Abstract: The product distribution from an oxidative dehydrogenation process can be altered by co-feeding different ratios of ethanol to steam, in the range of 0.01 to 0.50 ethanol:steam to an oxidative dehydrogenation reactor. Increasing the ethanol to steam ratio was found to: increase ethylene yield; decrease acetic acid yield; increase, or decrease, or cause no effect on CO or CO2 yield; and have negligible effect on ethane conversion. The feed ethanol is converted to carbonaceous products without negatively effecting the catalyst activity.

Abstract: A process for preventing hazardous conditions at startup and shutdown of a reactor by sending an inert gas such as nitrogen to strip entrained oxygen from the catalyst when reactor temperatures are below about 240° C. During normal operation the entrained oxygen reacts with hydrocarbons to produce oxides but at the lower temperatures that are present at startup or shutdown these reactions do not occur sufficiently leaving oxygen that can cause hazardous conditions as temperatures increase upon startup. When the temperature is in the safe operating zone above 240° C., the nitrogen gas is stripped by air or other oxygen containing gas.

Abstract: An oxide of sulfur oxygen transfer reagent is provided. A method of producing olefins from hydrocarbons with a concomitant production of water (oxidative dehydrogenation), using the oxide of sulfur oxygen transfer reagent is also provided. The sulfur oxygen transfer reagent can be used as an oxygen transfer reagent, and therefore acts as a non-metal carrier, for oxygen in a redox looping reactor for an oxidative dehydrogenation process such as the conversion of ethane to ethylene. The reduced forms of oxides of sulfur, formed in in this oxidative dehydrogenation process, can be re-oxidized with air and generate useful process heat. Also provided are methods of using the oxide of sulfur oxygen transfer reagent, and an apparatus for effecting the oxidative dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbon feed. Methods of producing the oxide of sulfur oxygen transfer reagent are also provided.

Abstract: According to one or more embodiments, a method for forming light olefins may comprise introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream into a reactor, reacting the hydrocarbon feed stream with a dehydrogenation catalyst in the reactor to form a high temperature dehydrogenated product, separating at least a portion of the dehydrogenation catalyst from the high temperature dehydrogenated product in a primary separation device, combining the high temperature dehydrogenation product with a quench stream to cool the high temperature dehydrogenation product and form an intermediate temperature dehydrogenation product, and cooling the intermediate temperature dehydrogenation product to form a cooled dehydrogenation product.

Abstract: Ceramic proton-conducting oxide membranes are described herein, which are useful for separating steam from organic chemicals under process conditions. The membranes have a layered structure, with a dense film of the perovskite over a porous composite substrate comprising the perovskite material and a metallic material (e.g., Ni, Cu, or Pt). The perovskite comprises an ABO3-type structure, where “A” is Ba and “B” is a specified combination of Ce, Zr, and Y. The perovskite ceramic materials described herein have an empirical formula of Ba(CexZr1-x-nYn)O3-?, wherein 0<x<0.8 (e.g., 0.1?x?0.7 or 0.2?x?0.5); and 0.05?n?0.2; and ?=n/2. In some embodiments n is about 0.2. In some other embodiments 0.6?x?0.8; and n is about 0.2, such as Ba(Ce0.7Zr0.1Y0.2)O3-?, also referred to herein as BCZY712.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst composition suitable for the dehydrogenation of paraffins having 2-8 carbon atoms comprising zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, optionally further comprising oxides of cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), tungsten (W) and Zirconium (Zr) or mixtures thereof, wherein said catalyst composition is substantially free of chromium and platinum. The catalysts possess unique combinations of activity, selectivity, and stability. Methods for preparing improved dehydrogenation catalysts and a process for dehydrogenating paraffins having 2-8 carbon atoms, comprising contacting the mixed metal oxide catalyst with paraffins are also described. The catalyst may also be disposed on a porous support in an attrition-resistant form and used in a fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: A process for recovering hydrogen from dehydrogenation reactor effluent is disclosed. A feed stream comprising hydrocarbons and hydrogen to a dehydrogenation reactor maintained at dehydrogenation conditions to provide a dehydrogenation reactor effluent. The dehydrogenation reactor effluent is passed to a cold box separation unit to provide a liquid hydrocarbon product stream and a recycle hydrogen stream. A return portion of the recycle hydrogen stream is passed to the reactor effluent compressor. The subject matter disclosed improved process and apparatus which enables the paraffin dehydrogenation reactor to run at reduced H2/HC ratio without requiring an investment in a resized compressor or resized turboexpanders or separators in the cold box.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing an olefin using a circulating fluidized bed process, including: (a) supplying a hydrocarbon mixture including propane and a dehydrogenation catalyst to a riser which is in a state of a fast fluidization regime, and thus inducing a dehydrogenation reaction; (b) separating an effluent from the dehydrogenation reaction into the catalyst and a propylene mixture; (c) stripping, in which a residual hydrocarbon compound is removed from the catalyst separated in step (b); (d) mixing the catalyst stripped in step (c) with a gas containing oxygen and thus continuously regenerating the catalyst; (e) circulating the catalyst regenerated in step (d) to step (a) and thus resupplying the catalyst to the riser; and (f) cooling, compressing, and separating the propylene mixture, which is a reaction product separated in step (b), and thus producing a propylene product.

