Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for preparing lithium valproate and administering this compound to a subject in need of treatment with lithium and/or valproate. Pharmaceutical compositions are also provided that are useful therapies for the treatment of neurological, immunological, and viral-mediated disorders in warm-blooded mammals.

Abstract: A process for the oxidation of a C2 to C4 alkane to produce the corresponding alkene and carboxylic acid which process comprises separation of the alkene from a mixture of the alkene, the alkane and oxygen by absorption in a metallic salt solution, and recovery of an alkene-rich stream from the metallic salt solution. Integrated processes for the production of alkyl carboxylate and alkenyl carboxylate, which processes comprise oxidation of a C2 to C4 alkane to produce the corresponding alkene and carboxylic acid, separation of the alkene from a mixture of the alkene, the alkane and oxygen by absorption in a metallic salt solution, and recovery of an alkene-rich stream from the metallic salt solution for use in production of alkyl carboxylate or alkenyl carboxylate.

Abstract: A method of solvating metal ions in an aromatic organic liquid. The method includes adding an ammonium salt having an organic acid reagent to the aromatic organic liquid. The organic acid reagent comprises a carboxylate having eight (8) or less carbon atoms. Thereafter, an aqueous solution comprising a metal salt is added to the aromatic organic liquid comprising the ammonium salt and the organic acid reagent. As a result, at least 10% by weight of metal ions is solvated in the aromatic organic liquid.

Abstract: Processes for forming butyric acid are provided. In one process, maleic anhydride is formed by oxidizing a hydrocarbon containing gas. The maleic anhydride is then hydrogenated in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to form butyric acid. The selectivity of maleic anhydride to butyric acid is at least about 35 molar percent.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for hydrolytic cleavage of carboxylic esters and water into carboxylic acid and alcohol hydrolysis products. In the process, a portion of water required for hydrolysis is replaced by a recycled mixture of carboxylic acid and water from previously hydrolyzed carboxylic ester.

Abstract: A flowable nondigestible oil composition having a Consistency in a temperature range of 20° C. to 40° C. of less than about 600 P.sec(n-1). The flowable nondigestible oil contains a liquid polyol polyester having a complete melt point less than 37° C., and a solid polyol polyester having a complete melt point of at least about 37° C., wherein the solid polyol polyester contains a solid saturated polyol polyester capable of forming crystallized spherulites.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process to produce a purified carboxylic acid slurry. The process comprises removing impurities from a crystallized product in a solid liquid displacement zone to form the purified carboxylic acid slurry. The purified carboxylic acid slurry is further cooled in a cooling zone and subsequently filtered and dried in a filtration and drying zone. The process produces purified carboxylic acid product having good color and low impurity levels without the use of purification steps like hydrogenation or filtrate purge.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process to produce a purified carboxylic acid slurry. The process comprises removing impurities from a crystallized product in a solid liquid displacement zone to form the purified carboxylic acid slurry. The process produces purified carboxylic acid slurry having good color and low impurity levels without the use of purification steps like hydrogenation or an impurity removal process.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic acid metal salt obtained by reacting a saturated monocarboxylic acid or its salt and an inorganic magnesium compound. The saturated monocarboxylic acid or its salt contains at least 97 wt % of a saturated monocarboxylic acid having 4 to 10 carbon atoms or its salt, and the organic acid metal salt contains at least 99 wt % of an organic acid magnesium salt. This organic acid metal salt consists essentially of an organic acid magnesium salt, and has excellent solubility in an alcohol solvent or a mixed solvent containing at least 5 wt % of an alcohol solvent and excellent temporal stability when being formed into a coating liquid for forming a magnesium oxide film. A coating film obtained from this coating liquid has excellent uniformity and provides a highly transparent magnesium oxide film having a thickness suitable for practical use by baking.

