Abstract: Chemical processes are disclosed that act to both regenerate and create new catalyst for iron salt catalyzed Kharasch coupling reactions during the process of creating halogenated hydrocarbons. Such processes include loading a reactor with a quantity of Fe(0) metal such as iron wire, supplying CCl4 to the reactor, supplying a phosphate compound to the reactor, supplying an alkene to the reactor, and supplying a carbonyl of Fe(0) to the reactor.

Abstract: A structure and a method for mounting thermocouple on an intermetallic compounds such as TiAl by suppressing occurrence of cracks are provided. A thermocouple mounting structure is provided with a substrate, a coating formed on the substrate and a foil joined on the coating, and sandwiches a thermocouple between the substrate and the foil. A thermocouple mounting method includes forming a coating on a substrate and welding a foil on the coating, and the welding includes arranging a thermocouple so that the substrate and the foil sandwiches the thermocouple. Occurrence of cracks in the substrate formed with intermetallic compounds can be suppressed by providing a thermal spray coating between the substrate and the foil.

Abstract: The invention provides compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: The compounds, compositions, methods and kits of the invention are useful for the treatment of pain, itch, and neurogenic inflammation.

Abstract: To provide a method for recovering an acid of an anionic fluorinated emulsifier with a high yield from a basic ion exchange resin having a nonionic surfactant physically adsorbed thereon and having the anionic fluorinated emulsifier adsorbed thereon. A method for eluting and recovering an acid of an anionic fluorinated emulsifier from a basic ion exchange resin having a nonionic surfactant physically adsorbed thereon and having the anionic fluorinated emulsifier adsorbed thereon, which comprises a step (1) of bringing the basic ion exchange resin into contact with a water-soluble organic solvent and a step (2) of recovering the acid of the anionic fluorinated emulsifier from the basic ion exchange resin from which the ionic surfactant is eluted in the step (1).

Abstract: To address the problem of insufficient biodegradability of perfluorinated surfactants, the present invention provides biodegradable fluorosurfactants derived from olefins having —CHR, —CHRf, —CHF, and/or —CH2 groups, where R is an alkyl group and Rf is a perfluoro or fluroroalkyl group. Preferably, the —CHR, —CHRf, —CHF, and/or —CH2 groups are contained within partially fluorinated alkenes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to fluorocarbon vectors for the delivery of antigens to immunoresponsive target cells. It further relates to fluorocarbon vector-antigen constructs and the use of such vectors associated with antigens as vaccines and immunotherapeutics in animals.

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of difluoroacetic acid from tetrafluoroethylene. The process comprises reacting tetrafluoroethylene with an aqueous solution of an inorganic base, optionally in the presence of an organic solvent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a halogenoacetyl fluoride and the derivatives thereof. The inventive method for preparing a halogenoacetyl fluoride acid is characterized in that said method includes: a step of preparing a halogenoacetyl halide by photo-oxidation of a halogenoethylene compound in conditions such that the transformation rate of the halogenoethylene compound into halogenoacetyl halide is no higher than 80%, producing a reaction mixture essentially including halogenoacetyl halide and the excess halogenoethylene compound; a step of partial fluorination of the mixture obtained by reacting the latter with hydrofluoric acid suitable for obtaining a mixture of halogenoacetyl fluoride and the excess halogenoethylene compound; a step of separating the halogenoacetyl fluoride and the excess halogenoethylene compound. The invention can be used, specifically, for preparing the trichloroacetyl fluoride used as an intermediate species in the production of trifluoroacetic acid.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for converting acrylate esters or a derivative thereof to difluoropropionic acid or a derivative thereof. This process is generally performed using fluorine gas in a hydrofluorocarbon solvent.

Abstract: An adsorption process in which high adsorption of C2-C6 fluorine-containing compound can be attained without any morphological change thereof by the use of active carbon; and a desorption process in which active carbon and adsorbed substances can be recycled by desorption from active carbon. A liquid containing the C2-C6 fluorine-containing compound is brought into contact with active carbon to thereby cause the active carbon to adsorb the fluorine-containing compound and thus obtain a liquid of low fluorine-containing compound content. The active carbon having the adsorbed fluorine-containing compound is heated so as to desorb the fluorine-containing compound from the active carbon.

