Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of chemical compounds, compositions and processes. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to compositions having a high-loading capacity in an aqueous medium and to compositions, processes and uses thereof as silica coagulants in hydrometallurgical process streams.

Abstract: Described herein are poloxamer compositions for use as a shear protectant in cell culture and methods for preparing and using such compositions.

Abstract: This invention provides stable polyol compositions at all states and these compositions are stable for at least 24 hours, in some cases for more than 6 months. There is also provided polyol mixture compositions that may be uniformly blended under manufacturing conditions within a time period of less than eight hours, typically less than two hours, i.e., stable—polyol mixtures. The invention provides a composition and a method for making stable polyurethane foams. The polyol mixture comprises at least two polyols of different polyoxyethylene content, catalyst, at least one ethoxylated alcohol of the following formula: RO(CH2CH2O)nH, wherein R is C1-C31 linear or branched alkyl, n is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and wherein the at least one ethoxylated alcohol has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value equal to or greater than about 3.7.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lubricant base stock, lubricant formulations, a method of lubricating a rotating shaft within a stern tube and the use of a lubricant base stock. The base stock and lubricant formulations may be particularly suited for use in aqueous environments (including fresh water or salt water). A lubricant base stock comprising a first (EO)(PO)(EO) block co-polymer and a second (EO)(PO)(EO) block co-polymer which is different from the first (EO)(PO)(EO) block co-polymer in a marine lubricant formulation wherein the lubricant base stock has a density of at least 1028 kg/m3 at 20° C. and at most 1022 kg/m3 at 40° C. in particular is provided.

Abstract: A cleaning composition according to one embodiment includes a surfactant system comprising a nonionic surfactant in combination with an anionic surfactant; water present in an amount from 0 to about 40 wt % based on a total weight of the cleaning composition; a solvent system comprising a polyalcohol, the solvent system being present in an amount effective to solubilize the surfactant system in the water; and an enzyme present in an amount of less than about 15 wt %; wherein the cleaning composition is in a form of a water-in-oil emulsion, wherein the cleaning composition is characterized as exhibiting about a constant cleaning efficacy as measured using test procedure ASTM D4265 when the cleaning composition is added to 69 liters of exterior water in amounts ranging from about 9 to about 22 grams of cleaning composition. Methods for pretreating and cleaning laundry and nontextile surfaces are also presented.

Abstract: Disclosed is branched poly(trimethylene ether) polyols prepared from the acid catalyzed polycondensation reaction of 1,3-propanediol, and at least one triol comonomer selected from 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane and 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane. Also disclosed is a branched poly(trimethylene ether) polyol with an equivalent hydroxyl functionality of about 2.1 to about 3.2 and a Mn of about 200 to about 6000. The polyols are useful in the preparation of polyurethane rigid and flexible foams.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel glycerin ether ethoxylate solfactant compounds, compositions employing the same, and methods of using these compounds. Beneficially the compounds have efficacy as both solvents and surfactants with low foam and low viscosity. The compounds of the present invention can be used as antimicrobials and/or sanitizing agents in various formulations. The compounds of the present invention are also suitable for use as solvents and/or hydrotropes.

Abstract: The present invention provides polyols which can be obtained by a simple process. These polyols, unless explicitly specified, are to be understood to encompass both polyether polyols and polyether ester polyols. The invention further provides the simple process for the production of the polyols, and also, the production of polyurethanes comprising reacting a polyol according to the invention with a polyisocyanate.

Abstract: The present invention provides long chain, active polyether polyols which are characterized by a functionality of 2 to 6 and an equivalent weight of 1000 to 2200 Da. These long chain polyethers comprise the alkoxylation product of (1) a starter composition having an equivalent weight of 350 Da or less, with (2) one or more alkylene oxides, in which up to 20% of ethylene oxide may be added as a cap, in the presence of (3) at least one basic catalyst. Suitable starter compositions (1) comprise the alkoxylation product of (a) a low molecular weight polyether having a functionality of 3 and an equivalent weight of less than 350 Da, (b) at least one low molecular weight starter compound comprising glycerin, and (c) propylene oxide or a mixture of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, in the presence of (d) at least one double metal cyanide catalyst. A process for preparing these long chain polyether polyols is also disclosed.

