Abstract: Process for the dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising steps of contacting the feed stream with a dehydrogenation catalyst in at least one dehydrogenation zone and reacting the feed stream to a hydrogen containing effluent stream;admixing to the effluent stream an oxygen containing atmosphere in at least one mixing zone;removing hydrogen from the effluent stream by reaction with oxygen in the oxygen containing atmosphere by contact with a hydrogen oxidation catalyst in at least one hydrogen removing zone,the improvement of which comprises employing massive forms of noble metals or alloys thereof as catalyst in the hydrogen removal zone.

Abstract: Aliphatic feeds are converted to olefins and/or aromatics in a multi pressure reactor system. A high pressure first stage reactor generates much or all of the hydrogen needed to reduce catalyst coking in lower pressure downstream reactors. High pressure operation protects catalyst stability in the first reactor, while produced hydrogen helps protect downstream catalyst. Low pressure downstream operation improves yields.

Abstract: This invention relates to a catalyst for hydrogenation and/or dehydrogenation having an improved resistance against deactivation by sulfur compounds, comprising at least one hydrogenation component, at least one metal-oxide containing component and at least one component acting as a support material, in which at least a part of the hydrogenation component and a part of the metal-oxide containing component are present on said support material as separate particles, the particles of the hydrogenation component and the particles of the metal-oxide containing component being homogeneously distributed in the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a novel catalyst composition and its use in the dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins. The catalyst comprises an alloy of a Group VIII noble metal and a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc and gallium on a support selected from the group consisting of silica, zinc oxide modified silica and zinc oxide modified silica-pillared clays when said alloy is a zinc alloy, and silica, gallium oxide modified silica and gallium oxide modified silica-pillared clays when said alloy is a gallium alloy. The instant catalyst is an active and selective catalyst for the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins, especially gaseous paraffins, having the added benefit of retaining high activity and selectivity even following repeated regeneration by calcination in oxygen containing gas at temperatures of 450.degree. C. to 650.degree. C., preferably 450.degree. C. to 500.degree. C.

Abstract: A process and catalyst are provided for dehydrogenating a hydrocarbon feedstock and producing an olefinic product. The process comprises contacting the feedstock at dehydrogenation conditions with a dehydrogenation catalyst comprising from about 0.01 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent of a platinum group metal, from about 0.02 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of zinc, and a support component comprising L zeolite and an alkali metal.

Abstract: Process for the dehydrogenation of a charge incorporating saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons essentially having 3 to 5 carbon atoms per molecule, in which the charge, previously heated to the reaction temperature and without premixing with the hydrogen, is introduced at the inlet of at least one reactor, where the dehydrogenation reaction is performed in the presence of a catalyst, preferably incorporating a support having at least one oxide of an element chosen from among the groups IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA and IVB of the periodic classification of elements, at least one noble metal from the platinum family, at least one promotor metal and at least one alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.

Abstract: In a process for preparing a dehydrogenation catalyst of the type in which a support comprising zinc aluminate is impregnated with at least one of platinum and tin from an impregnation solution, the improvement comprises simultaneously impregnating the support with the platinum and the tin by contacting the support with an impregnation solution which comprises, in solution, a tin compound, a platinum compound, and carboxylic acid. The thus prepared catalyst can be employed in the dehydrogenation of at least one alkane containing 2-8 carbon atoms per molecule in the presence of steam.

Abstract: Light paraffinic hydrocarbons are catalytically dehydrogenated using a dehydrogenation catalyst and a polymer-porous solid composite membrane capable of separating hydrogen from the effluent of the dehydrogenation reaction. The polymer-porous solid composite membrane may be, e.g., a porous ceramic material coated with a fluorinated dianhydride-diamine, a fluorinated polycarbonate or fluorinated polysulfone.

Abstract: A process for hydrodechlorinating 1,2,3-trichloropropane to produce propylene in preference to propane, comprising reacting 1,2,3-trichloropropane and hydrogen in the presence of a Group VIII metal on carbon catalyst, and especially a platinum on carbon catalyst.

Abstract: A process for producing dimethylnaphthalene by the dehydrogenation of dimethyl-tetrahydronaphthalene which comprises carrying out the dehydrogenation reaction in a gaseous state at a temperature of 200.degree. to 350.degree. C. in the presence of a diluting medium and by the use of a platinum and/or palladium catalyst supported on an activated carbon carrier. The process is capable of producing industrially useful dimethylnaphthalene with a high yield and a high selectivity and minimized side reactions, over a long stabilized period.

