Abstract: A catalyst useful for the production of olefins from alkanes via oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) is disclosed. The catalyst includes a base metal, metal oxide, or combination thereof and a refractory support. The base metal is selected from the group containing Group IB-VIIB metals, Group IIIA-VA metals, Lanthanide metals, iron, cobalt, and nickel. The metal oxide is selected from the group containing alumina, stabilized aluminas, zirconia, stabilized zirconias, titania, ytteria, silica, niobia, and vanadia. The catalyst does not contain any precious metals; it is activated by higher preheat temperatures. As a result, similar conversions are achieved at a considerably lower catalyst cost.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising at least one support, at least one element from groups 8, 9 or 10 of the periodic table, at least one element from group 14 of the periodic table, at least one element from group 13 of the periodic table, at least one alkali or alkaline-earth metal, and, optionally, at least one halogen in an amount in the range from 0 to 0.2% by weight with respect to the total catalyst weight, the catalyst being characterized in that the accessibility of the element from groups 8, 9 or 10 is more than 50%. The invention also concerns a process for preparing a catalyst and the use of the catalyst in a process for dehydrogenating paraffins containing 3 to 22 carbon atoms per molecule.

Abstract: This invention relates to a dehydrogenation process using a layered catalyst composition. The catalyst composition comprises an inner core such as alpha-alumina, and an outer layer bonded to the inner core composed of an outer refractory inorganic oxide such as gamma-alumina. The outer layer has uniformly dispersed thereon a platinum group metal such as platinum and a promoter metal such as tin. The composition also contains a modifier metal such as lithium. The catalyst composition shows improved durability and selectivity for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons, especially at dehydrogenation conditions comprising a low water concentration.

Abstract: A process in which a hydrocarbon feedstock containing n-butane is selectively dehydrogenated to a product containing butenes. A catalyst suitable for the selective dehydrogenation of a feedstock containing n-butane to provide a product containing butenes. A method for producing a catalyst suitable for the selective dehydrogenation of a feedstock containing n-butane to provide a product containing butenes.

Abstract: A process for the production of a mono-olefin from a gaseous paraffinic hydrocarbon having at least two carbon atoms or mixtures thereof comprising reacting said hydrocarbons and molecular oxygen in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The catalyst consist essentially of platinum supported on alumina or zirconia monolith, preferably zirconia and more preferably in the absence of palladium, rhodium and gold.

Abstract: A method for separating at least a benzothiophene compound from a hydrocarbon mixture is disclosed. The method includes contacting the mixture of a fraction obtained therefrom with a reagent including an acceptor complexing agent &pgr;, to obtain a donor-acceptor complex between the acceptor complexing agent and the benzothiophene compound; and separating the complex from the mixture, or from the fraction, to obtain a fraction depleted or purified in the benzothiophene compound.

Abstract: A process in which a hydrocarbon feedstock containing n-butane is selectively dehydrogenated to a product containing butenes. A catalyst suitable for the selective dehydrogenation of a feedstock containing n-butane to provide a product containing butenes. A method for producing a catalyst suitable for the selective dehydrogenation of a feedstock containing n-butane to provide a product containing butenes.

Abstract: Catalysts and method for alkane dehydrogenation are disclosed. The catalysts of the invention generally comprise (i) nickel or a nickel-containing compound and (ii) at least one or more of titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), hafnium (Hf), tungsten (W), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), or aluminum (Al), or a compound containing one or more such element(s). In preferred embodiments, the catalyst is a supported catalyst, the alkane or substituted alkane is selected from the group consisting of ethane, propane, isobutane, butane and ethyl chloride, molecular oxygen is co-fed with the alkane or substituted alkane to a reaction maintained at a temperature ranging from about 250° C. and about 350° C., and the ethane is oxidatively dehydrogenated to form the corresponding alkene with an alkene conversion of at least about 10% and an alkene selectivity of at least about 70%.