Abstract: A process for preparing saturated carboxylic acids having from one to four carbon atoms by gas-phase oxidation, includes reacting 2-butanone with oxygen over a coated catalyst which is an inert nonporous support body and a catalytically active mixed oxide composition comprising (a) one or more oxides selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, tin dioxide and aluminum oxide, and (b) from 0.1% to 1.5% by weight, based on the weight of the component (a) and per m2/g of specific surface area of the component (a), of vanadium pentoxide, applied to the external surface of the support body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining anhydrous or substantially anhydrous formic acid, in which firstly aqueous formic acid is prepared by hydrolysis of methyl formate and is freed from water in the subsequent work-up. The process has the special feature that steam, which is employed for the hydrolysis of methyl formate and for heating a distillation column serving for work-up, is also used as stripping steam for waste-water stripping. The stripped waste water is produced during work-up.

Abstract: Acrylic acid is prepared by heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation of propane by a process in which the steam content of the reaction gas starting mixture is reduced in the course of the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining anhydrous or substantially anhydrous formic acid, in which firstly aqueous formic acid is produced by hydrolysis of methyl formate, with the methanol content in the methyl formate having been reduced in advance. The process according to the invention has the special feature that—before the hydrolysis of the methyl formate—the methanol content of the methanol-containing methyl formate is reduced in a distillation column, this distillation column simultaneously being employed for other separation functions during work-up of the formic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining anhydrous or substantially anhydrous formic acid in which, during the work-up, a compound of the general formula I where the radicals R1 and R2 are alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl groups, or R1 and R2 jointly, together with the N atom, form a heterocyclic 5- or 6-membered ring, and only one of the radicals is an aryl group, and where R3 is hydrogen or a C1-C4-alkyl group, is employed simultaneously as extractant for formic acid and as antifoam for a distillation process.

Abstract: This invention relates to salts of guanidine derivatives of formula R—X—C(═NH)NH3+Z−, wherein X represents a valence bond, —CH2—NH—, —CH2—NH—NH— or —CH═N—NH—; R represents a linear or branched C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, tricyclodecyl, benzyl, furyl, pyridyl, anthracyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, perinaphthyl or quinuclidinyl residue, which can be substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, C1-C4 alkoxy groups, C1-C4 alkyl groups and/or one or more halogen atoms or one or more amino groups; Z represents O—CO—Y, O—S(O)2—Y, or O—P(O)(OH)—Y; and Y represents a linear or branched C1-C12 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, benzyl, furyl or pyridyl residue, which can be substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups, C1-C4 alkoxy groups, C1-C4 alkyl groups and/or one or more halogen atoms or one or more amino groups.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of cleaving lactones optionally having functional groups to give carboxylic acids, where the corresponding lactone is reacted with hydrogen with catalysis by a compound of a metal of group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements which has been modified with organophosphines. The process is preferably carried out in a two-phase system using catalysts which have water-soluble phosphine ligands. The reaction is particularly suitable for cleavage 2-ethylidene-6-hepten-5-olide to give ethylidene-6-heptenecarboxylic acid or isomers thereof. This carboxylic acid can be hydrogenated in a manner known per se to give 2-ethylheptanoic acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic acid metal salt obtained by reacting a saturated monocarboxylic acid or its salt and an inorganic magnesium compound. The saturated monocarboxylic acid or its salt contains at least 97 wt % of a saturated monocarboxylic acid having 4 to 10 carbon atoms or its salt, and the organic acid metal salt contains at least 99 wt % of an organic acid magnesium salt. This organic acid metal salt consists essentially of an organic acid magnesium salt, and has excellent solubility in an alcohol solvent or a mixed solvent containing at least 5 wt % of an alcohol solvent and excellent temporal stability when being formed into a coating liquid for forming a magnesium oxide film. A coating film obtained from this coating liquid has excellent uniformity and provides a highly transparent magnesium oxide film having a thickness suitable for practical use by baking.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing compounds which contain at least one molecule valproic acid salt and at least one molecule valproic acid. The valproic acid salt represents alkali or alkaline earth salt. Valproic acid is directly converted with the calculated amount of the corresponding alkali carbonate or earth alkaline carbonate and/or the calculated amount of the corresponding alkali bicarbonate or earth alkaline bicarbonate without adding a solvent and at a temperature that is higher than the melting temperature of valproic acid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process to produce a purified carboxylic acid slurry. The process comprises removing impurities from a crystallized product in a solid liquid displacement zone to form the purified carboxylic acid slurry. The purified carboxylic acid slurry is further cooled in a cooling zone and subsequently filtered and dried in a filtration and drying zone. The process produces purified carboxylic acid product having good color and low impurity levels without the use of purification steps like hydrogenation or filtrate purge.