Abstract: In an endothermic steam active catalytic process employing a fixed catalyst bed in a fuel fired reactor for the dehydrogenation of alkanes to alkenes, wherein a reaction temperature above about 500.degree. C. (932.degree. F.) is maintained for commercially feasible conversions, and wherein catalyst activity declines during a production period, apparatus for control of a process temperature so as to compensate for catalyst activity decline includes a temperature sensor mounted in the reaction effluent stream in combination with a temperature controller which automatically adjusts the quantity of fuel supplied to the fired reactor.

Abstract: A process for the production of mono-olefins from a paraffin-containing hydrocarbon feed having at least two carbon atoms which comprises a first step of partially combusting a mixture of the hydrocarbon feed and a molecular oxygen-containing gas in contact with a catalyst capable of supporting combustion beyond the normal fuel rich limit of flammability, the first step being carried out under a total pressure of greater than 5 bar absolute and at a temperature of greater than 650.degree. C.; and a second step of cooling the mono-olefinic products to 600.degree. C. or less within less than 50 milliseconds of formation.

Abstract: A dehydrogenating catalyst for saturated hydrocarbons comprising platinum, tin, sodium and .tau.-alumina. The support of the catalyst is a large pore diameter .tau.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 with dual pore diameter distribution. At least 40% of the total pore volume is contributed by pores with pore diameter in the range of 1000-10000 .ANG.. Platinum, tin, and sodium are impregnated onto support by co-impregnation method, followed by drying, calcinating, and steam-treating, as well as reducing by hydrogen, to prepare a long life dehydrogenating catalyst.

Abstract: In a process for preparing a dehydrogenation catalyst of the type in which a support comprising zinc aluminate is impregnated with at least one of platinum and tin from an impregnation solution, the improvement comprises simultaneously impregnating the support with the platinum and the tin by contacting the support with an impregnation solution which comprises, in solution, a tin compound, a platinum compound, and a carboxylic acid. The thus prepared catalyst can be employed in the dehydrogenation of at least one alkane containing 2-8 carbon atoms per molecule in the presence of steam.

Abstract: A continuous process for the dehydrogenation of paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst comprises circulating a charge containing said paraffinic hydrocarbons through at least two reactions zones of the moving bed type which are arranged in series, the catalyst flowing successively in each reaction zone. The catalyst which is drawn off from the last reaction zone is sent to a regeneration zone at the exit from which it is reintroduced close to the first reaction zone. The process comprises the injection of sulphur and/or at least one sulphur compound before or simultaneously to the introduction of the charge into the first reaction zone. In accordance with the process, the catalyst which is drawn off from the last reaction zone is sent into a stripping zone wherein the sulphur which it contains is removed before the catalyst is sent to the regeneration zone.

Abstract: A catalyst is described for the preparation of isobutene by dehydroisomerization of n-butane consisting of a solid, granular support of porous gamma-alumina on the surface of which catalytic quantities of platinum, silica and preferably also one or more promotors are deposited. In a preferred form of embodiment this catalyst is used with a second catalyst which may be formed of Boralite B or a solid granular support of gamma-alumina on the surface of which catalytic quantities of silica are deposited. The present invention relates also to the process of dehydroisomerization of n-butane to isobutene in which the catalyst is used and the relative operating conditions.

Abstract: An improved process for dehydrogenation of detergent range normal paraffins contained in a hydrocarbon mixture to produce monoolefins is described. Improvements are obtained by operating over an entire catalyst operating cycle at an average added hydrogen to detergent range hydrocarbon ratio of from about 0.5 to about 1.9. The improved process is operated in a substantially adiabatic, plug flow reactor at a suitable catalyst bed inlet temperature not greater than about 450.degree. C. The process provides improved tolerance for initial excess catalyst bed activity, allowing desirable catalyst operating cycle lengths to be obtained with more favorable operating conditions.

Abstract: The activity, selectivity and yield of a dehydrogenation process used to produce olefins from normal paraffin hydrocarbons having 2 to 5 carbon atoms per molecule is improved by the introduction of an essentially constant level of water into the inlet of two or more beds of dehydrogenation catalyst.

