Abstract: New intermediates and processes for the preparation of vitamins A and E, which are the acetals of 5,6-dihalo-3-methyl-3-hydroxyhexanal or of 6-halo-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-hexenal or 3-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-hexenal, as well as processes for making the intermediates. After dehydrohalogenation and dehydration these intermediates are condensed directly with .beta.-ionone or with 2-methyl-2-heptene-6-one to synthesize vitamins A and E respectively.

Abstract: A plastic optical fiber comprising a fluorine-containing core polymer consisting essentially of 1) a group (A) of repeating units having a cyclic structure represented by general formula (I) and/or general formula (II); or 2) the group (A) above and group (B) of repeating units represented by general formula (III) wherein the content of the group (A) in the core polymer is at least 80 wt %; and a clad copolymer of perfluoro(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole) and at least one other ethylenically unsaturated monomer having a refractive index below that of the core polymer. ##STR1## (wherein n is 1 or 2)--CF.sub.2 --CFX (III)(wherein X is F, Cl, O--CF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 CF.sub.3, O--CF.sub.2 CF(CF.sub.3)OCF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 SO.sub.2 F, or O--CF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 COOCH.sub.3)This plastic optical fiber has heat-resistance and very few water-absorbing properties, and can transmit not only visible rays but also rays having wavelengths in the near infrared region.

Abstract: Process comprising heating a dioxole at 100.degree.-400.degree. C. for a sufficient time to convert the dioxole to an epoxide, for example, bis-2,2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole to 2,3-epoxy-3-trifluoromethyl-4-trifluorobutyryl fluoride.

Abstract: A process for fluorinating hydrogenated ethereal compounds by direct reaction with elemental F.sub.2 diluted with an inert gas, wherein the starting compound is in the liquid phase, said fluorination being carried out in the presence of a per fluoropolyetheral compound and of an alkaline metal fluoride.

Abstract: There are disclosed halogenated dioxolanes of a specified formula, dioxoles made therefrom, polymers of the dioxoles, and processes for making the dioxolanes.

Abstract: A plastic core-plastic cladding optical fiber is described wherein the core is composed of a copolymer of a perfluorodioxole represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R and R' independently represent F or CF.sub.3, with at least one other ethylenically unsaturated monomer substantially free of CH bonds and the copolymer has no first order transition temperature as determined by the differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) and has a second order transition temperature not lower than 100.degree. C. as determined by DSC.

Abstract: The present application discloses novel potassium salts of particular tellurium and selenium compounds which are useful for the stimulation of the production of cytokines.

Abstract: A novel complex of a class of tellurium and selenium compounds is disclosed, which is based on a complexing agent and the particular compound to be complexed.

Abstract: Process for preparing dioxoles by dechlorinating 4,5-dichlorodioxolanes with selected molar quantities of a lithium aluminum hydride/titanium (III or IV) chloride reagent at 20.degree.-35.degree. C.

Abstract: 1,3,5-Nonatriene derivatives of formula: ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, together with the carbon atom to which they are linked, form a carbonyl group, or each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 denotes alkoxy or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together form an alkylenedioxy radical, which may be made by reaction of a butadiene derivative of formula: ##STR2## in which R is alkyl or phenyl, with a butanal ketoacetal of 10 formula: ##STR3## followed by reaction of the product with a halomethyltriphenylphosphonium halide, are useful intermediates e.g. for the production of phytol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel perfluoro chemicals (PFC), particularly perfluorocyclic ethers and polyfluorinated compounds containing a few chlorine atoms and to a method for the preparation thereof.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing optically active alpha-arylalkanoic acids consisting of rearranging an optically active ketal of formula ##STR1## in which the substituents have the meaning given in the description of the invention.

Abstract: Iodopropargyl ethers of the formula ##STR1## wherein A represents oxygen or a methylene group,R.sup.1 denotes hydrogen or lower alkyl,R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are identical or different and represent hydrogen, lower alkyl, alkenyl or unsubstituted or halogen-substituted phenyl, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together form a carbocyclic ring with 4 to 7 C atoms,l and m represent 0, 1 or 2,k denotes 0 or 1 andn denotes an integer from 0 to 4, with the proviso that if l is 0, n represents 1, 2, 3 or 4,can be prepared by reaction of the corresponding propargyl ethers with iodinating agents. The iodopropargyl ethers are active compounds in microbicidal agents.

