Abstract: A modified novel process for preparing cyclopropylamine from .gamma.-butyrolactone is described. The .gamma.-butyrolactone ring is cleaved with a hydrohalide in the presence of a novel catalyst comprising an aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The 4-chlorobutyric acid, thus formed is converted into a hindered chlorobutyrate ester. The hindered ester based on secondary and tertiary alkanols of eight or less carbon atoms, is cyclized to form the hindered cyclopropanecarboxylate ester by a novel reaction medium consisting of solid caustic in a water-immiscible solvent and a phase transfer catalyst. The hindered cyclopropanecarboxylate ester is ammoniated to form cyclopropanecarboxamide by a novel catalyst comprising an alkali metal salt of a polyol having hydroxy groups on adjacent carbons. The carboxamide formed in substantially quantitative yields is converted to cyclopropylamine by a modified Hofmann reaction utilizing continuous degradation of the intermediate with simultaneous distillation.

Abstract: (2R,6R)-1-Chloro-2,6,10-trimethyl-undecane I, (R)-(+)-.beta.-chloro-isobutyric acid II, (S)-(+)-1-bromo-3-chloro-2-methylpropane IV and (2R)-(+)-1-chloro-2,6-dimethyl-heptane V are novel optically active units for the synthesis of the side chain of (R,R,R)-.alpha.-tocopherol. In the process according to the invention, the optically active C.sub.

Abstract: Monofluoromethylthioacetic acid (FCH.sub.2 SCH.sub.2 COOH) or difluoromethylthioacetic acid (F.sub.2 CHSCH.sub.2 COOH), or its derivative at the carboxy group can be prepared e.g. by treating a thioglycolic acid ester with monolfuorohalomethane or difluorohalomethane in the presence of a base if required followed by a conventional modification of the produced ester e.g. to make an acid by hydrolysis, a salt by neutralization, a halide with a halogenating agent, and from acid halide or anhydride an ester with an alcohol, or an amide with an amine. These compounds are useful intermediates in the production of medicinal and agricultural chemicals.

Abstract: A process for the co-production of an alkylidene dicarboxylate and a carboxylic acid, which comprises hydrogenating a carboxylic acid anhydride in the presence of carbon monoxide and a homogeneous iridium- and/or rhodium-containing catalyst, together with an organo phosphorus (III), arsenic (III), or antimony (III) compound and either molecular oxygen or a phosphorus (V), arsenic (V) or antimony (V) compound containing a X=O moiety, where X is a phosphorus, arsenic or antimony atom.

Abstract: Substituted .alpha.-halogenopropionic acids and their derivatives of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.3, Y and X have the meanings given in the description, are prepared by a process which is characterized in that substituted vinylidene chlorides of the general formula ##STR2## are reacted with chlorine or bromine chloride in the presence of compounds of the formulaR.sup.5 --SO.sub.3 R.sup.6 (III)wherein R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 have the meaning given in the description, and the products obtained are treated, if appropriate, with water or alcohol. Certain of the substituted .alpha.-halogeno-propionic acids and the substituted vinylidene chloride of the formula ##STR3## are new. The end products are useful as herbicides and intermediates for insecticides.

Abstract: A radioactive diagnostic agent for renal cortex, adrenal cortex, myocardium, brain stem, spinal nerve, etc., which comprises as an essential component monoiodoacetic acid wherein the iodine atom is radioactive.

Abstract: A mixture containing monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid as the main components are admixed with 5-25% by weight of water on the basis of sum total of monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid and water, and subjected to adiabatic cooling under a pressure of 133 to 2,660 Pa, whereby monochloroacetic acid is crystallized with a high purity.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of higher homologues of aliphatic carboxylic acids by reaction of said acids with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of one or more palladium-containing catalysts in combination with a Group VB tertiary donor ligand and in the presence of an iodide or bromide promoter.

Abstract: Process for nuclear chlorination of non-phenolic aromatic compounds, said process comprising contacting and reacting a non-phenolic aromatic compound having a net Hammett .sigma. value of about -0.1 to about 2.0 with chlorine monoxide in the presence of at least one-half an equivalent amount, based on the chlorine monoxide, of an acid having a pK.sub.a no greater than that of trichloroacetic acid, provided, however, when the net Hammett .sigma. value is about 0.7 to about 2.0, the acid has a pK.sub.a no greater than that of trifluoroacetic acid.

Abstract: This invention concerns certain substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinones having herbicidal activity, their preparation, and the control of weeds therewith.

Abstract: A procedure for making .omega.-I.sup.123 labeled fatty acids in which the .omega.-bromo-fatty acid is applied in a thin film or layer to a support and is there contacted in molten state with the I.sup.123 iodide to effect halogen exchange.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is chlorine or --CH.sub.2 --CCl.sub.3, andR.sub.2 is --N(R.sub.3)R.sub.4, --OH.N(R.sub.3)(R.sub.4)R.sub.5 or --OR.sub.6,R.sub.3 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl which can be interrupted once or several times by oxygen,R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 independently of one another are hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 alkyl, with R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together having at least 8 C atoms,R.sub.6 is C.sub.8 -C.sub.20 alkyl, phenyl or C.sub.7 -C.sub.15 alkylphenyl, a group of the formula --(A)R.sub.7 or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --N(R.sub.10)--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --O--C(O)--CH(R.sub.1)CH.sub.2 CCl.sub.3, whereinR.sub.7 is a radical of the formula --(R.sub.8)C(R.sub.9)--O--C(O)--CH(R.sub.1)--CH.sub.2 --CCl.sub.3, whereinR.sub.8 and R.sub.9 independently of one another are hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R.sub.1 has the meaning defined above,A is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.7 alkylene group which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or two radicals R.sub.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the production of higher homologues of aliphatic carboxylic acids by reaction of said acids with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of one or more ruthenium catalyst components and an iodide or bromide promoter.

Abstract: In vivo and in vitro cellulose fermentation by cellulose-digesting microorganisms is increased by conducting the fermentation in the presence of a minor amount of a 2-(chloromethyldithio)acetic acid.

Abstract: 1-acetyl or 1-cyano-2(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopropane. These compounds are useful intermediates.

Abstract: The trisubstituted (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)phosphonium hydroxide inner salts and their hydrolyzed derivatives are novel latent catalysts for promoting reaction between vicinal epoxides and phenols and/or carboxylic acids (or anhydrides). Precatalyzed epoxy resins are easily prepared using such catalysts.

Abstract: Continuous process for the production of monochloroacetyl chloride accompanied, if the need should arise, by monochloroacetic acid, from trichloroethylene and/or 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane by reaction for hydration of trichloroethylene and/or 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane under pressure of hydrogen chloride in liquid phase, in the presence of ferric chloride in partial suspension.

Abstract: Halogenation is carried out regiospecifically in the presence of a cyanoquinone.

Abstract: Valuable 2-aryl-propionic acids are prepared by the direct coupling of aryl magnesium bromides with a mixed magnesium halide complex of alpha-bromopropionic acid.

Abstract: A lower carboxylic acid such as acetic acid is separated and recovered from an aqueous medium by the steps which include contacting, in an extraction zone, the aqueous medium with an extracting agent such as trioctyl phosphine oxide dissolved in an organic solvent such as a mixture of paraffins having a boiling range of about 160.degree. C. to 175.degree. C.

Abstract: New economically valuable and convenient methods for preparing bromoacetic acid and its esters from chloroacetic acid are disclosed.