Abstract: A catalyst, methods of making, and process of dehydrogenating paraffins utilizing the catalyst. The catalyst includes at least 20 mass % Zn, a catalyst support and a catalyst stabilizer. The catalyst is further characterizable by physical properties such as activity parameter measured under specified conditions. The catalyst may also be disposed on a porous support in an attrition-resistant form and used in a fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: A catalyst, methods of making, and process of dehydrogenating paraffins utilizing the catalyst. The catalyst includes at least 20 mass % Zn, a catalyst support and a catalyst stabilizer. The catalyst is further characterizable by physical properties such as activity parameter measured under specified conditions. The catalyst may also be disposed on a porous support in an attrition-resistant form and used in a fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: A method of oxidative dehydrogenating of butane stream comprises contacting the same with a bimetallic catalyst in the presence of oxygen, wherein the bimetallic catalyst containing nickel and bismuth or oxides thereof supported on solid support such as zirconium oxide, low aluminum MFI zeolite, and mesoporous silica foam. Various embodiments of the method of oxidative dehydrogenating the butane-containing hydrocarbon stream and the bimetallic catalyst are also provided.

Abstract: Oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts comprising MoVNbTeO having improved consistency of composition and a 25% conversion of ethylene at less than 420° C. and a selectivity to ethylene above 95% are prepared by treating the catalyst precursor with H2O2 in an amount equivalent to 0.30-2.8 mL H2O2 of a 30% solution per gram of catalyst precursor prior to calcining.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst composition suitable for the dehydrogenation of paraffins having 2-8 carbon atoms comprising zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, optionally further comprising oxides of cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), tungsten (W) and Zirconium (Zr) or mixtures thereof, wherein said catalyst composition is substantially free of chromium and platinum. The catalysts possess unique combinations of activity, selectivity, and stability. Methods for preparing improved dehydrogenation catalysts and a process for dehydrogenating paraffins having 2-8 carbon atoms, comprising contacting the mixed metal oxide catalyst with paraffins are also described. The catalyst may also be disposed on a porous support in an attrition-resistant form and used in a fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst composition suitable for the dehydrogenation of paraffins having 2-8 carbon atoms comprising zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, optionally further comprising oxides of cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), tungsten (W) and Zirconium (Zr) or mixtures thereof, wherein said catalyst composition is substantially free of chromium and platinum. The catalysts possess unique combinations of activity, selectivity, and stability. Methods for preparing improved dehydrogenation catalysts and a process for dehydrogenating paraffins having 2-8 carbon atoms, comprising contacting the mixed metal oxide catalyst with paraffins are also described. The catalyst may also be disposed on a porous support in an attrition-resistant form and used in a fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: A dehydrogenation system includes a plurality of dehydrogenation reactors valved to operate in alternating dehydrogenation modes and regeneration modes in a timed sequence in a system cycle by way of the plurality of valves; a digital programmable controller connected to the plurality of valves for sequencing the reactors; and means for determining the productivity characteristics of each reactor over a system cycle. The digital controller is operable to re-sequence the reactors to reduce either peak productivity or productivity deltas over an initial system cycle. After resequencing, production may be increased with the more uniform productivity profile of the re-sequenced system without exceeding system limits, such as compressor operating limits.

Abstract: Oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts comprising MoVNbTeO having improved consistency of composition and a 25% conversion of ethylene at less than 420° C. and a selectivity to ethylene above 95% are prepared by treating the catalyst precursor with H2O2 in an amount equivalent to 0.30-2.8 mL H2O2 of a 30% solution per gram of catalyst precursor prior to calcining.

