Abstract: Provided in the present invention are various labdane diterpenoid compounds and derivatives thereof for use in preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating neurodegenerative diseases. Also provided in the present invention is a semen biotae extract comprising one or more labdane diterpenoid compounds and derivatives thereof for use in preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract: A photoacid generator includes those of formula (I): wherein each Ra in formula 1 is independently H, F, a C1-10 nonfluorinated organic group, C1-10 fluorinated organic group, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, provided at least one Ra is F or a C1-10 fluorinated organic group, the C1-10 fluorinated and nonfluorinated organic groups each optionally comprising O, S, N, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing heteroatoms; L1 is a linking group comprising a heteroatom comprising O, S, N, F, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; G+ is an onium salt of the formula (II): wherein in formula (II), X is S or I, each R0 is independently C1-30 alkyl group; a polycyclic or monocyclic C3-30 cycloalkyl group; a polycyclic or monocyclic C4-30 aryl group; or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, provided at least one R0 is substituted where each R0 is a C6 monocyclic aryl group, and wherein when X is I, a is 2, and where X is S, a is 3,

Abstract: A novel class of diyne compounds and diyne salts provided herein are effective and potent Ole1 protein inhibitors, useful for treating fungal pathogens. Compounds, fungicides and methods are provided as novel, potent and broad spectrum anti-fungal agents for treatment against a wide variety of fungal pathogens in humans and animals, and in the agricultural setting.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal compound that has an excellent compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds and also has at least one of characteristics such as a high stability to heat, light or the like, a suitable refractive index anisotropy (?n), a low threshold voltage and a suitable dielectric anisotropy (??). A compound represented by formula (1). For example, R1 is alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons, R2 is halogen or alkenyl having 2 to 10 carbons; the ring A1, the ring A2 and the ring A3 are 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene; Z1, Z2 and Z3 are a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 4 carbons; G is —CH2— or —O—; and m is 1, and n and p is 0 or 1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of general formula I, wherein the groups R1, R2, R3, m and n are defined as in claim 1, which have valuable pharmacological properties, in particular bind to the GPR40 receptor and modulate its activity. The compounds are suitable for treatment and prevention of diseases which can be influenced by this receptor, such as metabolic diseases, in particular diabetes type 2. Furthermore, the invention relates to novel intermediates, useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing a furan fatty acid, more particularly a method for preparing a furan fatty acid by heat-treating 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) in hexane. The present disclosure provides a simple method for producing 7,10-EODA from a dihydroxyl fatty acid precursor. Considering the difficulties in purifying natural furan fatty acids because of easy attack by peroxyl radicals and small quantity and the complicated multiple steps for chemical synthesis, the present disclosure provides a useful way to produce the biologically activity F-acid cost-effectively in large scale.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) wherein Q is Q1 or Q2 P is P1, heterocyclylor heterocyclyl substituted by one to five Z; and wherein A1, A2, A3, A4, G1, Y1, Z, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined in claim 1; or a salt or N-oxide thereof. Furthermore, the present invention relates to processes and intermediates for preparing compounds of formula (I), to insecticidal, acaricidal, nematicidal and molluscicidal compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) and to methods of using the compounds of formula (I) to control insect, acarine, nematode and mollusc pests.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing a furan fatty acid, more particularly a method for preparing a furan fatty acid by heat-treating 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) in hexane. The present disclosure provides a simple method for producing 7,10-EODA from a dihydroxyl fatty acid precursor. Considering the difficulties in purifying natural furan fatty acids because of easy attack by peroxyl radicals and small quantity and the complicated multiple steps for chemical synthesis, the present disclosure provides a useful way to produce the biologically activity F-acid cost-effectively in large scale.

Abstract: The instant invention involves a process for enhancing molecular mass of biomass reactants. The process comprises first forming a substituted or unsubstituted furfural from a biomass. The substituted or unsubstituted furfural is then reacted with an activated methylene compound in the presence of a catalyst and, if desired, a solvent to form a Knoevenagel product. The product may then be hydrogenated to products containing an alcohol, ether, aldehyde, or ketone functional groups or to an olefinic or aliphatic species wherein as much as all of the oxygen and/or nitrogen has been removed.

