Abstract: Dehydrogenation processes and systems are described herein. In one embodiment, the process generally includes providing an alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, providing a reaction zone including an oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst, introducing the alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon into the reaction zone, contacting the alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon with the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst to form a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon and withdrawing the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon from the reaction zone. The process generally utilizes a catalyst to oil ratio that is at least 10:1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a simple process for preparing specifically substituted indenes of the formula (I) or (Ia) to compounds of the formula (II) serving as starting materials and to the use of the compounds of the formula (II) as starting materials for the synthesis of substituted indenes.

Abstract: A process for the decomposition of a cumene oxidation product mixture to produce phenol and acetone with reduced by-product formation by introducing the cumene oxidation mixture into an inlet of a decomposing vessel containing indirect heat exchange surfaces wherein the cumene oxidation product mixture and a circulating stream are admixed, reacted and cooled by passage around the indirect heat exchange surfaces.

Abstract: A process for decomposing a cumene oxidation product mixture containing cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) and dimethylphenolcarbinol (DMPC) to produce phenol and acetone.

Abstract: A side-chain of a substituted aromatic compound is alkylated by reacting the aromatic compound with an alkylating agent in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst comprises a restructured smectite clay to which basic ions are incorporated by ion-exchange. The restructuring of the smectite clay is carried out by acid-treating the clay prior to ion-exchange.

Abstract: Process for preparing alkylaryl hydroperoxide containing product, which process comprises: (a) oxidation of an alkylaryl compound to obtain reaction product containing alkylaryl hydroperoxide, (b) contacting with water at least part of the alkylaryl hydroperoxide containing reaction product obtained in step (a) which reaction product contains less than 0.05 % wt of sodium, (c) separating the product of step (b) into a hydrocarbonaceous phase containing alkylaryl hydroperoxide and an aqueous phase, (d) optionally repeating process steps (b) and (c) one or more times, (e) contacting at least part of the hydrocarbonaceous phase containing alkylaryl hydroperoxide obtained in step (c) or (d) with olefin and catalyst to obtain alkylaryl hydroxide and oxirane compound, and (f) separating at least part of the oxirane compound from the alkylaryl hydroxide.

Abstract: A new class of methylene-bridged metallocenes of formula (I), wherein M is a transition metal of group 3, 4, 5, 6, lanthanide or actinide; X is a monoanionic sigma ligand; R1 can be alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl radicals; R2 can be halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or arylalkyl radical; p is 0-3; m is 0-2; and n is 0-4. Furthermore, the corresponding ligands, a new process for their preparation and catalysts systems containing said methylene-bridged metallocenes are described.

Abstract: An integrated process of preparing a C2-5 alkenyl-substituted aromatic compound using a C6-12 aromatic compound and a C2-5 alkane as raw materials. The process involves two reaction steps operating in tandem, the first reaction step reacts the C6-12 aromatic compound with hydrogen chloride and molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalyst to yield water and mono-, di-, tri-, and higher chlorinated aromatic adducts. The chlorinated compounds from the first reaction step are reacted with ethane in the second reaction step to produce alkane-substituted aromatic compounds which spontaneously dehydrogenate to an alkenyl-substituted aromatic compound and hydrogen chloride. After separating the alkenyl-substituted aromatic product from the hydrogen chloride, the hydrogen chloride is recycled to the first reaction step so that there is no net production or consumption of hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing a phosphonium salt of the formula [R1R2R3P—CR4R5R6]X, comprising ball-milling a phosphine of the formula R1R2R3P with a compound of the formula XCR4R5R6; a method of preparing a phosphorus ylide of the formula R1R2R3P═CR4R5, comprising ball-milling a phosphonium salt of the formula [R1R2R3P—HCR4R5]X in the presence of a base; and a method of preparing an olefin of the formula R4R5C═CR7H or R4R5C═CR7R8, comprising ball-milling a phosphorus ylide of the formula R1R2R3P═CR4R5 with a compound of the formula R7C(O)H or R7C(O)R8. The inventive method produces phosphonium salts and phosphorus ylides by mechanical processing solid reagents under solvent-free conditions.