Abstract: Processes and systems for the integrated production of propylene and an alkylate, such as cumene, may include feeding a hydrocarbon feedstock containing propane to a propane dehydrogenation reaction zone to convert a portion of the propane to propylene. The propylene is separated in a separation system to form a polymer-grade propylene stream, a low purity propylene stream, and a propane stream. The low purity propylene stream is then fed to an alkylation reaction zone where the propylene is reacted to produce an alkylated product and generate a low pressure steam. The low pressure steam may then be fed to the separation system as a heat source, integrating the dehydrogenation system and the alkylation system.

Abstract: Disclosed are a catalyst for dehydrogenating a paraffinic hydrocarbon and a method of preparing the same, wherein the catalyst is configured such that a sponge-type alumina support having 3D meso/macro pores is directly impregnated with an active metal, thus decreasing the diffusion resistance of a material, realizing structural stability, and maximizing the distribution of the active metal in the support, thereby significantly increasing olefin conversion and selectivity. In this catalyst, the sponge-type alumina support is directly impregnated with the active metal to thus form an active metal layer inside the support having 3D meso/macro pores that are interconnected to each other.

Abstract: A catalytic reactor and membrane separation process is described in which a hydrocarbon feed comprising at least one alkane or alkylaromatic is at least one of dehydrogenated, dehydrocyclized, or dehydrocyclodimerized in first and second reactors. The reaction mixtures are separated in first and second membrane separation zones using first and second small pore microporous inorganic non-metallic membrane with a pore size of less than or equal to 4 ? at a temperature of greater than 500° C. The membrane separation zones are separate from the reactors.

Abstract: An endothermic catalytic dehydrogenation process conducted in gas phase in system including a reactor with a catalyst bed including an inorganic catalytic material and a first inert material including the steps of: feeding a first stream having an alkane of the formulae I CnH2n+1R1 with n?3 and R1?H or aryl to be dehydrogenated into the reactor, and simultaneously or subsequently feeding a second stream including a mixture of an inert gas and a reactive gas selected from the group of alkanes of the formulae II CmH2m+2 with m?2, or alkenes of the formulae III CmH2m with m?2. The alkane to be dehydrogenated of formulae I in first stream has at least one more carbon atom than the alkane of formulae II and alkene of formulae III in the second stream.

Abstract: Fluidizable catalysts for the gas phase oxygen-free oxidative cracking of alkanes, such as hexane, to one or more olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, and/or butylene. The catalysts comprise 1-15% by weight per total catalyst weight of one or more vanadium oxides (VOx), such as V2O5. The catalysts are disposed on an alumina support that is modified with cerium to influence catalyst acidity and characteristics of lattice oxygen at the catalyst surface. Various methods of preparing and characterizing the catalyst as well as methods for the gas phase oxygen free oxidative cracking of alkanes, such as hexane, to one or more olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, and/or butylene with improved alkane conversion and olefins product selectivity are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst composition suitable for the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes having 2-8 carbon atoms comprising silico-zinc aluminate, wherein the relative molar ratios of the elements comprised in said composition are represented by SixZn1-xAl2O4, wherein x stands for a number in the range from 0.003 to 0.76. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of said catalyst composition, to a process for the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes, preferably isobutane using said catalyst and to the use of said catalyst in a process for the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes.

Abstract: Disclosed are a catalyst composition for oxidative dehydrogenation and a method of preparing the same. More particularly, disclosed is a catalyst composition comprising a multi-ingredient-based metal oxide catalyst and a mixed metal hydroxide. The catalyst composition and the method of preparing the same according to the present disclosure may prevent loss occurring in a filling process due to superior mechanical durability and wear according to long-term use, may inhibit polymer formation and carbon deposition during reaction, and may provide a superior conversion rate and superior selectivity.

Abstract: In the operation of an oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) process, it is desirable to remove oxygen in the product stream for a number of reasons, including to reduce oxidation of the product. This may be achieved by having several pre-reactors upstream of the main reactor having a catalyst system containing labile oxygen. The feed passes through one or more reactors saturated with labile oxygen. When the labile oxygen is consumed through a valve system, the pre-reactor accepts product from the main reactor and complexes reactive oxygen in the product stream until the catalyst system is saturated with labile oxygen. Then the reactor becomes a pre-reactor and another pre-reactor becomes a scavenger.