Abstract: Low molecular weight polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols having a hydroxyl content of from about 3.4 to about 12.1% by weight, and OH numbers of from about 112 to about 400 are produced by a continuous process using a DMC catalyst. In the process of the present invention, oxyalkylation conditions are established in a continuous reactor in the presence of a DMC catalyst; alkylene oxide and a low molecular weight starter are continuously introduced into the continuous reactor; a partially oxyalkylated polyether polyol is recovered from the reactor; and the recovered partially oxyalkylated polyether polyol is allowed to further reactor until the unreacted alkylene oxide content of the mixture is reduced to 0.001% or less by weight. The alkoxylation of the present invention must be carried out a pressure sufficiently high to prevent deactivation of the DMC catalyst. Pressures of from 45 to 55 psia are preferred.

Abstract: A water-soluble surfactant composition is provided comprising (A) a glycidyl ether-capped acetylenic diol ethoxylate and (B) a polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether having an HLB of 8-18. When compounded in inks and paper coatings, the surfactant composition exerts improved foam controlling, dispersing, wetting and penetrating capabilities, is water soluble, and complies with high-speed printing and application conditions.

Abstract: A polyoxymethylene polymer is disclosed that contains long-chain alkylene glycol end groups. The polyoxymethylene polymer may be formed by using a Bis-oligo-alkylene glycol-formal as a chain transfer agent during production of the polymer. The end groups on the polyoxymethylene polymer may comprise ethylene oxide end groups and/or propylene oxide end groups. The resulting polymer has excellent flow characteristics and may be used as a flow additive for other thermoplastic polymers. Alternatively, the polymer may be used to form various molded articles with excellent tribological properties.

Abstract: Aqueous media for quenching metal substrates are provided and contain (i) a polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyvinylcaprolactam copolymer and (ii) one or more of a second polymer, which is selected from (a) a substituted oxazoline polymer; (b) a poly(oxyethylene-oxyalkylene) glycol; or (c) a polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer. The quenching bath provides reduced cooling rates through the martensite temperature ranges. Also provided are processes for quenching metal substrates using these quenching media.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of polyether ester polyols starting from fatty acid esters and starter compounds having Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atoms, and to their use in the production of solid or foamed polyurethane materials.

Abstract: Provided is a water-based lubricant comprising a hyperbranch-type polyglycerol having an absolute molecular weight of from 5,000 to 500,000. The water-based lubricant has a small friction coefficient and is excellent in lubrication performance and defoamability, as compared with conventional water-based lubricants comprising an ethylene/propylene oxide copolymer, and is favorable, for example, for a water-based metal processing agent and a hydraulic pressure fluid.

Abstract: A method of making a biobased-petrochemical hybrid polyol is provided. This method includes reacting a cyclic ether with a vegetable oil-based polyol in the presence of a cationic catalyst or a coordinative catalyst that includes a vegetable oil-based polyol ligand to form the biobased-petrochemical hybrid polyol. The biobased-petrochemical hybrid polyol that is created has a number average molecular weight of about 3,000 to about 6,000 and has a structure that is about 22% to about 36% biobased. In one aspect of the present invention, the cyclic ether is propylene oxide, and the propoxylated polyol formed from the propylene oxide and vegetable oil-based polyol is then reacted with ethylene oxide in the presence of a superacid catalyst to create a block copolymer with a terminal polyethylene oxide block having a high percentage of terminal primary hydroxyl groups.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel glycerin ether ethoxylate solfactant compounds, compositions employing the same, and methods of using these compounds. Beneficially the compounds have efficacy as both solvents and surfactants with low foam and low viscosity. The compounds of the present invention can be used as antimicrobials and/or sanitizing agents in various formulations. The compounds of the present invention are also suitable for use as solvents and/or hydrotropes.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved continuous process for the production of low molecular weight polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols. These polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols have a hydroxyl content of from about 3.4 to about 12.1% by weight, and may also be characterized as having an OH number of from about 112 to about 400. The process comprises establishing oxyalkylation conditions in a continuous reactor in the presence of a DMC catalyst; continuously introducing alkylene oxide and a low molecular weight starter into the continuous reactor; recovering a partially oxyalkylated polyether polyol from the reactor; and allowing the recovered partially oxyalkylated polyether polyol to further reactor until the unreacted alkylene oxide content of the mixture is reduced to 0.001% or less by weight.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of modified polyglycols for production of cooling and/or lubricating fluids, to novel cooling and/or lubricating fluids, to the use of the cooling and/or lubricating fluids in the removal of material, especially in the cutting of wafers, and to wafers produced with the aid of the cutting fluid.