Abstract: A process and catalyst for the partial oxidation of paraffinic hydrocarbons, such as ethane, propane, naphtha, and natural gas condensates, to olefins, such as ethylene and propylene. The process involves contacting a paraffinic hydrocarbon with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst under autothermal process conditions. The catalyst comprises a Group 8B metal and, optionally, a promoter metal, such as tin or copper, supported on a fiber monolith support, preferably a ceramic fiber mat monolith. In another aspect, the invention is a process of oxidizing a paraffinic hydrocarbon to an olefin under autothermal conditions in the presence of a catalyst comprising a Group 8B metal and, optionally, a promoter metal, the metals being loaded onto the front face of a monolith support. An on-line method of synthesizing and regenerating catalysts for autothermal oxidation processes is also disclosed. This divisional case covers the catalyst composition and the method of preparing an olefin using the catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a calcinated catalyst for converting paraffinic hydrocarbon into corresponding olefin through dehydrogenation. The catalyst is an oxidic, heat-stable carrier material and contains a catalytic active constituent, which is applied on the carrier material and has the following composition (in wt. % in relation to the entire weight of the catalyst): a) 0.2 to 2.0% of at least one element of the groups Pt and Ir and, acting as a promoter, a combination of elements from the six following groups of substances: b) 0.2 to 5.0% of at least one of the following elements Ge, Sn, Pb, Ga, In, Tl; c) 0.1 to 5.0% of at least one of the following elements Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; d) 0.2 to 5.0% of at least one of the following elements Fe, Co, Ni, Pd; e) 1.0 to 5.0% P; f) 0.2 to 5.0% of at least one of the following elements Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra and lanthanides and g) 0.1 to 2.0% Cl.

Abstract: A process for dehydrogenating organic compounds, in particular paraffins and naphthenes, is carried out in the presence of a supported catalyst comprising a group VIII metal such as platinum, and tin, at least a portion of which interacts strongly with the group VIII metal in the catalyst in the reduced state. In the partially oxidised state, the catalyst contains at least 10% of tin in the form of a reduced tin species with oxidation state 0, said species having an isomer shift in the range 0.80 to 2.60 mm/s and a quadrupolar splitting in the range 0.65 to 2.00 mm/s.

Abstract: Processes for oxidative dehydrogenation of alkane to one or more olefins, exemplified by ethane to ethylene, are disclosed using novel catalysts. The catalysts comprise a mixture of metal oxides having as an important component nickel oxide (NiO), which give high conversion and selectivity in the process. The catalyst can be used to make ethylene by contacting it with a gas mixture containing ethane and oxygen. The gas mixture may optionally contain ethylene, an inert diluent such as nitrogen, or both ethylene and an inert diluent.

Abstract: A novel catalyst for use in dehydrogenation of saturated hydrocarbons to unsaturated hydrocarbons and a method for its preparation is disclosed.

Abstract: A catalyst and a process employing such catalyst for the dehydrogenation of paraffinic hydrocarbons are disclosed, wherein the catalyst comprises a platinum group metal component, a zinc component and a magnesium component on a support comprising ZSM or borosilicate.

Abstract: Process for the dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon feed comprising a step of dehydrogenating the hydrocarbon feed and a step of removing hydrogen being formed by dehydrogenation reactions, wherein the dehydrogenation and hydrogen removal steps are performed simultaneously in presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst being combined with a metal compound being reduced in presence of hydrogen.

Abstract: A process for the synthesis of olefins having aromatic substituents is described in which olefins are reacted with aryl halides in the presence of catalysts consisting of palladium compounds and tetraaryl phosphonium salts.

Abstract: A process in which a hydrocarbon feedstock containing n-butane is selectively dehydrogenated to a product containing butenes. A catalyst suitable for the selective dehydrogenation of a feedstock containing n-butane to provide a product containing butenes. A method for producing a catalyst suitable for the selective dehydrogenation of a feedstock containing n-butane to provide a product containing butenes.

