preparation of polycarbonates.

Abstract: Described for use in augmenting or enhancing the aroma or taste of foodstuffs and chewing gums is the cyclic carbonate, 4-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-m-dioxane-2-one defined according to the structure: ##STR1##

Abstract: Described is cyclic carbonate, 4-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-m-dioxan-2-one and organoleptic uses thereof in augmenting or enhancing the aroma or taste of consumable materials, foodstuffs, chewing gums, toothpastes, medicinal products, smoking tobaccos, perfume compositions, colognes, perfumed articles (e.g., solid or liquid anionic, cationic, nonionic or zwitterionic detergents, fabric softeners, perfumed polymers and cosmetic powders) smoking tobaccos and smoking tobacco articles.

Abstract: Novel methods are provided for synthesizing 2-amino-2-tetritol, by positive halogen addition to protected 1,4-dioxybutene-2 in the presence of a nitrile, resulting in addition of a halo functionality and the nitrile functionality across the double bond. Upon hydrolysis, the desired erythro-product can be obtained in stereochemically good yield.

Abstract: Carbamate-sulfenyl-carba moyl fluoride compounds are valuable insecticidal compositions and are also useful intermediates in the production of bis-carbamate compounds.

Abstract: A process is provided whereby the malodorous and undesirable constituents present with macrocyclic fragrance compounds obtained by the thermal depolymerization of polyesters are removed. The process involves contacting the macrocyclic compound maintained in a liquid state with ozone or ozone and an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide.