Abstract: Inorganic-organic hybrid structures having both ionic and coordinate bonds in a molecular cluster possessing the features of structural diversity, high luminescence and stability, and excellent dispersibility, suitable for use as lighting phosphors.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for dehydration of an ethanol feedstock into ethylene comprising at least the stages: a) A stage for pretreatment of the ethanol feedstock on an acidic solid, b) A stage for evaporation of said pretreated ethanol feedstock in a heat exchanger, c) A stage for superheating said evaporated feedstock in such a way as to bring it to an inlet temperature that is compatible with the temperature of a dehydration reaction, d) A stage for dehydration of said feedstock that is obtained from stage c) in at least one adiabatic reactor that contains at least one dehydration catalyst.

Abstract: In a method for cooling liquid, when a liquid containing a volatile component and a surfactant is supplied to an atmosphere having a pressure which is lower than or equal to the saturated vapor pressure of the volatile component so that at least a portion of the volatile component is vaporized, whereby the liquid is cooled, a gas other than the volatile component is introduced into the atmosphere having the pressure so that the gas contacts the liquid.

Abstract: Methods for preparing phosphonium salts by reacting a primary phosphine or a secondary phosphine with an ester compound selected from the group consisting of: a phosphate triester; a phosphonate diester; a sulfate diester; and a sulfonate ester; to form a phosphonium salt of formula VII wherein each of RQ, RX, RY, and RZ is independently hydrocarbyl and X? is a phosphate, phosphonate, sulfate, or sulfonate are provided herein. These phosphonium salts may find utility in a wide range of applications, including as surfactants, as polar solvents (ionic liquids), as antimicrobial agents, and as a component of spinning finish in polyamide fiber processing.

Abstract: Methods for preparing phosphonium salts by reacting a primary phosphine or a secondary phosphine with an ester compound selected from the group consisting of: a phosphate triester; a phosphonate diester; a sulfate diester; and a sulfonate ester; to form a phosphonium salt of formula VII wherein each of RQ, RX, RY, and RZ is independently hydrocarbyl and X? is a phosphate, phosphonate, sulfate, or sulfonate are provided herein. These phosphonium salts may find utility in a wide range of applications, including as surfactants, as polar solvents (ionic liquids), as antimicrobial agents, and as a component of spinning finish in polyamide fiber processing.

Abstract: Methods for preparing phosphonium salts by reacting a primary phosphine or a secondary phosphine with an ester compound selected from the group consisting of: a phosphate triester; a phosphonate diester; a sulfate diester; and a sulfonate ester; to form a phosphonium salt of formula VII wherein each of RQ, RX, RY, and RZ is independently hydrocarbyl and X? is a phosphate, phosphonate, sulfate, or sulfonate are provided herein. These phosphonium salts may find utility in a wide range of applications, including as surfactants, as polar solvents (ionic liquids), as antimicrobial agents, and as a component of spinning finish in polyamide fibre processing.

Abstract: In a method for cooling liquid, when a liquid containing a volatile component and a surfactant is supplied to an atmosphere having a pressure which is lower than or equal to the saturated vapor pressure of the volatile component so that at least a portion of the volatile component is vaporized, whereby the liquid is cooled, a gas other than the volatile component is introduced into the atmosphere having the pressure so that the gas contacts the liquid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to selective partial oxidation of methane in the absence of a solvent such as sulfuric acid or oleum.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing quaternary ammonium compounds, which comprises reacting compounds comprising an sp3-hybridized nitrogen atom with a dialkyl sulfate or trialkyl phosphate and subjecting the resulting ammonium compound to an anion exchange.

Abstract: Systems and methods to produced branched aliphatic alcohols are described. Systems may include a dehydrogenation-isomerization unit, an olefin dimerization unit, an olefin isomerization unit, a hydroformylation unit, a dehydrogenation unit, a hydrogenation unit and/or combinations thereof. Methods for producing branched aliphatic alcohols may include isomerization of olefins in a process stream. The isomerized olefins may be hydroformylated to produce aliphatic alcohols. After hydroformylation of the aliphatic alcohols, unreacted components from the hydroformylation process may be separated from the aliphatic alcohols products. The unreacted components from the hydroformylation process may be recycled back into the main process stream or sent to other processing units. Addition of multiple streams to the units may be performed to control reaction conditions in the units.