Abstract: A catalyst composition suitable for the conversion of n-butane to butenes. The same catalyst composition that with chlorination is further suitable, when used in the conversion of n-butane, for the production of an increased amount of BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) and greater selectivity to the production of isobutylenes than attained with the unchlorinated catalyst. A process for the preparation of catalyst compositions suitable for the conversion of n-butane. Use of the catalyst compositions in processes for the conversion of n-butane.

Abstract: A catalyst composition suitable for the conversion of n-butane to butenes. The same catalyst composition that with chlorination is further suitable, when used in the conversion of n-butane, for the production of an increased amount of BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) and greater selectivity to the production of isobutylenes than attained with the unchlorinated catalyst. A process for the preparation of catalyst compositions suitable for the conversion of n-butane. Use of the catalyst compositions in processes for the conversion of n-butane.

Abstract: The present invention is a process for producing aryl-alkanes by paraffin isomerization followed by paraffin dehydrogenation and then by alkylation of an aryl compound by a lightly branched olefin. The effluent of the alkylation zone comprises paraffins that are recycled to the isomerization step or to the dehydrogenation step. This invention is also a process that that sulfonates phenyl-alkanes having lightly branched aliphatic alkyl groups that to produce modified alkylbenzene sulfonates. In addition, this invention is the compositions produced by these processes, which can be used as detergents having improved cleaning effectiveness in hard and/or cold water while also having biodegradability comparable to that of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, as lubricants, and as lubricant additives. This invention is moreover the use of compositions produced by these processes as lubricants and lubricant additives.

Abstract: A process for dehydrogenating C5-C22 aliphatic hydrocarbons to the corresponding olefinic hydrocarbons is carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one support, at least one metal from group VIII of the periodic table and at least one additional element M selected from the group formed by germanium, tin, lead, rhenium, gallium, indium, and thallium. The process is characterized in that the catalyst is prepared using a process in which said metal M is introduced in an aqueous solvent in the form of at least one organometallic compound comprising at least one carbon-M bond.

Abstract: A catalyst composition and a process for using of the catalyst composition in a hydrocarbon conversion process are disclosed. The composition comprises an inorganic support, a Group VA metal or metal oxide, and optionally a Group IVA metal or metal oxide and a Group VIII metal or metal oxide. The process comprises contacting a fluid which comprises at least one saturated hydrocarbon with the catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of the hydrocarbon to an olefin. Also disclosed is a process for producing the catalyst composition.

Abstract: An on-line method of synthesizing or regenerating catalysts for autothermal oxidation processes, specifically, the oxidation of paraffinic hydrocarbons, for example, ethane, propane, and naphtha, to olefins, for example, ethylene and propylene. The catalyst comprises a Group 8B metal, for example, a platinum group metal and, optionally, a promoter, such as tin, antimony, or copper, on a support, preferably a monolith support. On-line synthesis or regeneration involves co-feeding a volatile Group 8B metal compound and/or a volatile promoter compound with the paraffinic hydrocarbon and oxygen into the oxidation reactor under ignition or autothermal conditions.

Abstract: A process and apparatus produces reaction products by indirectly preheating and heating reactants by indirect heat exchange. The use of the preheating step simplifies the reaction zone design by eliminating the need for external exchangers and is particularly suited for an arrangement of plates that defines narrow channels for indirect heat exchange. The narrow channels are preferably defined by corrugated plates. The primary reaction channels will contain a catalyst for the promotion of the desired reaction product from the principal reactants. The heating fluid passes through adjacent heating channels defined by shared partition plates to provide indirect heating. At least a portion of the heating channels exchange heat with a non-catalytic portion of the reaction channels to preheat the reactants ahead of a catalytic section of the reaction channels. Catalytic combustion within the heating channels may provide in-situ heat input for the heating medium.