Abstract: This disclosure concerns a process and apparatus for reclamation of waste polystyrene-type materials for reuse within the specification ranges of the input polystyrene-type material. The disclosed process and apparatus include dissolution of the waste polystyrene-type materials in a dissolve section utilizing a reusable solvent having a low boiling point and high vaporization rate, removal of solid contaminants in one or more filter sections, devolatilization of the dissolved polystyrene and recovery of the polystyrene-type material in a solid form in a recovery section. Preferably the process and apparatus provide a closed system and include recycling and reuse in the process of the vaporized solvent. The maximum temperature in the recovery section is 190° C. The reusable solvent is preferably environmentally safe and has a low boiling point and high vaporization rate. n-Propyl bromide, or environmentally safe mixtures thereof, including mixtures with isopropyl alcohol, is the preferred reusable solvent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing styrene by catalytically dehydrating 1-phenylethanol in the liquid phase in the presence of at least 0.1 % wt of a chain transfer agent. As an alternative, the process is performed by recycling at least part of the chain transfer-containing product stream to the reactor and combining with the feed for preparing the products.

Abstract: A compound of the formula (1): 1

Abstract: The invention concerns a novel method for preparing stable silicone fluid containing ≡SiH groups. The preparation method is carried out from a first silicone fluid containing ≡SiH groups and monomers with both a functional group and a group capable of hydrosylilation; the mol ratio monomer ≡SiH of said fluid ranging from 0.0001 and 1. The fluids obtained by this novel method are used particularly for producing antiadhesive coatings.

Abstract: In a process for stabilizing chemical compounds having at least one ethylenically unsaturated bond to undesired free radical polymerization, a nitroxyl radical and a chemical compound containing phosphorus in chemically bonded form are added to the unsaturated compound present as pure substance or as a component of a mixture.

Abstract: A process for the joint preparation of styrene and propylene oxide comprising the steps of: (a) reacting ethane and benzene to form ethylbenzene; (b) reacting ethylbenzene with oxygen or air to form ethylbenzene hydroperoxide; (c) reacting at least part of the ethylbenzene hydroperoxide obtained with propene in the presence of an epoxidation catalyst to form propylene oxide and 1-phenyl ethanol, and (d) dehydrating at least part of the 1-phenyl ethanol obtained into styrene in the presence of a suitable dehydration catalyst, wherein the ethene used in step (a) and the propene used in step (c) are at least partly provided by a fluid catalytic cracking unit.

Abstract: A method of preparing an alkenyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, which comprises alkenylating an aromatic hydrocarbon with an olefin using &bgr;-diketone together with a rhodium complex catalyst in the presence of oxygen.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of styrene or substituted styrenes that includes the steps of: subjecting a feed containing 1-phenyl ethanol or substituted 1-phenyl ethanol to a dehydration treatment in the presence of a dehydration catalyst; subjecting the resulting product stream to a separation treatment, thus obtaining a stream containing styrene or substituted styrene and a residual fraction containing heavy ends; and converting at least part of these heavy ends to styrene or substituted styrenes by subjecting a stream containing these heavy ends to a cracking treatment in the presence of an acidic cracking catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel, inventive process for the preparation of biphenyls or aromatic olefins by coupling reactions of the Suzuki coupling and Heck coupling type, using allylpalladium catalysts of the &mgr;-halo(triisopropylphosphine)(&eegr;3-allyl)palladium(II) type.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for inhibiting the premature polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising adding to said monomers an effective amount of: A) at least one stable hindered nitroxyl compound having the structural formula:  wherein R1 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and heteroatom-substituted alkyl and R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and heteroatom-substituted alkyl; and X1 and X2 (1) are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, COOR7, —S—COR7, —OCOR7, (wherein R7 is alkyl of 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or (2) taken together, form a ring structure with the nitrogen; and B) at least one phenylenediamine, and, optionally, C) at least one nitroaromatic compound.

Abstract: Styrene or substituted styrenes are produced by a process comprising the gas phase dehydration of 1-phenyl ethanol or substituted 1-phenyl ethanol in the presence of a solid acidic catalyst comprising a zeolite and a binder material, wherein the weight ratio of zeolite to binder is in the range of from 1:99 to 90:10 and wherein the following relation applies: 0<K<5 with K=V/S×[(Pz×fz)+(Pb×fb)]½, wherein: V/S is the volume/surface ratio of the catalyst used in mm; fz is the weight fraction of zeolite present in the catalyst in grams zeolite per gram catalyst; fb is the weight fraction of binder present in the catalyst in grams binder per gram catalyst; pz is the intrinsic productivity of zeolite expressed as grams styrene produced per gram of the zeolite per hour, as measured for pure zeolite samples of small particle size (i.e., <0.