Abstract: The new compound ##STR1## is prepared and converted to the new acetal ##STR2## which is reacted with an alkali phenolate or alkaline earth metal phenolate in the presence of copper or a copper compound as a catalyst and in the presence of a diluent at a temperature between about 100.degree. and 200.degree. C. to produce the new acetal ##STR3## which can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding aldehyde which is a known intermediate for pyrethroid-like insecticides.

Abstract: There are prepared compounds of general formula: ##STR1## wherein: R.sub.1 =H, or alkyl or acyl containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, like or unlike each other, may be H, or an alkyl containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may form, together, an alkylene group containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and optionally including up to 2 oxygen atoms in the chain, by means of addition reaction induced by radicalic starters of 1,2-dichlorodifluoroethylene to alcohols, ethers or esters of general formula: ##STR2## wherein: R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 are defined as above.

Abstract: There are disclosed halogenated dioxolanes of a specified formula, dioxoles made therefrom, polymers of the dioxoles, and processes for making the dioxolanes.

Abstract: Derivatives of carbonyl-group containing behavior modifying compounds, in which said carbonyl group has been converted to a photolabile group which regenerates the carbonyl group on exposure to radiation, are of value in various methods for the control of animal, and in particular insect, species.

Abstract: Certain tellurium compounds have been found to have the ability to stimulate the in vivo and in vitro production of cytokines and their receptors. These compounds may be utilized in the treatment of certain tumors, autoimmune diseases, immune diseases and infectious diseases.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein one of the radicals R.sup.1, R.sup.2 or R.sup.3 denotes a straight-chain alkyl group having 4 to 8 C atoms and two vicinal hydroxyl groups in the .omega.,.omega.-1 or .omega.-1,.omega.-2 positions and the two other radicals represent straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having up to 12 C atoms in the position of R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 and up to 4 C atoms in the position of R.sup.2, the total of C atoms in these two alkyl substituents being a maximum of 14, are prepared by oxidation of the corresponding alkenylxanthines and by alkylation with compounds which introduce the dihydroxyalkyl radical or a precursor thereof. The dihydroxyalkyldialkylxanthines are suitable for the treatment of obstructive respiratory tract diseases.

Abstract: A semi-continuous process for the manufacture of acetals of chloroacetaldehyde is described. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, chloroacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal is prepared by introducing chlorine and vinyl acetate through separate inlets into the upper opening of a cooled vertical packed column to form an intermediate product. The intermediate flows through the column, and optionally a static mixer, into a cooled batch reactor precharged with an excess of methanol to form the crude acetal product. Isolation and purification of the product is accomplished by known batch-type procedures.

Abstract: The new compound ##STR1## is prepared and converted to the new acetal ##STR2## which is reacted with an alkali phenolate or alkaline earth metal phenolate in the presence of copper or a copper compound as a catalyst and in the presence of a diluent at a temperature between about 100.degree. and 200.degree. C. to produce the new acetal ##STR3## which can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding aldehyde which is a known intermediate for pyrethroid-like insecticides.

Abstract: Pharmaceutically useful optically active .alpha.-arylalkanoic acids or esters, ortho esters, or amides thereof are stereoselectively prepared by contacting an aryl magnesium Grignard reagent with an optically active .alpha.-substituted acyl halide to form the optically active aryl .alpha.-substituted alkyl ketone, which is ketalized and rearranged to the desired optically active .alpha.-arylalkanoic acid or the corresponding ester, ortho ester or amide. In an alternate embodiment, the aryl .alpha.-substituted alkyl ketone is reduced to the corresponding alkanol, which is rearranged to the .alpha.-arylalkanal. The alkanal so produced is converted to the desired optically active .alpha.-arylalkanoic acid by conventional methods.

Abstract: A piperazine derivative is disclosed of formula (I): ##STR1## and the non-toxic addition salts thereof, along with a process for preparation, pharmaceutical composition, and method of treating conditions characterized by histamine activity.