Abstract: A process that can be used for sulfonating, sulfating, or sulfamating an organic compound is disclosed. The process can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, contacting the organic compound with sulfur trioxide under a condition sufficient to effect the sulfonation, sulfation, or sulfamation of the organic compound. The organic compound can be an aromatic compound, alcohol, carbohydrate, amine, amide, protein, or combinations of two or more thereof. The sulfur trioxide can be present in a complex comprising an inorganic support such as zeolite, silicalite, silica, titanosilicate, borosilicate, clay, aluminophosphate, and combinations of two or more thereof.

Abstract: A process for preparing a powdery alkyl sulfate, comprising drying aqueous slurry having a solid content of 60 to 85% by weight and containing an alkyl sulfate and an alkali metal carbonate in a ratio of 0.05 to 10 parts by weight of the alkali metal carbonate based on 100 parts by weight of the alkyl sulfate. This process is capable of stably preparing a powdery alkyl sulfate without deteriorating the quality of aqueous slurry of an alkyl sulfate and powder obtainable from the aqueous slurry.

Abstract: The process for the preparation of methanesulfonic acid by reacting sulfite ions within an aqueous system with dimethyl sulfate at an elevated temperature and adding a strong acid subsequently, wherein the molar ratio of sulfite ions to dimethyl sulfate is 1.5 to 2.5:1, preferably 2:1, and the reaction charge is maintained at said elevated temperature for at least 2 h, preferably 4 h.

Abstract: A process for making high active alkyl sulphate solutions comprising premixing alcohol and/or alkoxylated nonionic surfactant with an organic amine and adding sulfuric acid to the premix to produce a neutralized product having substantially no water is provided. The weight ratio of the sulfuric acid additive to the premix is from 0.5:1 to 9:1.

Abstract: This invention relates to solid secondary alkyl sulfate/zeolite-containing surface active compositions which are formed by crystallization and which contain at least about 80 percent by weight of secondary alkyl sulfate and zeolite. These compositions are substantially free of unreacted organic matter and water. The invention further relates to a process for preparing these solid secondary alkyl sulfate/zeolite-containing compositions.

Abstract: This invention relates to solid secondary alkyl sulfate-containing surface active compositions which are formed by crystallization and which contain at least about 80 percent by weight of secondary alkyl sulfate. These compositions are substantially free of unreacted organic matter and water. The invention further relates to a process for preparing these solid secondary alkyl sulfate-containing compositions.

Abstract: Processes for the production of partial glyceride sulfates comprising the steps of:A) reacting a mixture containing glycerol and at least one triglyceride with gaseous sulfur trioxide to produce at least one acidic reaction product;B) ageing the at least one acidic reaction product at an elevated temperature; andC) neutralizing the at least one aged acidic reaction product with an aqueous base in the presence of a buffer.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing solid and non-solid secondary alkyl sulfate-containing surface active compositions. The solid secondary alkyl sulfate-containing surface active compositions are formed by crystallization, and the non-solid secondary alkyl sulfate-containing surface active compositions are recovered in a glycol solvent. These compositions are substantially free of unreacted organic matter and water.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing secondary alkyl sulfate-containing surface active compositions substantially free of unreacted organic matter and water, which process comprises: a) sulfating a mixture of a detergent range olefin having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and a detergent range alcohol having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms with a sulfating agent, b) neutralizing the product of step a) with a base dispersed in a nonionic surfactant having a boiling point higher than that of said detergent range olefin and its corresponding secondary alcohol, c) saponifying the product of step b), d) passing the product of step c) through a thin film evaporator to evaporate unreacted organic matter from said product and recovering said product.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing secondary alkyl sulfate-containing surface active compositions substantially free of unreacted organic matter and water, which process comprises: a) sulfating a detergent range olefin having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms with concentrated sulfuric acid, b) neutralizing the product of step a) with a base dispersed in a nonionic surfactant having a boiling point higher than that of said detergent range olefin and its corresponding secondary alcohol, c) saponifying the product of step b), d) passing the product of step c) through a thin film evaporator to evaporate unreacted organic matter from said product and recovering said product.