Abstract: A process and catalyst are provided for dehydrogenating a hydrocarbon feedstock and producing an olefinic product. The process comprises contacting the feedstock at dehydrogenation conditions with a dehydrogenation catalyst comprising from about 0.01 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent of a platinum group metal, from about 0.02 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of zinc, and a support component comprising borosilicate and an alkali metal.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for contacting reactants with a particulate catalyst while indirectly heating the reactants with a heat exchange medium improves temperature control by using an intermediate heat exchange fluid and system to prevent overheating of reactants and maintain parallel heating characteristics through multiple reaction-heat exchange zones. The internal flow path minimizes the circulation of the reaction zone heat exchange fluid by incorporating interstage reheating of the reaction zone heat exchange fluid as it passes in series flow. A particularly useful application of the process and apparatus is in the dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene to produce styrene. The process and apparatus can also be used with simultaneous exchange of catalyst particles by an operation that restricts reactant flow while moving catalyst through reaction stacks in which the reactant flow has been restricted.

Abstract: A process for the production of a mono-olefin from a gaseous paraffinic hydrocarbon having at least two carbon atoms or mixtures thereof comprising reacting said hydrocarbons and molecular oxygen in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The catalyst consists essentially of platinum modified with Sn or Cu and supported on a ceramic monolith.

Abstract: The invention concerns NU-88 zeolite, characterized by:i) a chemical composition with the following formula, expressed in terms of the mole ratios of the oxides for the anhydrous state:100 XO.sub.2, mY.sub.2 O.sub.3, pR.sub.2/n Owherem is 10 or less;p is 20 or less;R represents one or more cations with valency n;X represents silicon and/or germanium;Y represents one or more of the following elements: aluminium, iron, gallium, boron, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, molybdenum, arsenic, antimony, chromium and manganese; andii) an X ray diffraction diagram, in its as synthesized state, which comprises the results shown in Table 1 of the description.The invention also concerns the preparation of the zeolite, any catalyst containing the zeolite and any catalytic process using such a catalyst.

Abstract: A process to convert propane into ethylene, propene, and C.sub.4 olefins, is provided. This process comprises: contacting propane with a composition under converting conditions.

Abstract: A method for dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon, which comprises selectively oxidizing hydrogen in a gas mixture which is obtained by subjecting a feed hydrocarbon to a dehydrogenation reaction in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and which comprises a dehydrogenated hydrocarbon, an unreacted feed hydrocarbon and hydrogen, by contacting the gas mixture with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of an oxidation catalyst, and further subjecting a hydrocarbon-containing gas obtained by the oxidation reaction to a dehydrogenation reaction, wherein a catalyst comprising a component having platinum and/or palladium supported on a carrier obtained by calcining at least one member selected from the group consisting of tin oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide and niobium oxide, at a temperature of from 800.degree. C. to 1,500.degree. C., is used as the oxidation catalyst.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon conversion processes are described which use a sulfur tolerant catalyst system. The catalyst is tolerant to large amounts (about 30,000 ppm sulfur) in the feedstream and comprises a first component which comprises at least one Group VIII metal dispersed on an inorganic oxide support and a second component comprising a metal phthalocyanine dispersed on an inorganic oxide support. Preferred Group VIII metals are platinum and palladium, while preferred metal phthalocyanines are cobalt or nickel phthalocyanine. Preferred inorganic oxide supports are molecular sieves, aluminas and mixtures thereof. Processes which can be carried out using this catalyst system include reforming, hydrocracking, dehydrogenation and isomerization.

Abstract: A process for dehydrogenating dehydrogenatable C.sub.2-30 hydrocarbons includes contacting the hydrocarbons under dehydrogenating conditions in one or more reaction zones with a solid catalyst. The solid catalyst includes at least a Group VIII noble metal, a Group IVA metal, and a carrier of a mixed oxide of magnesium and aluminum.

Abstract: A catalyst for the dehydrogenation of C.sub.6 -C.sub.15 paraffins is disclosed. The catalyst contains, on support, at least one platinum group component, at least one promoter component from the group tin, germanium and lead, and at least one additional modifier. The additional modifier contains at least one alkaline earth metal. The stability of the catalyst is essentially higher than that achieved by conventional use of an alkali metal.