Abstract: Perfluoro(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole) forms oligomers on standing in the presence of an ether. The preferred ethers are aliphatic and cycloaliphatic, especially tetrahydrofuran. Free radical generators, especially peroxydicarbonates, may be added to the reaction medium. The oligomers have a degree of polymerization of about 2-8. They are useful as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer agents, and plasticizers, and as intermediates to oligomeric acid fluorides and acids, which acids are useful surfactants.

Abstract: Perfluoro-1,3-dioxole is a useful monomer, which polymerizes to either amorphous or liquid homopolymers and copolymerizes with tetrafluoroethylene as well as with other monomers to both crystalline and amorphous copolymers having one or more such comonomers incorporated therein. Amorphous homopolymers and copolymers of perfluoro-1,3-dioxole are useful in such applications as glazing for reactors for hydrogen fluoride reactions. Amorphous homopolymers and amorphous or crystalline copolymers form self-supporting films and can be used for coatings and linings which are inert to most chemicals and are stain and weather resistant and as dielectrics for electrical and electronic equipment. Liquid homopolymers can be used as hydraulic fluids and heat exchange media.

Abstract: Novel fluorodioxoles which may have Cl or F substituents in the 4 or 5 positions and have two F or CF.sub.3 substituents in the 2 position are useful monomers for the preparation of homopolymers and copolymers with tetrafluoroethylene and terpolymers with tetrafluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride. The homopolymers are suitable for glazing materials, while copolymers are useful, among others, for corrosion-resistant seals, gaskets, and linings.

Abstract: Perfluoro-1,3-dioxole, prepared by dechlorinating 4,5-dichloro-2,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-1,3-dioxolane with magnesium, is a useful monomer, which polymerizes to either amorphous or liquid homopolymers and copolymerizes with tetrafluoroethylene as well as with other monomers to both crystalline and amorphous copolymers having one or more such comonomers incorporated therein. Amorphous homopolymers and copolymers of perfluoro-1,3-dioxole are useful in such applications as glazing for reactors for hydrogen fluoride reactions. Amorphous homopolymers and amorphous or crystalline copolymers form self-supporting films and can be used for coatings and linings which are inert to most chemicals and are stain and weather resistant and as dielectrics for electrical and electronic equipment. Liquid homopolymers can be used as hydraulic fluids and heat exchange media.

Abstract: The yield and purity of 2-halomethyl-1,3-cyclic acetals is improved by subjecting the reaction product of 1,2-dihaloethyl acetate and aliphatic diol to alkaline hydrolysis. The resulting aqueous and organic phases are separated and the organic phase distilled to recover the 2-halomethyl-1,3-cyclic acetal product.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of halogenoacetals of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein X represents chlorine or bromine, the symbols R each represent a linear or branched alkyl radical (1 to 6 carbon atoms) or together form a linear or branched alkylene radical (2 to 6 carbon atoms), and the symbols R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical (1 to 6 carbon atoms), by reaction of chlorine or bromine with a .beta.,.gamma.-ethylenic aldehyde, in the presence of a tertiary amide, followed by reaction with a primary or secondary aliphatic alcohol, a diol (preferably a glycol) or an alkyl orthoformate.

Abstract: Perhalogenated dioxoles, halogenated dioxolanes, a process for making the dioxoles and dioxolanes, and polymers of dioxole and dioxolane monomers.

Abstract: Perfluoro-1,3-dioxole is a useful monomer, which polymerizes to either amorphous or liquid homopolymers and copolymerizes with tetrafluoroethylene as well as with other monomers to both crystalline and amorphous copolymers having one or more such comonomers incorporated therein. Amorphous homopolymers and copolymers of perfluoro-1,3-dioxole are useful in such applications as glazing for reactors for hydrogen fluoride reactions. Amorphous homopolymers and amorphous or crystalline copolymers form self-supporting films and can be used for coatings and linings which are inert to most chemicals and are stain and weather resistant and as dielectrics for electrical and electronic equipment. Liquid homopolymers can be used as hydraulic fluids and heat exchange media.

Abstract: Novel chalcogenopentalene compounds having a tellurium atom in the 6a position, and methods of making chalcogenopentalenes having a tellurium or a selenium atom in the 6a position are disclosed. The chalcogenopentalene compounds are useful as sensitizers in electrophotographic compositions and elements containing an electron donor and as charge emitters in multilayer photoconductive elements.