Abstract: A polyether polyol composition comprising: a polyether polyol, a phosphoric acid compound selected from the group consisting of at least one of orthophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, polymetaphosphoric acid, and partial esters thereof in an amount raning from 0.5 to 100 ppm based on the polyether polyol metals derived from a composite metal cyanide complex catalyst in an amount ranging from 1 to 30 ppm based on the polyether polyol; a method for producing this polyether polyol composition; and methods of making polyurethane or isocyanate group-terminated prepolymers.

Abstract: A method for producing a polyoxyalkylene derivative represented by the following general formula (1): Z(OA)n-OH]m??(1) wherein Z is a residue of glycerin or diglycerin, OA is an oxyalkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, n is an average number of moles of the oxyalkylene group added and is 80 to 800, and m is 3 to 4, the method comprising steps (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), and (F) defined in the present description.

Abstract: Novel synthetic routes, which are highly applicable for industrial preparation of therapeutically beneficial oxidized phospholipids are disclosed. Particularly, novel methods for efficiently preparing compounds having a glycerolic backbone and one or more oxidized moieties attached to the glycerolic backbone, which are devoid of column chromatography are disclosed. Further disclosed are novel methods of introducing phosphorous-containing moieties such as phosphate moieties to compounds having glycerolic backbone and intermediates firmed thereby.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a method for producing a polyalkylene oxide, which is capable of improving reduction in reactivity of a double metal cyanide complex catalyst in the case that a low molecular weight initiator is used, and producing the polyalkylene oxide with high productivity at low cost. The method for producing a polyalkylene oxide comprises carrying out a ring-opening addition reaction of an alkylene oxide with an initiator having at least one hydroxy group and having a molecular weight of not more than 300 per hydroxy group in the presence of a double metal cyanide complex catalyst in an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent is used in an amount of 500 to 1,500 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the alkylene oxide used at the start of the reaction.

Abstract: A process for preparing polyoxymethylene homopolymers or copolymers (7) by homopolymerization or copolymerization of trioxane, starting from methanol (1), in which methanol (1) is oxidized in a first reactor in a first production plant (A) to give an aqueous formaldehyde-comprising stream (2) which is fed to a second production plant (B) in which pure trioxane (6) is obtained and removal of low boilers (5) by distillation is carried out and the pure trioxane (6) is fed to a third production plant (C) in which it is homopolymerized or copolymerized to form polyoxymethylene homopolymers or copolymers (7), wherein the low boiler stream (5) from the low boiler removal column (K 2) is recycled to the feed stream into the first reactor in the first production plant (A), is proposed.

Abstract: A process for preparing polyaryl ethers in which a polycondensation of the monomer building blocks is carried out using microwave irradiation leads to thermoplastic molding compositions having improved color properties.

Abstract: A method wherein the separability between a polyether phase and a water phase is improved when a water-soluble compound is extracted and removed from a polyether containing the water-soluble compound with water is provided. The method comprises producing a polyether including a step of extracting and removing a water-soluble compound from a polyether containing the water-soluble compound with water, wherein the step includes at least an operation of separating a water phase from a polyether phase at a temperature of 50° C.