Abstract: A process for producing styrene by oxidative dehydrogentation of ethylbenzene, wherein the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene is conducted through at least the following steps (1) to (3), whereby styrene can be produced in a high yield by controlling the lowering of the selectivity of an oxidation catalyst in hydrogen oxidation by removing an alkaline substance contained in the reaction mixture to be fed to step (2) beforehand: step (1): a step of dehydrogenating ethylbenzene in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst to obtain a reaction mixture containing styrene and hydrogen; step (2): a step of bringing the reaction mixture into contact with an oxidation catalyst to selectively oxidize the hydrogen contained in the mixture, thereby forming water; step (3): a step of bringing the oxidized mixture into contact with a dehydrogenation catalyst to dehydrogenate the unreacted ethylbenzene contained in the mixture, thereby obtaining styrene.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the free-radical polymerization of monomers in gas phase or suspension processes using a supported, polymerization-initiating system comprising a) one or more polymerization-initiating components which initiate and start free-radical polymerization, b) a support, onto which said polymerization-initiating component is applied, and c) optionally, one or more modifiers which have an influence upon reaction kinetics and/or product properties.

Abstract: The fouling in a styrene production process involving the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene is reduced by removing polymerizable components of the gaseous dehydrogenation effluent prior to the condensation of the effluent in the main condenser system. This involves the scrubbing of the gaseous effluent with organic condensate from the main condenser system to remove styrene, divinylbenzene and other polymer precursors which may be present and sometimes some of the ethylbenzene. The scrubber may include a reboiler and stripping section and function as a full fractionator thereby reducing the need for downstream distillation.

Abstract: The polymerizable compound of this invention is represented by general formula (I): where R is H, R′, R′O, R′COO, or R′OCO, R′ is a linear or branched alkyl group or alkenyl group having 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, A1 and A2 are independently a cyclohexane ring or a benzene ring which may include a substituent represented by formula (II) below; X is H or CH3; and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are independently H, F, Cl, CH3, CH3O, CF3, or CF3O wherein at least two of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are H and, if both A1 and A2 are cyclohexane rings, at least one of Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 is not H: where Y5, Y6, Y7, and Y8 are independently H, F, Cl, CH3, CH3O, CF3, or CF3O, at least two of Y5, Y6, Y7, and Y8 are H.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for conducting Kumada coupling reactions. The processes of the present invention make use of N-heterocyclic carbenes as ancillary ligands in Kumada couplings of aryl halides. A Kumada coupling can be carried out by mixing, in a liquid medium, at least one aryl halide, wherein the aryl halide has, directly bonded to the aromatic ring(s), at least one halogen atom selected from the group consisting of a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom; at least one Grignard reagent; at least one metal compound comprising at least one metal atom selected from nickel, palladium, and platinum, wherein the formal oxidation state of the metal is zero or two; and at least one N-heterocyclic carbene.

Abstract: Process for the coupling of

Abstract: A method of preparing an alkenyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, which comprises alkenylating an aromatic hydrocarbon with an olefin using &bgr;-diketone together with a rhodium complex catalyst in the presence of oxygen.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for inhibiting the premature polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprising adding to said monomers an effective amount of an inhibitor having the structural formula: wherein R1 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and heteroatom-substituted alkyl and R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and heteroatom-substituted alkyl and the  portion represents the atoms necessary to form a five-, six-, or seven-membered heterocyclic ring, at least one of said atoms being a carbon atom substituted with a primary, secondary, or tertiary amino group.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of sulphonated distyryl-biphenyl compounds of formula (1), in which R1 and R2, independently, are hydrogen, C1-C5-alkyl, C1-C5-alkyl or halogen, and M represents Li, K, an alkaline earth metal or ammonium, characterized by, firstly, reacting a compound of formula (2) with a di- or trialkylamine containing 6-12 carbon atoms in each alkyl group, in a two-phase system consisting of strong aqueous mineral acid and a water immisicible organic solvent and, secondly, reacting the resulting lypophilic ammonium salt with LiOH, KOH, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, ammonia, a mono-, di- or trialkylamine or a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, all containing 1-4 carbon atoms in each alkyl group; mono-, di- or tri(C2-C4)alkanolamine, morpholine, piperdine or pyrrolidine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved method for producing phenol and acetone by oxidizing cumene into technical cumol hydroperoxide (CHP) through catalytic cleavage of the CHP. According to the invention, the oxidation products are concentrated to up to a cumene content ranging from 21 to 30 wt % in the technical cumol hydroperoxide, said mixture being used for the catalytic cleavage.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing monofunctional, bifunctional and polyfunctional aromatic olefins of the formula (I) by reacting haloaromatics of the formula (II) with olefins of the formula (III) wherein a palladium compound of the formula (IV) is used as catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds having the formula: in which R is hydrogen or C1-C4alkyl, preferably hydrogen and Y is hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, CF3, halogen (F, Cl, Br or I) or SO3M in which M is H, Na, K, Ca, Mg, ammonium, mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-C1-C4alkylammonium, mono-, di- or tri-hydroxyalkylammonium or ammonium that is di- or tri-substituted with a mixture of C1-C4alkyl and C1-C4hydroxyalkyl groups; a process for their production; and their use as intermediates in the production of asymmetric or symmetric fluorescent whitening agents.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to the field of chemical synthesis, and more specifically, to the field of oxidative coupling of olefinic compounds and aromatic compounds, to produce olefinically substituted aromatic compounds. More particularly, this invention relates to methods for oxidative coupling of olefinic compounds and aromatic compounds which employ a rhodium(III) acetylacetonate catalyst and a copper(II) redox agent in a reaction medium which does not comprise a carboxylic acid component. In one embodiment, this invention pertains to methods for the preparation of styrene by the oxidative coupling of ethylene (an olefinic compound) and benzene (an aromatic compound), in the presence of Rh(acac).sub.2 Cl(H.sub.2 O), as catalyst, and Cu(II)(CH.sub.3 COO).sub.2, as copper(II) redox agent, in which benzene is both a reactant and the reaction medium.