Abstract: Perhalogenated dioxoles, halogenated dioxolanes, a process for making the dioxoles and dioxolanes, and polymers of dioxole and dioxolane monomers.

Abstract: L-carnitine is prepared by a synthesizing process starting from D-mannitol. The synthesis is started with the formation of a D-mannitol ketonide (more specifically D-mannitol acetonide from D-mannitol and acetone, whereafter the D-mannitol is split by oxidation to give glyceraldehyde acetonide, which is further reduced to glycerol acetonide. Then the free hydroxyl group is exchanged with a halogen atom (chlorine) with the formation of chlorodihydroxy propane, the primary alcoholic group of which is functionalized with the acid chloride of a sulfonic acid (tosylchloride). The reaction of the tosyl derivative with the salt of hydrogen cyanide leads to the formation of the corresponding nitrile which, when reacted with trimethylamine gives carnitinonitrile. The nitrile group is now hydrolyzed to give L-carnitine chloride. The formation of L-carnitine can then be obtained by exchanging the chloride ion with a hydroxyl ion.

Abstract: There are described novel compounds of the formula I defined herein ##STR1## wherein R is a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or mono- to tetra-substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, phenyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkoxy, or it is 3,4-methylenedioxy-phenyl, including the acid addition salts thereof with organic and inorganic acids as well as metal complexes thereof, all having tolerance to cultivated plants and possessing valuable microbicidal properties. They can be used for combating phytopathogenic microorganisms, particularly phytopathogenic fungi. The compounds of the formula I have for practical purposes a very favorable curative, systemic and preventive action for the protection of cultivated plants, without these being impaired as a result of undesirable side-effects. They can be used in practice on their own or in the form of microbicidal compositions.

Abstract: Olefinic compounds are made from their vicinally chlorinated organic precursors by dechlorination with metallic magnesium in the presence of a mercury-based promoter, which may be a water-soluble mercury salt or metallic mercury, and of a catalytic amount of iodine. This process is particularly suitable for dechlorinating 4,5-dichloro-dioxolanes to the corresponding dioxoles. 4,5-Difluoro-2,2 bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxole, which can be made by this process in a reproducible manner from 4,5-dichloro-4,5-difluoro-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane, is a useful monomer for making amorphous homopolymers and copolymers with tetrafluoroethylene, which are well suited for wire coating, finishes, and transparent glazing for corrosive service.

Abstract: Bright deposits of tin and tin/lead alloys by electrocoating are obtained by using a bath containing tin salts and, optionally, lead salts, aldehydes and/or ketones as brighteners as well as surfactants besides sulfuric acid and/or borofluohydric acid wherein part or all of the aldehydes and/or ketones are replaced by a cyclic reaction product of one or more aromatic aldehydes and epihalohydrin of the general formula ##STR1## (Hal being chlorine or bromine, R being a phenyl, naphthyl or pyridyl radical which is optionally substituted by one to three members of the group consisting of chlorine, bromine or fluorine atoms, alkyl or alkoxy groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, carboxy and hydroxy groups). Preferably the cyclic reaction product is contained in the bath in an amount of from 0.1 to 2 g/liter of the bath.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a 1,1-dichloroalkene of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is hydrogen, or an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or aryl radical, andR.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or aryl radical, orR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together form an optionally branched and/or optionally benzo-fused hydrocarbon chain,comprising reacting a carbonyl compound of the formula ##STR2## with a trichloromethanephosphonic acid ester of the formula ##STR3## in which R.sup.3 each individually is an alkyl or phenyl radical, or the two radicals R.sup.3 together are alkanediyl,in the presence of at least an equimolar amount of a phosphorous acid triamide of the formulaP(NR.sup.4.sub.2).sub.3in whichR.sup.4 each independently is an alkyl radical, or the two radicals R.sup.4 together are alkanediyl.Advantageously,R.sup.1 is hydrogen,R.sup.2 a C.sub.2 to C.sub.

Abstract: Novel 1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-imidazoles and 1H-1,2,4-triazoles wherein the 1,3-dioxolane ring is substituted in the 4- and in the 5-positions, said compounds having useful antimicrobial properties.