Abstract: The subject of the present invention is a method for separating a carboxylic acid in salified form bearing at least one halogen atom at the ? position of the carbonyl group from a medium comprising it.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing difluoracetonitrile and the derivatives thereof. The method for preparing difluoroacetonitrile according to the invention is characterized in that it includes reacting halogenodifluoromethane and a source of cyanide anions in an alkaline medium.

Abstract: A process for preparing a fluorocarboxylic acid, which includes a dehydration step of removing from a mixture containing a fluorocarboxylic acid and water at least a part of the water to obtain a dehydrated fluorocarboxylic acid solution, and a purification step of purifying the dehydrated fluorocarboxylic acid solution.

Abstract: An adsorption process in which high adsorption of C2-C6 fluorine-containing compound can be attained without any morphological change thereof by the use of active carbon; and a desorption process in which active carbon and adsorbed substances can be recycled by desorption from active carbon. A liquid containing the C2-C6 fluorine-containing compound is brought into contact with active carbon to thereby cause the active carbon to adsorb the fluorine-containing compound and thus obtain a liquid of low fluorine-containing compound content. The active carbon having the adsorbed fluorine-containing compound is heated so as to desorb the fluorine-containing compound from the active carbon.

Abstract: The present invention provides peroxidic fluoropolyether and a fluorine-containing dispersion obtained from polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers in the presence of peroxidic fluoropolyether as a surfactant. The peroxidic fluoropolyether can be used as surfactant for producing aqueous dispersion of fluorine-containing monomer in place of PFOA or the salts thereof. Thus the amount of PFOA or the salts thereof is reduced and the natural environment is protected. In addition, applying peroxidic fluoropolyether as surfactant and combining it with adjuvants, such as initiator, can induce the reaction moderate and can be beneficial to the polymerization control, thus reducing the amount of initiator or shortening the reaction time.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing unsaturated carboxylic acid represented by formula (1), wherein R1 represents a polymerizable double-bond containing group, R3 represents a fluorine atom or fluorine-containing alkyl group, and W represents a bivalent linking group. This compound can provide a fluorine-containing polymer compound that has a weight-average molecular weight of 1,000-1,000,000 and contains a repeating unit represented by formula (2), wherein R3 and W are defined as above, each of R4, R5 and R6 independently represents a hydrogen atom, fluorine atom or monovalent organic group, at least two of R4, R5 and R6 may be combined to form a ring. This polymer compound can provide a chemically amplified resist composition that is transparent to KrF or ArF excimer laser light and has a high resolution and is capable of forming a pattern having a rectangular section with no swelling.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a carbon dioxide absorbent, an ionic liquid obtained by reacting amide and an organic acid and a method of using the same. The amidium-based ionic liquid of the present invention has excellent CO2 absorption capability, which is hardly reduced even with repeated use, is easy to synthesize and has low manufacturing cost thus being useful as a CO2 absorbent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing difluoroacetic acid and the salts thereof. The invention also relates to the preparation of difluoroacetyl fluoride used as an intermediate product in the preparation of difluoroacetic acid. The method for preparing difluoroacetic acid according to the invention is characterized in that the same comprises the step of preparing difluoroacetyl fluoride by reacting dichloroacetyl chloride with hydrofluoric acid in a gaseous phase and in the presence of a chromium-based catalyst, followed by the step of hydrolysing the difluoroacetyl fluoride thus obtained.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a halogenoacetyl fluoride and the derivatives thereof. The inventive method for preparing a halogenoacetyl fluoride acid is characterised in that said method includes: a step of preparing a halogenoacetyl halide by photo-oxidation of a halogenoethylene compound in conditions such that the transformation rate of the halogenoethylene compound into halogenoacetyl halide is no higher than 80%, producing a reaction mixture essentially including halogenoacetyl halide and the excess halogenoethylene compound; a step of partial fluorination of the mixture obtained by reacting the latter with hydrofluoric acid suitable for obtaining a mixture of halogenoacetyl fluoride and the excess halogenoethylene compound; a step of separating the halogenoacetyl fluoride and the excess halogenoethylene compound. The invention can be used, specifically, for preparing the trichloroacetyl fluoride used as an intermediate species in the production of trifluoroacetic acid.