Abstract: A method for production of pivalic acid comprising the steps of: (a) reacting isobutylene, carbon monoxide, and a first catalyst to produce a reaction mixture; (b) contacting the reaction mixture with water, thereby producing a crude acid product having pivalic acid and oligomeric neo-carboxylic acid; (c) then separating the pivalic acid and the oligomeric neo-carboxylic acid from the crude acid product; (d) then reacting the oligomeric neo-carboxylic acid with a source of carbon monoxide at a temperature of less than 200° C. in the presence of a second catalyst to produce a C5 carbocation product, wherein the first and second catalyst are either the same or different; and (e) reacting the C5 carbocation product with water; thereby producing pivalic acid having an overall yield of at least 80 wt. %.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of formic acid, comprising the following steps: a) hydrolysis of methyl formate to give a mixture of water, formic acid, methanol and excess methyl formate; b) removal of the methanol and excess methyl formate from the mixture of water, formic acid, methanol and excess methyl formate by distillation to give aqueous formic acid; c) extraction of the aqueous formic acid with at least one formic acid ester to give a mixture of said at least one formic acid ester and formic acid; d) separation of said at least one formic acid ester and formic acid by distillation. The process according to the invention enables gentle preparation of formic acid. Only very slight decomposition of formic acid occurs, and the formic acid exhibits only a slight corrosion action under the reaction conditions according to the invention.

Abstract: A process for preparing 3,3-dimethylbutyric acid includes the steps of reacting trimethylpyruvic acid with a first portion of hydrazine to obtain a ketazine, and treating the ketazine with base and a second portion of hydrazine.

Abstract: A process for the solid-phase synthesis of salts of organic acids in a granular, free-flowing, and dust-free form particularly suited for use as animal feed additives. A mixture of liquid organic acids, including butyric acid, is applied to an inert, absorbent carrier. A solid base is then added during stirring. The acid is slowly released from the carrier preventing the fast reactions that lead to the formation of clumps. The exothermic reaction releases heat which assists in reducing the moisture content of the product. The addition of butyric acid results in a product which has an improved effect on animal growth over the animal feed additive without the addition of butyric acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for catalytically hydrogenating unsaturated phytosterol compounds. The catalyst used for such hydrogenation is an alumina-supported transition metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium and mixtures thereof. The process involves the following steps.

Abstract: A process for producing a calcium carboxylate comprising contacting a nitrile compound, a calcium compound selected from calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or mixtures thereof, and water at a temperature of about 90° C. to about 250° C. at a sufficient pressure and for a sufficient time to produce a reaction mixture comprising calcium carboxylate.

Abstract: A process for producing a calcium carboxylate comprising contacting a nitrile compound, a calcium compound selected from calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or mixtures thereof, and water at a temperature of about 90° C. to about 250° C. at a sufficient pressure and for a sufficient time to produce a reaction mixture comprising calcium carboxylate.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of sodium divalproate by reacting valproic acid and sodium methoxide in an inert solvent, azeotropically removing the formed methanol.

Abstract: A process for recovering carboxylic acids from an aqueous mixture such as a fermentation broth using a solvent containing at least one olefin without the need for first removing the spent microorganism cells is provided. A co-solvent which increases the partition coefficient of the solvent relative to the carboxylic acid may optionally be included.