Abstract: Catalytic conversion of a C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkane, e.g., isobutane and/or isopentane, to isoalkenes, e.g., isobutene and/or isopentene, respectively, is undertaken in the presence of an aromatic recycle stream which provides the heat of reaction for the conversion which is endothermic, in the absence of hydrogen.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the dehydrogenation of C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 hydrocarbons at dehydrogenation conditions with a pillared mica catalyst which contains an active metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Cr and mixtures thereof, and a first modifier metal selected from the group consisting of Sn, Ga and mixtures thereof. The micas may also contain a second modifier metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and rare earth metals, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of olefins from light paraffins. Specifically, the present invention relates to a process for the production of olefins from ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, pentane and isopentane, preferably utilizing moderate or high activity dehydrogenation catalysts at kinetic residence times of from about 0.1 to about 2.0 seconds, and at temperatures of from about 900.degree. F. to about 1600.degree. F. The present invention further relates to the production of an olefin from its corresponding paraffin, and a process for the production of a mixture of olefins.

Abstract: A catalytic dehydrogenation and/or dehydrocyclization of paraffins.

Abstract: In a steam active catalytic process employing a fixed catalyst bed for the dehydrogenation of alkanes to alkenes wherein reaction temperatures above about 500.degree. C. (932.degree. F.) must be maintained for commercially feasible conversions, the decline in catalyst activity druing a production period is slowed by maintaining a substantially constant temperature for the reaction effluent while allowing the average temperature of the fixed catalyst bed to rise during a production period.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock in the presence of steam using a steam-active reforming catalyst The present invention can generally be used in conjunction with any steam-active reforming processes wherein the hydrocarbon reforming and catalyst regeneration operations are conducted simultaneously and the catalyst is regenerated using a steam-diluted oxygen (or air) regeneration medium. In the present invention, catalyst regeneration effluent gas is advantageously reused in the reforming operation to provide at least a portion of the steam environment required for reforming the hydrocarbon feedstock. Free oxygen is preferably removed from the regeneration effluent gas before the regeneration effluent gas is brought into contact with the hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: A process for the steam dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons which utilizes a novel catalytic composition is disclosed. The catalyst composite comprises a Group VIII noble metal component, a Group IA or IIA metal component, and a component selected from the group consisting of tin, germanium, lead, indium, gallium thallium, or mixtures thereof, all on an essentially theta-alumina support having a surface area of from about 50 to 120 m2/g, and an Apparent Bulk Density of 0.5 g/cm3 or more. The process is performed at a water to hydrocarbon molar ratio of 0.25:1 to 10:1.

Abstract: A process for the separation and recovery of the product stream resulting from the dehydrogenation of dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons which process utilizes a chiller system for the recovery of olefin product liquid and a pressure swing adsorption unit to concentrate the olefin product liquid which is not recovered by the chiller.

Abstract: A process for the dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propane and butane in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum and a carrier material. Reconditioning of catalyst particles containing platinum by transferring the catalyst particles through a combustion zone, a drying zone and a re-dispersion zone improves the process. Drying of the catalyst particles immediately after the combustion of coke improves the operation of a platinum re-dispersion zone. The lower moisture content in the re-dispersion zone allows the equilibrium reaction between hydrogen chloride and oxygen on the one hand, and water and chlorine on the other hand to be shifted to the production of chlorine. This shift of the equilibrium reaction can be further improved by maintaining an oxygen-enriched environment within the platinum re-dispersion zone. The use of a much lower chloride concentration in the re-dispersion zone reduces the emissions of hydrogen chloride from the regeneration zone.

Abstract: A process for dehydrogenating C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 alkanes in the presence of steam and a catalyst composition containing zinc aluminate, a tin oxide and platinum, wherein the zinc aluminate support material has been prepared by calcining zinc oxide and a hydrated alumina (so as to alleviate coking during the dehydrogenation process).

Abstract: A process for the dehydrogenation of light alkanes which employs a gallium/platinum catalyst on a magnesium/alumina spinel support. The catalyst comprises 0.3 to 5 wt. % Ga and 0.1 to 5 wt. % Pt on a spinel type support material characterized by the formula Mg.sub.x Al.sub.2 O.sub.3+x where x is a number from about 0.1 to 1.1. A water soluble Mg salt is incorporated into this support prior to the impregnation of Pt and Ga.