Abstract: A novel class of diyne compounds and diyne salts provided herein are effective and potent Ole1 protein inhibitors, useful for treating fungal pathogens. Compounds, fungicides and methods are provided as novel, potent and broad spectrum anti-fungal agents for treatment against a wide variety of fungal pathogens in humans and animals, and in the agricultural setting.

Abstract: The invention provides novel compounds of the Formula (I) that stimulate rates of glucose oxidation in myocardial cells: wherein W, Cyc, p, Y, X, Z, R, R1, R2, R3, R4, I, m and n are as defined for Formula (I) herein. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds capable of stimulation of glucose oxidation, methods for increasing glucose oxidation rates in myocardial cells, and methods of treatment of myocardial ischemia.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal compound that has an excellent compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds and also has at least one of characteristics such as a high stability to heat, light or the like, a suitable refractive index anisotropy (?n), a low threshold voltage and a suitable dielectric anisotropy (??). A compound represented by formula (1). For example, R1 is alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons, R2 is halogen or alkenyl having 2 to 10 carbons; the ring A1, the ring A2 and the ring A3 are 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene; Z1, Z2 and Z3 are a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 4 carbons; G is —CH2— or —O—; and m is 1, and n and p is 0 or 1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound represented by wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification, a salt thereof and the like.

Abstract: Novel ester compounds having formulae (1) to (4) wherein A1 is a polymerizable functional group having a carbon-carbon double bond, A2 is oxygen, methylene or ethylene, R1 is a monovalent hydrocarbon group, R2 is H or a monovalent hydrocarbon group, any pair of R1 and/or R2 may form an aliphatic hydrocarbon ring, R3 is a monovalent hydrocarbon group, and n is 0 to 6 are polymerizable into polymers. Resist compositions comprising the polymers as a base resin are thermally stable and sensitive to high-energy radiation, have excellent sensitivity and resolution, and lend themselves to micropatterning with electron beam or deep-UV.

Abstract: Compounds comprising or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a prodrug thereof, are disclosed, wherein G, B, Y, and A are as described. Methods, compositions, and medicaments related thereto are also disclosed.

Abstract: Accordingly, the current invention provides a method for the manufacture of an ether or ester of 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural by reacting a hexose-containing starting material or HMF with an alcohol or an organic acid dissolved into an ionic liquid, using a metal chloride as catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to the synthesis and use in oilfield applications of copolymers which can undergo the Diels-Alder reaction to form a gel. Under appropriate conditions, the retro Diels-Alder reaction can take place to provide for decreasing the viscosity of the aforementioned gel.

Abstract: Carbonyl compounds of the formula (II), wherein R1 and R2 are as defined herein, react in the presence of an amine with carboxylic acid derivatives of the formula (II), wherein R3 and EWG are also as defined herein, to give ?,?-unsaturated compounds of the formula (I) according to the following scheme: It is possible under mild reaction conditions to obtain unsaturated esters with high (E) stereoselectivity. The reaction typically proceeds at room temperature or lower without particular requirements such as inert gas, exclusion of moisture, heat, etc., being made. The only by-products obtained are CO2 and water.

Abstract: The invention is directed to compounds of Formula (I) useful as GPR40 agonists. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treating one or more conditions including, but not limited to, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, obesity, diabetes such as NIDDM, and other disorders related to lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and complications thereof, using compounds of the invention are also described.

Abstract: The crosslinker of the invention is an asymmetrical polyvinyl crosslinker that disassociates at elevated temperature, and is especially useful in the preparation of superabsorbent polymers.

Abstract: Energy-reversible acyl conjugates, intermediates, and related compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: An acrylate compound of formula (4): is produced by allowing an acrylic acid compound of formula (1): to react with an unsaturated compound of formula (2) or (3): In formulae (1) through (4), R1 and R2 are H or F, R3 is H, F, or an alkyl, alkenyl, fluoroalkyl or fluoroalkenyl group, R4 and R5 are H, halogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, halogenated alkyl or halogenated alkenyl group; and X and Y are an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group, and dashed line - - - means that X and Y may be bonded together to form a cyclic structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to heterocyclically substituted benzoylureas and also to their physiologically tolerated salts and physiologically functional derivatives. Compounds are described of the formula I where the radicals are defined as specified, and also their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and processes for their preparation. The compounds are suitable, for example, for treating type 2 diabetes.