Abstract: A polyether is synthesized by ring opening polymerization of an alkylene oxide with an initiator having at least one hydroxyl group, in the presence of a double metal cyanide complex catalyst, then a powder of an inorganic adsorbent containing at least 50 vol % of fine particles having a particle size of at most 26 ?m and further containing at least 90 vol % of fine particles having a particle size of at most 44 ?m, is added to the crude polyether, and a metal derived from the above double metal cyanide complex catalyst is adsorbed on the powder, followed by separating the powder from the crude polyether.

Abstract: Polyether polyols having equivalent weights of up to 500 are continuously prepared in the presence of a double metal cyanide catalyst. A first step of the reaction is performed at a temperature of at least 1500 C, while controlling the hydroxyl content and unreacted alkylene oxide content of the reaction mixture to within certain ranges. A portion of that reaction mixture is withdrawn and permitted to react non-isothermally to consume the unreacted alkylene oxide. This process is highly efficient, does not result in catalyst deactivation, as is commonly seen in previous processes, and does not produce a significant ultra high molecular weight tail.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a poly(ethylene oxide) copolymerized with one alkylene oxide and to a poly(ethylene oxide-co-alkylene oxide) copolymer produced by such method, a photovoltaic device containing such poly(ethylene oxide-co-alkylene oxide)-copolymer, and to uses of such poly(ethylene oxide)-(alkylene oxide)-copolymer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymer and the associated polymerization process, and to the use of the polymers according to the invention for example as foam suppressant, for the dispersion of solids or as surfactant for washing or cleaning purposes. The polymer is prepared by polymerization of a) at least one alkylene oxide or a cyclic carbonate of the formula (I) where n is 1 to 10, m is 0 to 3 and R1 is C1-C10-alkyl, C2-C10-alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl, b) glycerol carbonate and c) at least one alcohol in the presence of a base.

Abstract: A process for preparing hyperbranched polyols by reacting epoxy alcohols in the presence of phosphines.

Abstract: The present invention provides an amphiphile of the formula (I) as described hereinafter. The invention further relates to a process for preparing the amphiphile and to a composition comprising the amphiphile and a sparingly water-soluble active ingredient. It further relates to a process for producing the composition by contacting the amphiphile and the active ingredient, and to the use of the amphiphile for solubilizing a sparingly water-soluble active ingredient in aqueous solutions. The invention also relates to the use of the amphiphile in an agrochemical formulation comprising the amphiphile and a pesticide for controlling phytopathogenic fungi and/or unwanted vegetation and/or unwanted insect or mite infestation and/or for regulating the growth of plants, and finally to plant propagation material comprising the amphiphile.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a polyoxyalkylene polyol and a polyoxyalkylene monool, capable of producing a urethane elastomer and a urethane foam which are sufficiently excellent in mechanical properties and moisture resistance. The present invention is directed to a polyoxyalkylene polyol or monool (S), which is an alkylene oxide adduct of an active hydrogen-containing compound (H), wherein 40% or more of hydroxyl groups located at the terminal are primary hydroxyl group-containing groups represented by the general formula (1) shown below, and a hydroxyl value x, the total degree of unsaturation y and the content of ethylene oxide z satisfy a relationship of the mathematical expression (1). [In the general formula (1), R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group or a phenyl group, each of which may be substituted with a halogen atom or an aryl group.] y?28.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a novel multibranched polyoxyalkylene derivative, and an intermediate for the production thereof. Specifically, the object is to provide a multibranched polyoxyalkylene derivative which can keep a high activity of a bio-related substance modified with the multibranched polyoxyalkylene derivative and which can easily produce the modified substance; an intermediate thereof; and a bio-related substance to which the multibranched polyoxyalkylene derivative is bonded. The novel multibranched polyoxyalkylene derivative according to the invention is a polyoxyalkylene derivative (1) having a functional group reactive with a bio-related substance and the bio-related substance according to the invention has a structure modified with the above polyoxyalkylene derivative (1) by a reaction. Furthermore, the intermediate for the production of the novel multibranched polyoxyalkylene derivative according to the invention is a polyoxyalkylene derivative (A).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing polyethers of the formula (I) R1—(CHR2CHR3—O)n—H??(I) where n=1 to 12 000, R1=a radical comprising at least one carbon atom and R2 and R3 are each independently H or a hydrocarbon radical, where the units designated with the index n may be the same or different (the R2 and R3 radicals in the different units n may thus be the same or different), by alkoxylating a starter compound which comprises the R1 radical in the presence of a double metal cyanide catalyst (DMC catalyst) in a loop reactor, which is characterized in that the alkoxylation is performed in a loop reactor which has an ejector mixing nozzle, in which all substances involved in the reaction or assistants can be added to the circulated reaction mixture, an alkylene oxide or a plurality of different alkylene oxides being metered into the reaction mixture via the ejector mixing nozzle at the same time (random addition) or at different times (block addition).