Abstract: A method for preparing difluoroacetic acid is described. The method can include: reacting a difluoroacetic acid ester with an aliphatic carboxylic acid which, after transesterification, results in the formation of difluoroacetic acid and the corresponding carboxylic acid ester, the carboxylic acid being selected such that the ester of the carboxylic acid has a lower boiling point than that of difluoroacetic acid; and removing the ester of the carboxylic acid by distillation as the ester forms, thus enabling the difluoroacetic acid to be recovered.

Abstract: A polyfluoroalkane carboxylic acid represented by the following general formula: CnF2n+1(CH2CF2)m(CF2CF2)l?1CF2COOM (M: an alkali metal, a NH4 group or H; n: an integer of 1 to 6; m: an integer of 1 to 4; and l: 1 or 2) can be produced by hydrolysis reaction of polyfluoroalkane carboxylic acid fluoride represented by the following general formula: CnF2n+1(CH2CF2)m(CF2CF2)l?1CF2COF, where its carboxylic acid salt can be formed as an alkali metal salt, or a NH4 salt. The polyfluoroalkane carboxylic acid (or its salt) can act as a surfactant having distinguished monomer emulsifiability and latex stability when used as an emulsifying agent or as a dispersing agent for polymerization reaction of fluorine-containing monomers, or as an effective surfactant capable of enhancing the micelles solubility of fluorine-containing monomers such as vinylidene fluoride, etc., when used as an emulsifying agent or a dispersing agent for homopolymerization or copolymerization reaction of vinylidene fluoride.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of using optimal PET tracers for diagnosing head and neck cancer. Non-invasive methods for assessing tumor perfusion and oxidative metabolism for in vivo imaging with PET tracers that are suitable for uses in radiation therapy (RT) in head and neck cancer and evaluation of salivary gland function are provided. A pharmaceutical comprising the PET tracer and a kit for the preparation of the pharmaceutical are provided as well.

Abstract: A polyfluoroalkane carboxylic acid represented by the following general formula: CnF2n+1(CH2CF2)m(CF2CF2)l?1CF2COOM (M: an alkali metal, a NH4 group or H; n: an integer of 1 to 6; m: an integer of 1 to 4; and l: 1 or 2) can be produced by hydrolysis reaction of polyfluoroalkane carboxylic acid fluoride represented by the following general formula: CnF2n+1(CH2CF2)m(CF2CF2)l?1CF2COF , where its carboxylic acid salt can be formed as an alkali metal salt, or a NH4 salt. The polyfluoroalkane carboxylic acid (or its salt) can act as a surfactant having distinguished monomer emulsificability and latex stability when used as an emulsifying agent or as a dispersing agent for polymerization reaction of fluorine-containing monomers, or as an effective surfactant capable of enhancing the micelles solubility of fluorine-containing monomers such as vinylidene fluoride, etc., when used as an emulsifying agent or a dispersing agent for homopolymerization or copolymerization reaction of vinylidene fluoride.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropane, wherein a novel compound, 2-methoxy-2-trifluoromethyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid or a salt thereof is decarboxylated, or wherein an olefin compound represented by chemical formula (4): CF2?C(CF3)(OCH3) is reacted with a fluorinating agent; and a process for producing 2-methoxy-2-trifluoromethyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid or a salt thereof by reacting a hydroxycarboxylic ester with a methylating agent and then hydrolyzing the reaction product, or hydrolyzing the hydroxycarboxylic ester and then reacting the resulting product with a methylating agent. In accordance with the invention, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropane, which is useful as a raw material for, for example, the anesthetic Sevoflurane, can be produced efficiently and at low cost.

Abstract: The subject of the present invention is a method for separating a carboxylic acid in salified form bearing at least one halogen atom at the ? position of the carbonyl group from a medium comprising it.

Abstract: Compounds represented by formula (Rf-Q-X)s—Z. Each Rf is independently a partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated group selected from Rfa-(O)r—CHF—(CF2)n—; [Rfb-(O)tC(L)H—CF2—O]m—W—; CF3CFH—O—(CF2)p—; CF3—(O—CF2)z—; and CF3—O—(CF2)3—O—CF2—. Methods of reducing surface tension of a liquid, making foams, and treating a surface using the compounds are also disclosed.