Abstract: A process for producing catalyst compositions for converting a cracked gasoline feedstock to a product comprising incremental aromatics and lower olefins. The catalyst compositions produced thereby. A process for converting a cracked gasoline feedstock to a product comprising incremental aromatics and lower olefins.

Abstract: The propylene oxide and styrene co-production process generates a heavy residue byproduct containing metals, mainly sodium, which previously was adequate for use only as low quality fuel. According to the invention, the heavy residue is dehydrated in the presence of a strong inorganic acid at temperatures of 150-250.degree. C. and pressures below the atmospheric pressure to yield styrene and recover 2-phenylethanol, a compound used in the perfume industry, and a heavy residue substantially free of metals that may be used as fuel.

Abstract: The invention herein relates to a catalyst for enhancing the conversion of the dehydrogenation reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons such as ethylbenzene under a flow of carbon dioxide, which is expressed by the following formula I, wherein a catalyst in which an active component of iron oxides is highly dispersed onto a zeolite, activated charcoal, .gamma.-alumina or silica carrier. Further, the invention relates to a dehydrogenation method of aromatic hydrocarbons by means of using said catalyst:(Fe.sup.II.sub.x Fe.sup.III.sub.y O.sub.z)/S (I)wherein S denotes a zeolite, activated charcoal, .gamma.-alumina or silica carrier, and the initial state of iron oxide is as follows:x=0.

Abstract: Supertwist liquid crystal displays with outstanding properties are obtained when the nematic liquid crystal mixture contains at least one compound of the formula (I): ##STR1## where the variables are as defined in the disclosure.

Abstract: A method for preparing a trimer of .alpha.-methyl styrene or derivatives thereof, wherein .alpha.-methyl styrene or derivatives thereof is added to an organic solvent comprising Lewis acid is provided. According to the method, the trimer of .alpha.-methyl styrene or derivatives thereof can be obtained in high yield.

Abstract: A process for the production of compounds useful as fluorescent whitening agents of formula: ##STR1## in which X and Y, are as defined herein and n is 1 or 2, comprises A) diazotising one mole of an amine of formula: ##STR2## (2A) to produce a diazonium compound of the formula: ##STR3## (2) in which G.sub.1 is a counter ion; and diazotising one mole of an amine of formula: ##STR4## (3A) to produce a diazonium compound having the formula: ##STR5## (3); and B) reacting one mole of a divinyl compound having the formula: ##STR6## (4) with one mole of a compound having the formula (2) and with one mole of a compound having the formula (3), in the presence of an inorganic or organic palladium salt, or a mixture thereof, as catalyst-precursor.

Abstract: The polymerization of vinyl aromatic monomers such as styrene is inhibited by the addition of a composition of a stable hindered nitroxyl radical and an oxime compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds having the formula: ##STR1## in which R is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, preferably hydrogen and Y is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, CF.sub.3, halogen (F, Cl, Br or I) or SO.sub.3 M in which M is H, Na, K, Ca, Mg, ammonium, mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylammonium, mono-, di- or tri-hydroxyalkylammonium or ammonium that is di- or tri-substituted with a mixture of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl and C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydroxyalkyl groups; a process for their production; and their use as intermediates in the production of asymmetric or symmetric fluorescent whitening agents.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for recovering styrene from a feedstock containing at least styrene, ethylbenzene, and one or more aromatic or non-aromatic hydrocarbon compounds which includes separating said feedstock into a first stream relatively more concentrated in styrene than said feedstock and a second stream relatively more concentrated in ethylbenzene than said feedstock, recovering styrene from said first stream to produce a styrene product stream, dehydrogenating the ethylbenzene of said second stream to produce additional styrene, and recovering said additional styrene. The feedstock may be separated into said first and second streams by a process selected from the class consisting of extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, chemical complex formation, membrane separation, and combinations thereof, and the additional styrene may be recovered by recycling it into said feedstock.