Abstract: A method for producing a polyether-polyol having a narrow molecular weight distribution, which comprises carrying out selective fractional extraction of the low-molecular weight component from a polyether-polyol (A) having an average molecular weight of from 500 to 4500 represented by formula (1): HO—[(CH2)4O]n—[(CR1R2)pO]q—H??(1) wherein R1 and R2, which may be the same or different, each represents a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms; n indicates a positive integer; p indicates an integer of from 1 to 8; and q indicates 0 or a positive integer, by the use of an aqueous solution (C) containing from 15 to 70 wt % sulfuric acid at a room temperature to 100° C., to thereby suitably determine the amount of the aqueous sulfuric acid solution to the overall organic layer and the sulfuric acid concentration in accordance with the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the intended polyether-polyol to be fractionally extracted.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a polyether polyol containing at most about 15 ppm of sodium and potassium, comprising: (a) reacting an initiator having at least two active hydrogen atoms with at least one alkylene oxide in the presence of a catalyst having an alkali metal hydroxide to form a polyether polyol reaction product; (b) neutralizing the polyether polyol reaction product obtained in step (a) by contacting this reaction product with phosphoric acid and water; and (c) removing the salt crystals from the polyether polyol and recovering the neutralized polyether polyol containing at most about 15 ppm of sodium and potassium, wherein no adsorption agent and no hydrate of a metal salt of the acid are used before, during or after the neutralization.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing polyoxyalkylene glycols of a certain molecular weight in one stage by copolymerizing tetrahydrofuran and alpha,omega-diols as the comonomer in the presence of a heteropolyacid and of a hydrocarbon, by distilling off a mixture of water and this hydrocarbon from the copolymerization, which comprises terminating the polymerization when this molecular weight is attained by adding water, comonomer, butanediol or butanediol-water mixtures.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the single-stage preparation of polyoxyalkylene glycols by copolymerization of THF and alpha, omega-diols in the presence of a heteropolyacid, wherein the content of organically bound nitrogen in the alpha, omega-diol is less than 15 ppm.

Abstract: A polyether polyol is formed by a method utilizing a carboxy-modified aluminum-based catalyst. The method includes providing an alkylene oxide, providing an initiator molecule having at least one alkylene oxide reactive hydrogen, and reacting the alkylene oxide with the initiator molecule in the presence of the catalyst. The ideal carboxy-modified aluminum based catalysts used herein are selected from the group of carboxy-modified aluminum phosphate catalysts, carboxy-modified aluminum phosphonate catalysts, and residues or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved isocyanate reactive mixture containing at least one DMC-catalyzed polyol and about 0.25 to about 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the isocyanate-reactive mixture, of at least one ethylene oxide (EO) containing water compatibilizer. The isocyanate reactive mixtures of the present invention may find use in the preparation of polyurethane foams, coatings, elastomers, sealants, adhesives and the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions and methods for delivery of antisense oligonucleotides or other nucleic acid sequences. The present invention comprises a delivery composition comprising an administerable admixture of an effective amount of a nucleic acid sequence and an effective amount of a surface active nonionic block copolymer having the following general formula: HO(C2H4O)b(C3H6O)a(C2H4O)bH wherein a is an integer such that the hydrophobe represented by (C3H6O) has a molecular weight between approximately 750 and approximately 15,000, preferably between approximately 2250 and approximately 15,000, more preferably between approximately 3250 and approximately 15,000, and b is an integer such that the hydrophile portion represented by (C2H4O) constitutes approximately 1% to approximately 50% by weight of the compound, preferably approximately 5% to approximately 25%.