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I): are disclosed. In these compounds Y is —CH(OH)—, —CH(NHR6)—, —C(=0)-, —CH?CHCO— or—formula (II)—and R1 and R2 are hydrogen, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, benzyloxy and aryl, and, when Y is —CH(OH)—, additionally alkenyl or alkynyl. Processes for the production of these compounds are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for preparing a fluorocarboxylic acid, which includes a dehydration step of removing from a mixture containing a fluorocarboxylic acid and water at least a part of the water to obtain a dehydrated fluorocarboxylic acid solution, and a purification step of purifying the dehydrated fluorocarboxylic acid solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing difluoroacetic acid and the salts thereof. The invention also relates to the preparation of difluoroacetyl fluoride used as an intermediate product in the preparation of difluoroacetic acid. The method for preparing difluoroacetic acid according to the invention is characterised in that the same comprises the step of preparing difluoroacetyl fluoride by reacting dichloroacetyl chloride with hydrofluoric acid in a gaseous phase and in the presence of a chromium-based catalyst, followed by the step of hydrolysing the difluoroacetyl fluoride thus obtained.

Abstract: The invention provides a fluorinated surfactant having the general formula: [Rf—(O)t—CHF—(CF2)n—COO—]iXi+??(I) wherein Rf represents a partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group optionally interrupted with one or more oxygen atoms, t is 0 or 1 and n is 0 or 1, Xi+ represents a cation having a valence i and i is 1, 2 or 3. The surfactant can be used in emulsion polymerization of fluoromonomers to prepare fluoropolymers.

Abstract: The composition for preventing development-defects containing (1) an ammonium salt, a tetraalkylammonium salt or a C1 to C4 alkanolamine salt of C4 to C15 perfluoroalkylcarboxylic acid, C4 to C10 perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid and perfluoroadipic acid, or (2) a fluorinated alkyl quaternary ammonium salt of inorganic acid, wherein said surfactant is formed at the equivalent ratio of acid to base of 1:1-1:3 is applied on a chemically amplified photoresist coating on a substrate having a diameter of 8 inches or more. The chemically amplified photoresist coating is baked before and/or after applying the composition for preventing development-defects described above. Then, the baked coating with the development-defect preventing composition coating is exposed to light, post-exposure-baked, and developed.

Abstract: A polyfluorinated compound is provided inclusive of at least one 18F atom having a formula: CF3(CF2)nR1??(I) where R1 is —C(O)OR2, —C(O)N(R3)2, C—N(R3)2, —C(NR3)R2, C-QR3, -QR3, —N+(R3)3, X, C1-C30 alkyl, C1-C30 haloalkyl, C1-C30 alkoxyl, or C1-C30 perhaloalkyl; R2 is MZ+, H, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 perhalo alkyl, C6-C30 aryl, C6-C30 perhaloaryl, and a substituted form thereof where one or more protons or halogens is replaced with a plasma solubility enhancing moiety of —N+(R3)3, —SO3H, —SO2N(R3)2, or -QR3; R3 is independently in each occurrence MZ+, —SO3H, —SO2N(R3)2, or -QR3; Q is O or S; MZ+ is a cation that forms a net neutral compound with an anionic (CF3(CF2)nC(O)O?)Z and is an alkali metal cation, an alkali earth cation, a transition metal cation, ammonium, and aluminum cations; Z is an integer value of between 1 and 3 inclusive; X is a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom; halo denotes a replacement of at least one and not all protons with X; perhalo denotes a replacement of all pro

Abstract: The invention provides a method for recovery of a fluorinated anionic surfactant from a basic anion exchange resin having quaternary ammonium groups, the method comprising eluting the anion exchange resin with a composition comprising an ammonium salt and a water miscible organic solvent. The method according to the invention may provide one or more of the following advantages. For example, the method can be designed to allow for recovery of substantially all of the fluorinated surfactant from a basic anion exchange resin having quaternary ammonium groups. Also, the liquid used for recovering the surfactant from the anion exchange resin is a simple liquid that can be readily and cost effectively manufactured. Further the process may be carried out in a convenient and easy manner. Furthermore, the method generally does not require large amounts of the eluting composition.

Abstract: A perfluoroctanoic acid or a salt or an ester thereof; perfluorosuberic acid, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluorobutanoic acid or perfluoropropionic acid or a salt or an ester any thereof; or perfluoroctane are useful in treating diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolaemia, hyperlipidaemia, cancer, inflammation or other conditions in which modulation of lipid or eicosanoid status or function may be desirable.