Abstract: An apparatus and system for the dehydrogenation of ethane to produce ethylene and hydrogen through the use of a catalytic ceramic membrane having selective permeability, thus permitting separation of hydrogen from the reaction zone which causes further dehydrogenation of ethane, the catalytic ceramic membrane being in a cylindrical form which has been treated to have a metallic catalyst of suitable metal, such as platinum, palladium or chromium, deposited on the surface adjacent to the reaction zone. The catalytic ceramic membrane tube is enclosed within an alloy tube of suitable composition to permit heating to the temperature range of 300.degree. to 650.degree. C. The annulus surrounding the ceramic membrane tube may be filled with a pelleted catalyst, thus causing the dehydrogenation reaction to take place within this annular zone, but which will be accelerated by the permeation of hydrogen out of the zone through the ceramic catalytic membrane.

Abstract: The process is a hydrogen regeneration of spent Group VIII metal modified non-acidic microporous crystalline materials employed as catalysts in dehydrogenation and dehydrocyclization.

Abstract: A process for the separation and recovery of the products stream resulting from the dehydrogenation of dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons which process utilizes an integrated system for the recovery of liquid olefin product by the use of a compression system, a pressure swing adsorption unit and a chiller system to concentrate the olefin product.

Abstract: A solid composition of matter comprising: (1) cobalt, (2) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Group IA metals, (3) silicon and (4) oxygen, preferably containing at least two Group IA metals and optionally containing at least one material selected from the group consisting of halogen ions and compounds containing halogen ions, phosphorous and compounds containing phosphorous, sulfur and compounds containing sulfur. A method for the oxidative conversion of feed organic compounds to product organic compounds utilizing these solid compositions of matter as solid contact materials is described.

Abstract: Impregnated chloride ions are removed from a chloride containing, platinum on zinc aluminate catalyst support in a specific sequence of operations. In the dechlorination steps, the impregnated platinum is first anchored to the zinc aluminate support in a calcining step, and then the calcined catalyst support is washed with a wash medium to remove the corrosive chloride without removing the platinum catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst which comprises zinc, together with an effective amount of a platinum group metal on a support which is a material having the silicalite structure, the framework of said material consisting essentially of silicon and oxygen atoms or of silicon, zinc and oxygen atoms. There is also provided a process for the dehydrogenation of a C.sub.2 to C.sub.10 paraffin to yield an alkene product which process comprises contacting the paraffin under dehydrogenation conditions with a catalyst according to the invention.

Abstract: Compositions of matter particularly useful for the oxidative conversion of feed organic compounds to produce organic compounds include combination of Group IIA, zinc, titanium and Lanthanum Series base materials and, optionally, Group IA and/or halogen promoters. A method for the oxidative conversion of feed organic compounds to produce organic compounds, particularly methane, to higher hydrocarbons and saturated C.sub.2 to C.sub.7 hydrocarbons to less saturated hydrocarbons in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas is disclosed utilizing base compositions of matter.

Abstract: A liquid catalyst composition for the oxidative coupling of methane and other hydrocarbon compounds to produce higher hydrocarbons and for the oxidative dehydrogenation of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon compounds, aliphatic and alicyclic substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof is disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propane and butane in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum and a carrier material. Reconditioning of catalyst particles containing platinum by transferring the catalyst particles through a combustion zone, a drying zone and a re-dispersion zone improves the process. Drying of the catalyst particles immediately after the combustion of coke improves the operation of a platinum re-dispersion zone. The lower moisture content in the re-dispersion zone allows the equilibrium reaction between hydrogen chloride and oxygen on the one hand, and water and chlorine on the other hand to be shifted to the production of chlorine. This shift of the equilibrium reaction can be further improved by maintaining an oxygen-enriched environment within the platinum re-dispersion zone. The use of a much lower chloride concentration in the re-dispersion zone reduces the emissions of hydrogen chloride from the regeneration zone.

Abstract: A method for improving the activity of a dehydrogenation and dehydrocyclization catalyst composition and a process for improving the conversion and selectivity of paraffin hydrocarbons to olefin and aromatic compounds. The novel processes comprise adding calcium aluminate to a catalyst composition comprising a zinc aluminate support and a catalyst metal, and optionally a promoter metal.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are disclosed for the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons in a transport or sub-transport fluidized bed reaction zone. Inert particles are used to transfer heat to the reaction zone. The particles may be heated separately from the catalyst in a combustion zone or together with the catalyst in a regenerator. Fuel is fired to heat the inert particles or a mixture of catalyst and inert particles. Hydrogen deficient fuels such as charcoal or coke are preferred.