Abstract: A process for the production of a mono-olefin from a gaseous paraffinic hydrocarbon having at least two carbon atoms or mixtures thereof comprising reacting said hydrocarbons and molecular oxygen in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The catalyst consists essentially of platinum modified with Sn or Cu and supported on a ceramic monolith.

Abstract: A catalyst composition and a process for using of the catalyst composition in a hydrocarbon conversion process are disclosed. The composition comprises an inorganic support, a Group VA metal or metal oxide, and optionally a Group IVA metal or metal oxide and a Group VIII metal or metal oxide. The process comprises contacting a fluid which comprises at least one saturated hydrocarbon with the catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of the hydrocarbon to an olefin. Also disclosed is a process for producing the catalyst composition.

Abstract: The present invention concerns, in the dehydroisomerization of at least one C.sub.4 -C.sub.5 n-paraffin, preferably n-butane, the use of a catalyst comprising a refractory oxide based support, preferably an alumina, at least one precious metal from group VIII, preferably platinum or palladium, optionally at least one element from group IVB such as titanium or zirconium, preferably titanium, optionally at least one element from the group formed by germanium, tin, lead, rhenium, tungsten and indium, and optionally at least one halogen such as chlorine. The present invention also concerns the regeneration of this catalyst.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feedstock is cracked, and then the cracker product is compressed and separated into various hydrocarbon fractions including a stream containing hydrocarbons more highly unsaturated than mono-olefins. That stream is used for transhydrogenation with at least one paraffin and the products from transhydrogenation are combined with the cracker product before the compression thereof.

Abstract: An improved process is described for the catalytic dehydrogenation of organic molecules having a ##STR1## group to produce a ##STR2## group. The organic molecules are: ##STR3## wherein: A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, and A.sup.4 are each independently P, As or N: E.sup.2 is independently C or N; E.sup.3 is independently C, Si or Ge; E.sup.4 is independently C, Si, or Ge; and E.sup.5 is independently C, Si or Ge; M.sup.1, M.sup.2, M.sup.3, and M.sup.4 each is a metal atom independently selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum; Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, and Q.sup.4 are each independently a direct bond, --CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, or CH.dbd.CH--;in structure I, structure II or structure IV, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together form a ring structure having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, orin structure III, R.sup.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a zeolite catalyst, a process for using the catalyst for conversion of hydrocarbons, especially naphtha and LPG feedstock, and a process for preparing the catalyst.

Abstract: A novel catalyst composite for use in the dehydrogenation of paraffins to the corresponding monoolefins said composite incorporating within its spatial geometry on a percentage by weight basis a predetermined concentration gradient of a noble metal, a metal of Group IV A, a metal of Group III A, an alkali or alkaline earth metal element, a halogen; and a metal of Group VIII selected from. Fe, Co and Ni provided on a high surface area mesoporous support and a process for the preparation thereof.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a regeneration process for a catalyst containing at least one metallic element selected from the group formed by platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium and nickel, preferably platinum, on a refractory oxide based support, which has been deactivated by coke deposition. The regeneration process is characterised in that said regeneration consists of treatment with a gas containing at least chlorine and molecular oxygen, at a temperature between 20.degree. C. and 800.degree. C. and a total gas flow rate, expressed in litres of gas per hour and per gram of catalyst, of between 0.05 and 20. The process at least restores the initial catalytic properties of the catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic partial oxidation of methane in gas phase at very short residence time (800,000 to 12,000,000 hr.sup.-1) by contacting a gas stream containing methane and oxygen with a metal supported catalyst, such as platinum deposited on a ceramic monolith.

Abstract: A process for the oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons is disclosed in which C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkanes are contacted with an oxygen containing gas in a fluidized catalyst bed of platinum, rhodium, nickel or platinum-gold supported on .alpha.-alumina or zirconia. Ethane is dehydrogenated to ethylene and higher alkanes are dehydrogenated to ethylene, propylene and iso-butylene.