Abstract: The invention provides a fluoroethercarboxylic acid which is represented by the general formula (I): Rf1OCHFCF2ORf2COOM??(I) wherein Rf1 represents a partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group, which may optionally be interrupted with one or more oxygen atoms, Rf2 represents a partially or fully fluorinated alkylene group, which may optionally be interrupted with one or more oxygen atoms, and M represents a monovalent alkali metal, NH4 or H. The fluoroethercarboxylic acid can be suitably used as a surfactant and is low in bioaccumulation. The invention is also a method of fluoropolymer production and an aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion, using the fluoroethercarboxylic acid as a surfactant.

Abstract: An adsorption process in which high adsorption of C2-C6 fluorine-containing compound can be attained without any morphological change thereof by the use of active carbon; and a desorption process in which active carbon and adsorbed substances can be recycled by desorption from active carbon. A liquid containing the C2-C6 fluorine-containing compound is brought into contact with active carbon to thereby cause the active carbon to adsorb the fluorine-containing compound and thus obtain a liquid of low fluorine-containing compound content. The active carbon having the adsorbed fluorine-containing compound is heated so as to desorb the fluorine-containing compound from the active carbon.

Abstract: The invention provides a compound which is useful in production of a fluoropolymer and easy to be removed from the produced fluoropolymer, a method of producing the compound, and a method of producing a fluoropolymer using the compound. The invention provides a compound which is represented by Rf1—CH2O—CF2—CHF—Rf2—X, wherein Rf1 represents a fluoroalkyl group containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms, Rf2 represents a fluoroalkylene group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms, X represents —COOM or —SO3M, and M represents one of H, K, Na, and NH4.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of recovering a fluorinated acid surfactant or salt thereof from adsorbent particles to which said fluorinated acid surfactant has been adsorbed. The method comprises mixing adsorbent particles having adsorbed fluorinated acid surfactant or salt thereof with an alcohol and optionally an acid. The mixture is generally heated to cause esterification of the fluorinated acid surfactant or salt thereof with the alcohol so as to form an ester derivative of the fluorinated acid surfactant, distilling the mixture to form a distillate comprising the ester derivative, separating the ester derivative from the distillate and optionally feeding the remainder of the distillate back into the mixture.

Abstract: A process for preparing a fluoropolymer dispersion that is substantially anionic fluorinated surfactant free includes adding to a fluoropolymer dispersion a nonionic surfactant having a cloud point (CP) between 40 and 80° C. in a concentration of 1.5% to 50% by weight of the fluoropolymer, heating the dispersion up to a temperature Tc in a range of CP±10°C., decanting the dispersion in a reactor at Tc until obtaining a lower aqueous phase containing a concentrated fluoropolymer dispersion and an upper aqueous phase substantially not containing the fluoropolymer dispersion, washing the decanted dispersion with a solution of water and nonionic surfactant having a concentration of the nonionic surfactant of 0.5% to 50% by weight of the fluoropolymer, removing the upper aqueous phase from the upper part of the reactor, and discharge and recovery of the fluoropolymer dispersion.

Abstract: A simple and efficient method for regenerating a basic anion-exchange resin, whereby at the time of removing a fluorinated emulsifier from a basic anion-exchange resin having the fluorinated emulsifier adsorbed thereon, it is unnecessary to provide a safety device/recovery technique necessary for handling an organic solvent by the use of a combustible organic solvent represented by an alcohol, and a burden imposed by e.g. treatment against COD load, is eliminated. A basic anion-exchange resin having a fluorinated emulsifier adsorbed thereon is contacted with an aqueous alkaline solution having a temperature of from 60 to 105° C. to elute the fluorinated emulsifier thereby to regenerate the basic anion-exchange resin.

Abstract: The present invention provides polymerization initiators and uses thereof.

Abstract: The invention provides novel amino acid compounds of use in detecting and evaluating brain and body tumors. These compounds combine the advantageous properties of ?-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) analogs namely, their rapid uptake and prolonged retention in tumors with the properties of halogen substituents, including certain useful halogen isotopes such as fluorine-18, iodine-123, iodine-124, iodine-125, iodine-131, bromine-75, bromine-76, bromine-77, bromine-82, astatine-210, astatine-211, and other astatine isotopes. In addition the compounds can be labeled with technetium and rhenium isotopes using known chelation complexes. The amino acid compounds disclosed herein have a high specificity for target sites when administered to a subject in vivo. The labeled amino acid compounds are useful as imaging agents in detecting and/or monitoring tumors in a subject by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT).