Abstract: A compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, for the treatment of a hPPAR mediated disease or condition

Abstract: A peroxisome proliferator activated receptor regulator containing a carboxylic acid derivative of formula (I) (wherein all symbols are as defined in the specification), a non-toxic acid thereof or a hydrate thereof as active ingredient. Because of having an effect of regulating PPAR, a compound of formula (I) is useful as a hypoglycemic agent, a hypolipidemic agent, a preventive and/or a remedy for diseases associating metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity, syndrome X, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, etc.), hyperlipemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, circulatory diseases, overeating, coronary heart diseases, etc., an HDL cholesterol-elevating agent, an LDL cholesterol and/or VLDL cholesterol-lowering agent and a drug for relief from risk factors of diseases or syndrome X.

Abstract: The invention concerns compounds inhibiting LTA4 hydrolase of formula (I). The invention also concerns their therapeutic, in particular anti-inflammatory, applications.

Abstract: An acrylate compound of formula (4): is produced by allowing an acrylic acid compound of formula (1): to react with an unsaturated compound of formula (2) or (3): In formulae (1) through (4), R1 and R2 are H or F, R3 is H, F, or an alkyl, alkenyl, fluoroalkyl or fluoroalkenyl group, R4 and R5 are H, halogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, halogenated alkyl or halogenated alkenyl group; and X and Y are an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group, and dashed line - - - means that X and Y may be bonded together to form a cyclic structure.

Abstract: The invention concerns novel molecules, their preparation and their uses, in particular in the field of human and veterinary medicine and cosmetics. The inventive compounds are partly fatty acid derivatives and exhibit advantageous pharmacological and cosmetic properties. The invention also concerns various uses of said compounds, the pharmaceutical compositions containing them and methods for preparing them.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I, in which M, A1, A2, K1 and K2 have the meanings given in the description are novel effective tryptase inhibitors.

Abstract: Novel pharmaceutically/cosmetically-active bicyclic aromatic compounds have the structural formula (I): in which Ar1 is a radical having one of the structural formulae (a)-(c): Ar2 is a radical having one of the following formulae (d)-(h): and X is a radical having one of the following formulae (i)-(l): and are useful for the treatment of a wide variety of disease states, whether human or veterinary, for example dermatological, rheumatic, respiratory, cardiovascular and ophthalmological disorders, as well as for the treatment of mammalian skin and hair conditions/disorders.

Abstract: New compounds containing bicyclic fused rings, one of which being a phenyl moiety connected by an aliphatic chain to a cycloalkyl or aryl moiety, and pharmaceutically active salts thereof are useful as RAR selective retinoid agonists. Furthermore, such retinoic acid receptor agonists, particularly retinoic acid receptor &ggr; (RAR&ggr;) selective agonists, are useful for the treatment of emphysema and associated pulmonary diseases, as well as for the therapy and prophylaxis of dermatological disorders, for the therapy and prophylaxis of malignant and premalignant epithelial lesions, tumors and precancerous changes of the mucous membrane in the mouth, tongue, larynx, esophagus, bladder, cervix and colon.

Abstract: The invention features enediynes and methods for their production and use. The enediynes of the invention have the formula: wherein R1 is a hydroxyl group or a moiety that can be replaced by a hydroxyl group in a hydrolysis reaction; each R2 is, independently, H or a monovalent hydrocarbon moiety containing between 1 and 4 carbon atoms, inclusive; R3 is a pyrrole, furan, or thiophene ring; and X is an integer between 4 and 10, inclusive.

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) in which R represents the remainder of an alcohol used in the pyrethroid series, in all their possible stereoisomer forms as well as their mixtures, and compositions comprising them. The compounds of formula (I) are useful as pesticides.

Abstract: A prodrug composition containing a cinnamate moiety and a biologically active molecule moiety which can be released by hydrolysis or activated by light is disclosed. The cinnamate moiety can have substituents of various electronically donating or electronically withdrawing groups to modify the cinnamate moiety's electric properties as well as photo reactivities for the purpose of achieving a proper hydrolysis rate of the acyl bond between the biologically active molecule moiety and the cinnamic acid backbone. The biologically active molecule can be any biologically active agent or diagnostic, for example, a chemotherapeutic such as a paclitaxel, campotothecin, doxorubicin, amethopterin, etoposide, or fluconazole. The prodrug composition can be modified to add a carrier moiety on the prodrug composition for targeting or to facilitate uptake of the drug. The prodrug compositions can be activated with an energy source to release the drug at the desired site.