Abstract: A hydrogen production process and a reactor for dehydrogenation in which it is possible to mix hydrogen with a raw material for a dehydrogenation reaction easily and simply and suppress a reduction in the performance of a dehydrogenation reaction catalyst when hydrogen is produced by combining the dehydrogenation reaction of organic hydrides or the like with a hydrogen separation membrane. A flow-type reactor for dehydrogenation of an organic compound includes a hydrogen separation membrane selectively permeable to hydrogen; and a dehydrogenation catalyst for promoting a dehydrogenation reaction of an organic compound which can release hydrogen upon the dehydrogenation reaction, including: a reaction side area through which the organic compound can flow and which includes the dehydrogenation catalyst and a permeation side area which is separated from the reaction side area by the hydrogen separation membrane and through which hydrogen that has passed through the hydrogen separation membrane can flow.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the dehydrogenation of paraffins is presented. The process utilizes a reactor that includes a slower flow of catalyst through the reactor, with a counter current flow of gas through the catalyst bed. The catalyst is regenerated and distributed over the top of the catalyst bed, and travels through the bed with the aid of reactor internals to limit backmixing of the catalyst.

Abstract: A process is presented for quenching a process stream in a paraffin dehydrogenation process. The process comprises cooling a propane dehydrogenation stream during the hot residence time after the process stream leaves the catalytic bed reactor section. The process includes cooling and compressing the product stream, taking a portion of the product stream and passing the portion of the product stream to the mix with the process stream as it leaves the catalytic bed reactor section.

Abstract: A method of forming a dehydrogenation catalyst support is carried out by forming a mixture comprising a bayerite aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and water into a support material. The support material is particulized. The particulized support material is compressed to a pressure of at least 5,000 psig to form a shaped body. The shaped body is calcined in pure steam at a temperature of at least 750° C. for at least 0.25 hours to form a catalyst support having an average pore diameter of 200 ? or greater. The catalyst support can then be treated with a dehydrogenation catalyst component so that the catalyst support contains the dehydrogenation catalyst component to form a dehydrogenation catalyst that can then be used by contacting a hydrocarbon feed with the catalyst within a reactor in the presence of steam under dehydrogenation reaction conditions suitable to form dehydrogenated hydrocarbon products.

Abstract: An apparatus for reforming a hydrocarbon stream is presented. The apparatus involves changing the design of reformers and associated equipment to allow for increasing the processing temperatures in the reformers and heaters. The reformers are operated under different conditions to utilize advantages in the equilibriums, but require modifications to prevent increasing thermal cracking and to prevent increases in coking.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for producing olefins from petroleum saturated hydrocarbons. The process of the present invention comprises: contacting a preheated petroleum saturated hydrocarbons feedstock with a dehydrogenation catalyst in a dehydrogenation reaction zone of a reaction system to obtain a petroleum hydrocarbon stream containing unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds, in which the dehydrogenation reaction has a conversion rate of at least 20%; and contacting the obtained petroleum hydrocarbon stream containing the unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds with olefins cracking catalyst in an olefin cracking zone of the reaction system to obtain a product stream containing olefins with a reduced number of carbon atoms.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a method of producing value-added product from light gases, the method comprising: (a) providing light gases comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 compounds and combinations thereof; (b) intimately mixing the light gases with a liquid carrier in a high shear device to form a dispersion of gas in the liquid carrier, wherein the dispersion is supersaturated with the light gases and comprises gas bubbles at least some of which have a mean diameter of less than or equal to about 5 micron(s); (c) allowing the value-added product to form and utilizing vacuum to extract unreacted light gases from the liquid carrier; (d) extracting the value-added product; wherein the value-added product comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of higher hydrocarbons, hydrogen, olefins, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. A system for producing value-added product from light gases is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method is proposed for providing an oxygen-containing gas stream for the endothermic reaction of an initial stream comprising one or more hydrocarbons, having a predetermined oxygen concentration and a predetermined temperature, wherein a fluid fuel stream is combusted with a primary air stream at ? values of the primary air stream to the fluid fuel stream of from 0.6 to 1.2 to obtain a combustion gas stream, and a secondary air stream is admixed to the combustion gas stream to obtain the oxygen-containing gas stream for the endothermic reaction, with the predetermined oxygen concentration and the predetermined temperature of the oxygen-containing gas stream being adjusted via the flow rate and the temperature of the secondary air stream.