Abstract: A process for dehydrogenating light paraffins, in particular C.sub.2 -C.sub.5, to obtain the corresponding light olefins, comprising reacting said paraffins with a catalytic system containing platinum, tin and an alumina support and possibly an element of the lanthanide group in a fluidized bed reactor, where the heat required for the reaction is provided by said catalytic system as sensible heat, operating at a temperature of between 500.degree. and 700.degree. C. and at a pressure of between 1 and 2 kg/cm.sup.2, and regenerating said catalytic system by burning the coke which has deposited on the surface of the catalytic system, said regeneration being conducted in air and/or oxygen, if necessary by increasing the temperature of the catalytic system to a suitable level, followed by reduction of said catalytic system with a reducing agent.

Abstract: A reactor arrangement and process for indirectly contacting a reactant stream with a heat exchange stream uses an arrangement of corrugated heat exchange plates to control temperature conditions by varying the number and/or the arrangement of the corrugations along the plates. The reactor arrangement and process of this invention may be used to operate a reactor under isothermal or other controlled temperature conditions. The variation in corrugation arrangements within a single heat exchange section is highly useful in maintaining a desired temperature profile in an arrangement having a cross-flow of heat exchange medium relative to reactants. The corrugations arrangement eliminates or minimizes the typical step-wise approach to isothermal conditions.

Abstract: A process for the production of olefins comprises dehydrogenating at least one hydrogen-donor hydrocarbon that is essentially free from olefinic unsaturation, e.g. a paraffin, in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and in the presence of at least one hydrogen-acceptor hydrocarbon that is more highly unsaturated than a mono-olefin, e.g. a diene and/or acetylene, under conditions effective to cause at least part of said hydrogen-donor hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated and at least part of the hydrogen-acceptor to be hydrogenated. The amount of hydrogen-acceptor is such that there are 0.5 to 20 moles of said hydrogen-donor for each mole of hydrogen-acceptor. Preferably the amount of said hydrogen-acceptor hydrocarbon hydrogenated is such that the heat of hydrogenation of said hydrogen-acceptor hydrocarbon provides at least 25% of the heat required for dehydrogenation of said hydrogen-donor hydrocarbon. In a preferred form of the invention, a hydrocarbon stream containing a hydrogen-acceptor is a C.sub.

Abstract: A process for the dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon and/or oxygenated hydrocarbon feed, which process comprises the steps of(a) sequentially contacting the feed with a catalyst bed in a reaction chamber at elevated temperature, said catalyst bed comprising a first catalyst which is a dehydrogenation catalyst to produce a dehydrogenated product and hydrogen and a second catalyst capable of adsorbing and/or reacting with at least some of said hydrogen, said second catalyst having a porous coating.(b) removing the dehydrogenated product and any hydrogen which has not been adsorbed or reacted from the reaction chamber;(c) removing at least some of the adsorbed/reacted hydrogen from the coated catalyst and/or oxidising at least some of the reduced coated catalyst, thereby regenerating the second catalyst;(d) using said regenerated second catalyst in step (a).

Abstract: New compositions of matter comprise a metal from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium and palladium, a metal from the first row of Group VIII of the Periodic Table and a nonacidic L-zeolite. A preferred composition is Pt--Ni/KL-zeolite. Such catalysts are prepared by coimpregnation of the zeolite with the metals. Methods of using the catalysts in reforming, aromatization or dehydrogenation are provided.

Abstract: A process is provided for catalyst dehydrogenation of light paraffinic hydrocarbons using a catalyst comprising a noble metal and an intermediate pore size zeolite having a specified alkali content. The catalyst is sulfur tolerant, so that the dehydrogenation process can be carried out in the presence of sulfur or with periodic exposure to sulfur.

Abstract: Oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons is achieved by contact with an active carbon catalyst. In various aspects of the invention, the oxidative dehydrogenation is performed at a pressure above about 100 psia, and/or at a temperature in the range from about 500.degree. C. to about 800.degree. C., and/or the active carbon catalyst contains a metal, for example, molybdenum.