Abstract: Aliphatics are aromatized in a two-stage catalytic upgrading process. In the first stage, aliphatic hydrocarbons are at least partially cracked and dehydrogenated to form an intermediate product stream. The extent and selectivity of the cracking and dehydrogenation reactions are preferably controlled to maintain heat balance in a second stage catalytic aromatization step.In a preferred embodiment, a first aliphatic feedstream is cracked and dehydrogenated to form an intermediate product stream. The intermediate product stream is then mixed with a second aliphatic feedstream and contacted with a zeolite aromatization catalyst. Cracking and dehydrogenation of the first aliphatic feedstream is controlled to provide heat balanced aromatization of the combined streams.

Abstract: A method for converting methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons wherein hot oxidative coupling reactor effluent is briefly contacted with a C.sub.2 to C.sub.20 alkane quench material to remove part of the heat contained in the raw reactor effluent, and is then further quenched by thermal quenching means to achieve a temperature which discourages retrograde reactions.

Abstract: A novel catalytic composite and a process for its use is disclosed. The catalyst composite comprises a first component selected from Group IA and Group IIA elements of the Periodic Table of the Elements, a second component selected from iridium, and osmium, or mixtures thereof, a third component selected from the elements of Group IVA of the Periodic Table of the Elements, platinum, and a support having a nominal dimension (d) of from 50 to 10,000 microns. The catalytic composite is characterized in that both the second component and platinum are surface-impregnated upon the support, with the concentration gradient of the second component being steeper than that of platinum. The second component is eggshell surface-impregnated.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the aromatization of non-aromatic hydrocarbons having at least six carbon atoms. The non-aromatic feed is contacted with a catalyst which includes a base metal or noble metal which is incorporated into or onto a pillared layered silicate. A preferred pillared layered silicate is kenyaite containing interspathic silica, and a preferred base metal or noble metal is chromium.

Abstract: A process for producing a dehydrogenated hydrocarbon product stream by catalytically dehydrogenating a feed stream is disclosed. The process utilizes a plurality of dehydrogenation catalyst-filled tubes in a furnace with all of the tubes connected in parallel to a common product outlet conduit, so that the effluent of all of the tubes is contained in a common product stream. Essentially continuous regeneration of the dehydrogenation catalyst, is achieved by cyclically contacting a portion of the catalyst with an admixture of oxygen-containing regeneration gas and diluent while contacting the remaining portion of the catalyst with an admixture of hydrocarbon feed material and diluent, and wherein free hydrogen is added to react with the oxygen-containing regeneration effluent gas before the oxygen-containing effluent gas enters the product stream.

Abstract: Group VIII metal modified non-acidic tin containing microporous crystalline materials which in catalysis exhibit high selectively for dehydrogenation and dehydrocyclization are described.

Abstract: The catalytic properties of a metal-containing shape selective crystalline silicate zeolite are significantly improved by converting said metal to an intermetallic compound. Thus, for example, zeolite beta containing the intermetallic component platinum zeolite demonstrates improved catalytic properties for dewaxing a hydrocarbon feedstock compared to zeolite beta containing platinum metal alone.

Abstract: A catalyst which is substantially free of alkali and alkaline earth metals and comprises an effective amount of a platinum group metal on a silicalite support; characterized in that the catalyst also comprises tin. There is also provided a process for the dehydrogenation of a C.sub.2 to C.sub.10 paraffin to yield an alkene product, which comprises contacting the paraffin under dehydrogenation conditions with a catalyst according to the invention.

Abstract: Non-acid microporous crystalline indium containing materials are combined with Group VIII metal such as platinum to produce catalysts which exhibit high selectivity for dehydrocyclization of C.sub.5.sup.+ paraffins and which exhibit little, if any, cracking activity for hexane and heptane.

Abstract: A process is described for the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffinic hydrocarbons preferably having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one metal of the platinum group, a co-catalyst and a promoter, the noble metal of the platinum group being deposited into the alumina support in two steps, the first one being followed by a calcination and a reduction, the second one being followed by a calcination.