Abstract: A system for radial flow contact of a reactant stream with catalyst particles includes a reactor vessel and a catalyst retainer in the reactor vessel. The catalyst retainer includes an inner particle retention device and an outer particle retention device. The inner particle retention device and the outer particle retention device are spaced apart to define a catalyst retaining space. The inner particle retention device defines an axial flow path of the reactor vessel, and the outer particle retention device and an inner surface of a wall of the reactor vessel define an annular flow path of the reactor vessel. The system includes an inlet nozzle having an exit opening in fluid communication with the axial flow path, and an outlet nozzle in fluid communication with the annular flow path. The system can further include a fluid displacement device in the axial flow path of the reactor vessel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for generating an alkene, in which a hydrocarbon-comprising feed material is subjected to a dehydrogenation and a product material comprising at least one alkene is generated. A gas stream coming from an adsorber is cooled by a gas stream which comprises the feed material, and the gas stream coming from the adsorber is cooled by a condensed component of the gas stream coming from the adsorber in a first cooling phase. Feed material is cooled in a second cooling phase by a condensed component of the gas stream coming from the adsorber. The flow of the condensed component of the gas stream coming from the adsorber, fed to the first and/or second cooling phase, is varied depending on the temperature of the gas stream leaving the first cooling phase which comprises the feed material and which is fed to the dehydrogenation.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to catalytically active carbocatalysts, e.g., a graphene oxide or graphite oxide catalyst suitable for use in production of propene.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are cobalt complexes containing terdentate pyridine di-imine ligands and their use as efficient and selective dehydrogenative silylation and crosslinking catalysts.

Abstract: A process for the production of propylene from a propane rich hydrocarbon source is presented. The process converts a propane rich stream and uses less equipment and energy for the separation and production of propylene. The process uses a non-noble metal catalyst and utilizes a continuous reactor-regeneration system to keep the process on line for longer periods between maintenance.

Abstract: Process for performing an endothermic reaction in a reactor containing catalyst tubes, the catalyst tubes containing a catalyst promoting the endothermic reaction, the process comprising the steps of, a. contacting the catalyst contained in the catalyst tubes with a feed flow passing through the channels from an entrance end to an exit end, b. contacting an outer surface of the catalyst tubes with a flow of a heating medium having an initial heating temperature and flowing co-currently with the flow of feeds to heat the surface by convection, c. mixing at least part of the heating medium after having been contacted with the catalyst tubes with a flow of fresh heating medium having a start temperature higher than the initial heating temperature to form the co-current heating medium having the initial heating temperature and reactor for carrying out the process.

Abstract: A method for the oxidative coupling of hydrocarbons, such as the oxidative coupling of methane, includes providing an oxidative catalyst inside a reactor, and carrying out the oxidative coupling reaction under a set of reaction conditions. The oxidative catalyst includes (A) at least one element selected from the group consisting of the Lanthanoid group, Mg, Ca, and the elements of Group 4 of the periodic table (Ti, Zr, and Hf); (B) at least one element selected from the group consisting of the Group 1 elements of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and the elements of Group 3 (including La and Ac) and Groups 5-15 of the periodic table; (C) at least one element selected from the group consisting of the Group 1 elements of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and the elements Ca, Sr, and Ba; and (D) oxygen.

Abstract: A method of regenerating spent dehydrogenation catalyst is described. The spent catalyst is heated to a regeneration temperature sufficient to remove coke and adsorbed water, and exposed to a purge gas at a purge temperature sufficient to remove water vapor surrounding the regenerated catalyst, the purged catalyst being maintained at the purge temperature. A method of dehydrogenating a hydrocarbon stream using the method of regenerating spent zirconia catalyst is also described.

Abstract: A method of converting C2 and/or higher alkanes to olefins by contacting a feedstock containing C2 and/or higher alkanes with a first surface of a metal composite membrane of a sintered homogenous mixture of an Al oxide or stabilized or partially stabilized Zr oxide ceramic powder and a metal powder of one or more of Pd, Nb, V, Zr, Ta and/or alloys or mixtures thereof. The alkanes dehydrogenate to olefins by contact with the first surface with substantially only atomic hydrogen from the dehydrogenation of the alkanes passing through the metal composite membrane. Apparatus for effecting the conversion and separation is also disclosed.