Abstract: Process for making an alkyl-substituted salicylaldehyde wherein the alkyl substitution amounts to at least 8 alkyl carbon atoms per molecule, and preferably not more than 25, comprising ozonolizing an alkyl-substituted 2-hydroxy beta-methylstyrene wherein said alkyl substitution amounts to at least 8 carbon atoms per molecule. Upon oximation of the products, useful metal extractants are produced, particularly for the extraction of copper.

Abstract: An aromatization process for converting a portion of a cracked gasoline feedstock to aromatics utilizing a catalyst comprising an acid leached zeolite and tin under process conditions suitable for converting a portion of the cracked gasoline feedstock to aromatics.

Abstract: An inhibitor to suppress or inhibit the viscosity increase of a hydrocarbon, e.g. in a bottom section of an oil quench tower, featuring the use of a sulfonic acid and/or its salt as an effective inhibitor composition, which may optionally contain a polymerization inhibitor including one or more inhibitors selected from the group of aromatic amines, phenols and dialkyl hydroxyl amines. Furthermore, the method to inhibit the increasing viscosity of hydrocarbon, e.g. in a bottom section of a tower, may be accomplished by adding the hydrocarbon viscosity inhibitor to the feed oil, reflux oil or directly to the tower bottom oil in the tower. Such an oil quench tower is used for an olefin production process in which the hydrocarbon may include naphtha, light oil, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, etc. in the raw material.

Abstract: A tricyclo?5.2.1.0.sup.2,6 !deca-8-ene-2-carboxylate; a method preparing the same; a method for preparing the tricyclo?5.2.1.0.sup.2,6 !decane-2-carboxylate by reducing a double bond of the tricyclo?5.2.1.0.sup.2,6 !deca-8-ene-2-carboxylate; and a perfume comprising the tricyclo?5.2.1.0.sup.2,6 !decane-2-carboxylate.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing an alkenyl compound which comprises reacting an alkylbenzene and 1,3-butadiene in the presence of metallic sodium or a combination of metallic sodium and an oxide, a hydroxide, or a salt of potassium, rubidium or an alkaline earth metal, or a mixture of these under a pressure of 1 kPa (gauge) to 30 MPa (gauge). The process can produce alkenyl compound which is an industrially valuable compound as a raw material for the manufacture of naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, a highly useful raw material of polymers, at a high yield using a small amount of metallic sodium.

Abstract: This invention relates to hydrocarbon conversion processes using a novel crystalline metallo manganese oxides that have the hollandite structure. The composition is represented by the formulaA.sub.y Mn.sub.8-x M.sub.x O.sub.16where A is a templating agent such as potassium, ammonium, and y varies from about 0.5 to about 2.0, M is a metal such as chromium, vanadium, gallium, antimony and x varies from about 0.01 to about 4.0. These oxides have a three-dimensional structure with manganese and the M metals forming the framework. Examples of the processes in which these compositions can be used are oxydehydrogenation and ammoxidation. These compositions are also effective for oxidizing cyanide in aqueous streams.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the polymerization of vinyl aromatics such as styrene with a mixture of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylbenzyl amine and carboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof, in the presence of air or oxygen. The weight ratio of said 3,5-Di-tert-butylhydroxy-N,N-dimethylbenzyl amine, carboxylic acid (or carboxylic acid anhydride) and the air is 1:1 to 0.05:0.05 to 15, respectively.

Abstract: The title compounds can be prepared by reaction of a styrene derivative with ethylene in the presence of a nickel catalyst which carries a phosphorus-oxygen chelate ligand, at a temperature of 20° to 160° C. and an ethylene pressure of 1 to 200 bar. Styrene derivatives extended with ethylene, of the formula in which R19 denotes hydrogen, C1-C4-alkyl, vinyl or chlorine and R38 denotes C1-C4-alkyl, C2-C4-alkenyl, C2-C7-acyl, flourine, chlorine or bromine and m assumes values of 4-104, with the exception of compounds wherein R19 denotes hydrogen and R38 denotes i-butyl or benzoyl, and m assumes the value 4, are new.