Abstract: A method of making a cesium salt is described and involves reacting a cesium sulfate containing solution with lime to form 1) a solution containing at least cesium hydroxide and 2) a residue comprising calcium sulfate. The method further involves removing the residue from the solution and converting the cesium hydroxide that is present in the solution to at least one type of cesium salt. The present invention further relates to uses of the cesium salt as well as methods of making cesium hydroxide using lime. Also, methods of making alkali metal salts and alkali metal hydroxides are also described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to racemic propylisopropyl acetic acid and propylisopropyl acetamide and their isomers in their racemic and stereospecific forms, for use in treatment of neurological and psychotic disorders, and affective disorders and to treat pain, headaches and migraines.

Abstract: The invention provides novel compounds of the Formula (I) that stimulate rates of glucose oxidation in myocardial cells.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the conversion of an extracted carboxylic acid to a non-ionized derivative thereof, comprising contacting a carboxylic acid containing aqueous solution with a water-insoluble amine solvent, to recover acid therefrom and to form an extract carrying amine-bound carboxylic acid, characterized in that said extract is contacted with a concentrated aqueous solution of said same acid of high concentration, whereby additional acid is transferred to said extract to form a loaded extract and said loaded extract is reacted to form a non-ionized derivative of said acid, by reactions known per se, whereby said acid is converted into a non-ionised derivative form and said amine solvent is liberated for recycling.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of cleaving lactones optionally having functional groups to give carboxylic acids, where the corresponding lactone is reacted with hydrogen with catalysis by a compound of a metal of group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements which has been modified with organophosphines. The process is preferably carried out in a two-phase system using catalysts which have water-soluble phosphine ligands.

Abstract: A process for preparing 3,3-dimethylbutyric acid includes the steps of reacting trimethylpyruvic acid with a first portion of hydrazine to obtain a ketazine, and treating the ketazine with base and a second portion of hydrazine.

Abstract: A compound useful as a cocatalyst or cocatalyst component, especially for use as an addition polymerization catalyst compound, corresponding to the formula: (A*+a)b(Z*J*j)−cd, wherein:

Abstract: Novel salts of N-tert-butylhydroxylamine with lower carboxylic acids are disclosed, together with processes for their preparation. The salts possess advantageous properties that render them useful in synthesis.

Abstract: Method for obtaining BOLD MRI images with allosteric effector compounds are disclosed. Methods for the determination of tumor oxygenation and for an optimal time for initiating radiation therapy are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of sodium divalproate by reacting valproic acid and sodium methoxide in an inert solvent, azeotropically removing the formed methanol.

Abstract: For the removal of trace quantities of iodine-containing contaminants from corrosive liquid feed streams (e.g. commercial acetic acid), an adsorbent with distinct advantages over prior-art materials is provided. The overall treatment method involves the use of a suitable zeolite having a silica to alumina molar ratio from about 5 to less than 15 that has been cation-exchanged with an iodine-reactive metal. This inorganic adsorbent may be used in unbound form, or it can be bound with a substantially insoluble porous inorganic refractory metal oxide binder. Reactivation and regeneration techniques, which are generally incompatible with prior-art adsorbent materials, are also disclosed. In general, it is advantageous to pretreat the feed streams to remove the most easily separable contaminants (e.g. iodine, hydrogen iodide, and metal cations) and thereby reduce the iodine compound loading and detrimental effects of metals on the adsorbent. Thus, the expensive iodine reactive metal (e.g.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a stable, nondetergent composition based on fatty acids, in microemulsion form, for administration to humans or animals, comprising: from 5 to 30% by weight of one or more fatty acids with a free carboxylic acid function, as active ingredient; from 5 to 35% by weight of one or more surfactants; from 5 to 30% by weight of one or more C1-C12 alcohols, as cosurfactant; from 5 to 35% by weight of one or more water-soluble compounds with a carbonyl or hydroxyl function; and from 0 to 35% by weight of one or more water-immiscible compounds; the said composition having a pH of less than 6.5.