Abstract: A reactor design and process for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons is presented. The reactor design includes a multibed catalytic reactor, where each of the reactor beds are fluidized. The catalyst in the reactor cascades through the reactor beds, with fresh catalyst input into the first reactor bed, and the spent catalyst withdrawn from the last reactor bed. The hydrocarbon feedstream is input to the reactor beds in a parallel formation, thereby decreasing the thermal residence time of the hydrocarbons when compared with a single bed fluidized reactor, or a series reactor scheme.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst bed system including a horizontal catalyst bed having a mixture of at least one catalytic material and at least one first inert material, a predetermined volume of at least one second inert material arranged upstream of the catalyst bed, wherein the volume of the reactor above the catalyst bed system is not filled by any solid material (empty space). The volume of the second inert material and the volume of the reactor above the second inert material (empty space) is between 0.04 and 0.73, preferably between 0.06 and 0.3, most preferably between 0.09 and 0.2. The present invention relates also to a dehydrogenation process using this catalyst bed system.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to catalytically active carbocatalysts, e.g., a graphene oxide or graphite oxide catalyst suitable for use in a variety of high value chemical transformations.

Abstract: A method is proposed for installing monoliths (2) each formed of a ceramic block having a multiplicity of mutually parallel channels wherethrough the reaction gas mixture of a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase reaction can flow in a reactor (1) for conducting heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase reactions, wherein said monoliths (2) are stacked side by side and on top of each other in the reactor interior, wherein the monoliths are sealed off from each other and from the inner wall of said reactor (1) by mats (3) each comprising an intumescent mat which before installation in said reactor (1) were completely enveloped in a polymeric film, wherein the interior enclosed by the polymeric film and containing said mat (3) is evacuated and wherein the interior enclosed by the polymeric film and containing said mat (3) is devacuated after installation in said reactor (1).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of increasing stability of a catalyst used in a dehydrogenation process. The method includes storing fresh catalyst in a reduction zone, passing a gas through the reduction zone, introducing hydrocarbons and hydrogen gas into a reactor positioned downstream from the reduction zone to facilitate a dehydrogenation reaction, and replenishing spent catalyst in the reactor with fresh catalyst from the reduction zone. The gas has a moisture content at or below about 4000 ppmv and a temperature at or below about 290° C. The reactor includes catalyst for increasing the rate of the dehydrogenation reaction. The moisture content of the gas may be reduced to at or below about 4000 ppmv by passing the gas through a drier or by using an inert gas stream. The temperature of the gas may also be reduced.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for contacting radially flowing fluids with solid particles (e.g., catalyst) with reduced tendency for fluidization of the particles, and especially a sealing portion of the particles at the top of a particle retention zone disposed between screens at upstream and downstream positions relative to radial fluid flow. Fluidization is reduced or eliminated by offsetting openings of the screens in the axial direction, such that upstream openings in the upstream screen are above highest downstream openings in a downstream stream. The offset in openings imparts a downward flow component to radially flowing fluid, thereby reducing solid particle fluidization without the need to induce a specific pressure drop profile along the entire axial direction of the screens.

Abstract: A reverse flow regenerative reactor having first and second zones, each having first and second ends, the first zone having a plurality of channels capable of separately conveying at least two components of a combustible gas mixture, a gas distributor configured for injecting the components of the combustible gas mixture into first zone, a combustion zone including a selective combustion catalyst disposed at or downstream of the second end of said channels for catalyzing combustion, wherein the second zone is positioned and situated to receive a combusted gas mixture. Processes usefully conducted in the reactor are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for treating a hydrocarbon stream including flowing the hydrocarbon stream through a hydrocarbon treating vessel, heating a portion of the hydrocarbon treating vessel to a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined amount of time and controlling sensitization of the portion of the interior surface of the hydrocarbon treating vessel.

Abstract: A reactor in the form of an essentially horizontal cylinder for carrying out an autothermal gas-phase dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon-comprising gas stream by means of an oxygen-comprising gas stream to give a reaction gas mixture over a heterogeneous catalyst configured as monolith is disclosed herein. The interior of the reactor is divided by a detachable, cylindrical or prismatic housing which is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the reactor, gastight in the circumferential direction and open at two end faces of the housing into an inner region, having one or more catalytically active zones. In each case, a packing composed of monoliths may be stacked on top of one another, next to one another, and above one another and before each catalytically active zone. Also in each case, a mixing zone having solid internals and an outer region arranged coaxially to the inner region are provided.