Abstract: Polyetherpolyols are prepared by reacting diols or polyols with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or a mixture thereof in the presence of a multimetal cyanide complex catalyst by a process which is carried out in a vertical, highly cylindrical reactor having a central stirrer and having heat exchanger plates through which a heat-exchange medium flows and which are arranged essentially in the longitudinal direction of the reactor, at an angle ? of from 0 to 70° in the direction of rotation of the stirrer relative to the reactor radius.

Abstract: A process for preparing polyether polyols includes a precipitation step, a recrystallization step, and a reaction step. In the precipitation step, a multimetal cyanide compound is precipitated by reaction of a metal salt with a cyanometalate compound. In the recrystallization step, the multimetal cyanide compound precipitated above is recrystallized by adding further metal salt and/or further cyanometalate compound. The recrystallization forms a multimetal cyanide catalyst compound. In the reaction step, an initiator and one or more alkylene oxide are reacted in the presence of the multimetal cyanide catalyst compound.

Abstract: A process for the purification or fractionation of aqueous soluble polymers using an aqueous two-phase system is described. The concentrations of the polymer to be fractionated and of an aqueous soluble salt, and the temperature of the aqueous fractionation medium are adjusted so that two phases form, the lower molecular weight polymer molecules partition into the high salt concentration phase, and the higher molecular weight polymer molecules partition into the low salt concentration phase. The resulting high molecular weight polymers are characterized by a higher average molecular weight and a narrower molecular weight distribution and decreased unsaturation than the unfractionated polymers. After being subjected to the fractionation process, polyol polymers that form hydrogels in aqueous solution exhibited higher viscosities and a liquid to gel transition over a narrower temperature range than the unfractionated polyol polymers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating infectious diseases and genetic disorders through gene therapy and intracellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides or other nucleic acid sequences. In particular, compositions and methods using biologically active nononic reverse block copolymers are described. The reverse copolymers have an inner core of polyoxyethylene (POE) that is flanked on either end by polyoxpropylene (POP). The reverse block copolymers have the following formula: wherein “b” represents a number such that the molecular weight of the hydrophobe (C3H6O)b is between approximately 750 and 20,000 Daltons and “a” represents a number such that the percentage of hydrophile (C2H4O)a is between approximately 1% and 90% of the weight of the block copolymer.

Abstract: A method for the production of polyetherols using aluminum phosphonate catalysts is disclosed. Reaction products of the process include various polyetherols including very low unsaturation polyether polyols. The aluminum phosphonate catalyst preferably has a general structure of RPO-(OAlR?R?)2, wherein O represents oxygen, P represents pentavalent phosphorous, Al represents aluminum, R comprises a hydrogen, an alkyl group, or an aryl group, and R? and R? independently comprise a halide, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aryloxy group. Polyols produced according to the disclosed procedure have properties very similar to or more beneficial than those produced utilizing the typical base catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a polyoxyalkylene polyol by polyoxyalklating a starter compound with a mixture of two different alkylene oxide monomers in which the first alkylene oxide monomer content of the mixture decreases as the content of the second alkylene oxide monomer increases over the course of the polyoxyalkylation, digesting unreacted monomers of the alkylene oxides and capping the polyol.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysts for the preparation of polyether polyols by polyaddition of alkylene oxides to starter compounds containing active hydrogen atoms, wherein the catalyst contains a) double metal cyanide compounds, b) organic complex ligands other than c), and c) complex ligands formed by introduction of a glycidyl ether into the catalyst. The catalysts according to the invention have greatly increased activity in the preparation of polyether polyols.

Abstract: The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods to improve expression of exogenous polypeptides into vertebrate cells in vivo, utilizing delivery of polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides. More particularly, the present invention provides the use of salts, in particular sodium and potassium salts of phosphate, in aqueous solution, and auxiliary agents, in particular detergents and surfactants, in pharmaceutical compositions and methods useful for direct polynucleotide-based polypeptide delivery into the cells of vertebrates.