Abstract: A process for the oxidation of a C2 to C4 alkane to produce the corresponding alkene and carboxylic acid which process comprises contacting in an oxidation reaction zone, said alkane, molecular oxygen-containing gas, and optionally, at least one of the corresponding alkene and water, in the presence of at least two catalysts each active, with different selectivities, for the oxidation of the alkane to the corresponding alkene and carboxylic acid, to produce a product stream comprising said alkene, carboxylic acid and water, and in which process the molar ratio of alkene to carboxylic acid produced in said oxidation reaction zone is adjusted or maintained at a pre-determined value by controlling the relative proportions of the at least two catalysts in said oxidation reaction zone. Such an oxidation process may be used in an integrated process, such as for the manufacture of ethyl acetate or vinyl acetate.

Abstract: This invention employs camphorsultam as a chiral recoverable auxiliary to provide a new method for manufacturing valproic acid and valproic acid amides that facilitates the enantioselective or diasteroselective production of valproic acid analogs on a larger scale.

Abstract: A method of making a cesium salt is described and involves reacting a cesium sulfate containing solution with lime to form 1) a solution containing at least cesium hydroxide and 2) a residue comprising calcium sulfate. The method further involves removing the residue from the solution and converting the cesium hydroxide that is present in the solution to at least one type of cesium salt. The present invention further relates to uses of the cesium salt as well as methods of making cesium hydroxide using lime. Also, methods of making alkali metal salts and alkali metal hydroxides are also described.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel process for the removal and recovery of penicillin and organic acids from process streams and waste waters. The process of the present invention utilizes a combination of a supported liquid membrane (SLM) and a strip dispersion to improve extraction of the penicillin and organic acids while increasing membrane stability and reducing processing costs.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymer-supported carbonylation catalyst and its use in a process for preparing organic carboxylic acid or anhydride having n+1 carbon atoms. The invention relates also to a process for preparing organic carboxylic acid or anhydride having n+1 carbon atoms by carbonylating with monoxide, in the presence of the above-mentioned carbonylation catalyst, on alcohols having n carbon atoms, ethers having 2n carbon atoms or esters formed from said alcohols and acids. In particular, the invention relates to a process for preparing acetic acid by carbonylating methanol with carbon monooxide in the presence of said carbonylation catalyst. By using said carbonylation catalyst, the temperature for carbonylation can be lowered to about 160° C. with a reaction rate better than that of a traditional process, while the tendency of catalyst precipitation in the course of carbonylation can be improved also.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for recovering low-boiling acids from a concentrated solution of the calcium salt of the acid by treating the concentrated solution of calcium salts of the low-boiling acids with a high molecular weight tertiary amine and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A process for purification of (meth)acrylic acid which comprises adding to a crude (meth)acrylic acid one or two or more polar organic substances as a second component at a concentration of 1-35% by weight, crystallizing (meth)acrylic acid from the resulting (meth)acrylic acid solution, and separating the precipitated crystal of (meth)acrylic acid and a mother liquor from each other.

Abstract: The present invention relates to quaternary ammonium compounds and formulations thereof useful as cleaning compositions, antistatic compounds, fabric softeners, hair conditioners, skin conditioners, paper deinking and ink floatation, agents, and the like.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing one or more organic acids in high purity which process comprises (i) oxidizing in a liquid oxidation reactor one or more organic liquids with essentially pure oxygen or oxygen-enriched air containing at least about 50% oxygen, at a temperature sufficiently stable to prevent cycling of reaction rate, to produce a crude reaction product fluid, and (ii) refining said crude reaction product fluid to give said one or more organic acids in high purity. The oxidation temperature is preferably controlled to within about ±3° C. of a target temperature. The organic acids described herein is useful in a variety of applications, such as intermediates in the manufacture of chemical compounds, pharmaceutical manufacture and the like.

Abstract: Neurotrophic and antiproliferative compounds related to the antiepileptic drug valproate are provided. These compounds are useful for promoting neuronal function as in neurodegenerative disorders and for treating neoplastic disease.