Abstract: The use of calcium trifluoroacetate for the preparation of a drug for the treatment of plasma cell neoplasias, particularly multiple myeloma.

Abstract: Provided are a fluorous-tag-introduced fluoroamine of a general formula (I), its production method, a method of fluorination of a substrate having functional group containing oxygen with the fluoroamine serving as a fluorinating agent, and a method of recovering a fluorous-tag-introduced amide after the fluorination. The fluoroamine and its production method, as well as the fluorination method with the fluoroamine and the method of recovery of a fluorous-tag-introduced amide are ecological and advantageous in industrial use, as the load for separating and collecting the product after the fluorination with the fluoroamine serving as a fluorinating agent is small. (In the formula, R0 is an alkyl group or an aryl group having substituent(s) of Rf—(CH2)m—; Rf is a perfluoroalkyl group; m is from 0 to 2; R1 and R2 each are an alkyl group or an aryl group.

Abstract: Ammonium perfluorooctanoate—also called APFO, PFOA or C8—is a surfactant associated with the production of Teflon®, and is also present in products such as fire-fighting foams and may be formed from the microbial degradation of grease-resistant coatings applied to items such as pizza boxes. APFO itself does not hydrolyze, photolyze, or biodegrade under environmental conditions and is biologically additive. A process by which APFO may be removed and recovered from water by electrosorption is discovered. Removal and recovery by electrosorption form an inexpensive and environmentally friendly method of removal and recovery of APFO.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fluorination method for the synthesis of halofluoroorganic compounds which can be used, inter alia, as precursors in the synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated fluoroorganic carbonyl compounds comprising a fluorine substituent in the 2 position.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing compounds useful as raw materials for various fluororesins in high yields in few steps from inexpensive and readily available starting materials. The following compound (1) and the following compound (2) are reacted to form the following compound (3), then the compound (3) is fluorinated in a liquid phase to form the following compound (4), and the ester bonds in the compound (4) are dissociated to form the compound (5), or the compound (5) and the compound (6). HOCH2-Q-O—(CH2)3—OH,??(1) CRBCOX,??(2) RBCOOCH2-Q-O—(CH2)3—OCORB,??(3) RBFCOOCF2-QF-O—(CF2)3—OCORBF,??(4) FCO-QF-O—(CF2)2—COF,??(5) RBFCOF.

Abstract: A process for preparing fluoropolymer dispersions, substantially free from anionic fluorinated surfactants, and with a coagulum amount <0.1% by weight, comprising: a) step a1) addition of: a non ionic surfactant having cloud point (CP) between 40° and 80° C., in an amount from 1.5% to 50% by weight on the dispersion fluoropolymer; and optionally an electrolyte to bring the specific conductivity of the dispersion to values in the range 130-8,000 ?S/cm; optionally a buffer agent to have a pH between 2 and 12 to a fluoropolymer dispersion obtainable by an emulsion polymerization process; step a2): heating of the dispersion obtained in a1) up to a temperature Tc in the range CP±10° C.; decantation without stirring, at the temperature Tc, until obtaining the dispersion separation in two aqueous phases, of which the lower one containing the fluoropolymer is discharged; b) step b1): the dispersion obtained in step a2) is optionally additioned of an electrolyte and of a non ionic surfactant as in a1).

Abstract: An improved aqueous soluble surfactant which has particular utility for incorporating in etchants for semiconductor devices is provided. The surfactant comprises a combination of a linear perfluorocarboxylic acid, a cyclic amine and an aliphatic alcohol.

Abstract: There is provided a process for producing a fluorinated vinyl ether from a fluorinated acid fluoride compound having an ester group as a precursor of a carboxylic acid group, or a SO2F group as a precursor of a sulfonic acid group, in high yield by simple operations. Said process is a production process comprising pyrolyzing a carboxylic acid potassium salt with a specific structure represented by the following formula in the absence of a solvent and/or while maintaining the salt in the solid state: wherein X is —CO2R or —SO2F, and R is an alkyl group.