Abstract: Energy-reversible acyl conjugates, intermediates, and related compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: 2,5-Diaryl tetrahydrofurans, 2,5-diaryl tetrahydrothiophenes, 1,3-diaryl cyclopentanes are disclosed that reduce the chemotaxis and respiratory burst leading to the formation of damaging oxygen radicals of polymorphonuclear leukocytes during an inflammatory or immune response. The compounds exhibit this biological activity by acting as PAF receptor antagonists, by inhibiting the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, or by exhibiting dual activity, i.e., by acting as both a PAF receptor antagonist and inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase. Also disclosed is a method to treat disorders mediated by PAF and/or leukotrienes that includes administering an effective amount of one or more of the above-identified compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, to a patient in need of such therapy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new aromatic di-keto derivatives and to their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, ethers and other chemical equivalents. The derivatives are glucose-6-phosphate translocase inhibitors and can be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present invention further relates to a process for the production of the derivatives, to the use of the derivatives and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, ethers and other chemical equivalents as pharmaceuticals, in particular to their use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the derivatives, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, ethers or other chemical equivalents thereof.

Abstract: Substituted tetrahydrofuran analogs of prostaglandins and methods of their use in treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension are disclosed.

Abstract: Compounds having the general structure: 1

Abstract: Ar is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 RX groups, and where n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and a group of formula III: 1

Abstract: Novel processes and intermediates useful in the preparation of 11-oxa prostaglandin analogs are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides cyclopentane heptanoic acid, 2 heteroaryl alkyl or alkenyl derivatives which may be substituted in the 1-position with hydroxyl, alkyloxy, amino and amido groups, e.g. 1-OH cyclopentane heptanoic acid, 2 heteroarylalkenyl derivatives. In particular, these derivatives are 7-[5-hydroxy-2-(heteroatom-substituted hydroxyhydrocarbyl)-3-hydroxycyclopentyl] heptanoic or heptenoic acids and amine, amide, ether, ester and alchohol derivatives of said acids wherein one or more of said hydroxy groups are replaced with an ether group. These compounds are potent ocular hypotensive and are particularly suited for the management of glaucoma.

Abstract: Heterocyclic substituted benzoyl derivatives of the formula ##STR1## where Z is a 5-membered or 6-membered heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated radical containing one to three hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, useful as intermediates for herbicidal compounds.

Abstract: Polymerisable optically active compounds have the general formula: ##STR1## where: W.sup.1 denotes a polymerisable residue,S.sup.1 denotes a spacer unit,Y.sup.1 denotes a single bond, or one of the groups --O--, --COO--, --OOC--, --OCOO--, --S--, --CONH-- or --NHCO--,M denotes a divalent mesogenic group, andR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 denote straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl groups with up to 8 carbon atom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds having the formulae ##STR1## wherein R, R.sup.1, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, Rn.sup.8, X, and Z are defined herein, which are useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of malaria. The compounds of the present invention are especially useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant malaria.

Abstract: Process for producing coatings or moldings by radiation curing, which involves using high-energy light to irradiate radiation-curable compositions containing 1-100% by weight, based on the total amount of free-radically or cationically polymerizable compounds, of compounds A) containing at least one cationically polymerizable 2,3-dihydrofuran group.

Abstract: Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor and amidine derivative salts, preparation methods therefor, pharmaceutical compositions containing said salts and the use thereof particularly as NO synthase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, are disclosed.

Abstract: The present application describes amidinophenyl-pyrrolidines, -pyrrolines, and -isoxazolidines and derivatives thereof of formula I: ##STR1## or pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof, wherein one of D and D' may be C(.dbd.NH)NH.sub.2 and the other H, and J.sup.1 and J.sup.2 may be O or CH.sub.2, which are useful as inhibitors of factor Xa.

Abstract: Ester compounds represented by the following formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R is a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or allyl group, have excellent effects on the control of harmful pests, and they are, therefore, useful as the active ingredients of pesticides.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting parasitic activity is disclosed in which the biosynthesis, structure and/or function of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of said parasite may be affected by incorporating into said GPI anchor selected analogs of myristic acid containing various heteroatoms, substituents and unsaturated bonds, including ester-containing analogs, ketocarbonyl-containing analogs, sulfur-containing analogs, double bond- and triple bond-containing analogs, aromatic moiety-containing analogs, nitrated analogs and halogenated analogs.