Abstract: A process for the dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of propane and butane in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum and a carrier material. Reconditioning of catalyst particles containing platinum by transferring the catalyst particles through a combustion zone, a drying zone and a re-dispersion zone improves the process. Drying of the catalyst particles immediately after the combustion of coke improves the operation of a platinum re-dispersion zone. The lower moisture content in the re-dispersion zone allows the equilibrium reaction between hydrogen chloride and oxygen on the one hand, and water and chlorine on the other hand to be shifted to the production of chlorine. This shift of the equilibrium reaction can be further improved by maintaining an oxygen-enriched environment within the platinum re-dispersion zone. The use of a much lower chloride concentration in the re-dispersion zone reduces the emissions of hydrogen chloride from the regeneration zone.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process using a catalytic composition effective in the catalytic conversion of a feedstock alkane, such as methane, to a higher molecular weight hydrocarbon is disclosed. The composition includes a first component comprising a Group IA metal, a second component comprising Group IIA metal, a third component, the precursor of which comprises a sol (an aqueous suspension of aluminum, silicon, titanium, zinc, zirconium, cadmium or tin) and a fourth component including a Group VIII metal, silver or a combination thereof, present in an amount effective to substantially increase the catalytic activity of the composition.In addition, methods of preparing such catalytic compositions and catalytic compositions prepared by such methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for the oxidative conversion of methane, at a high conversion and high selectivity to ethylene and ethane, in which a methane-containing gas, such as a natural gas, and an oxygen-containing gas are contacted with a contact material comprising lithium, in an effective amount, preferably 0.1 to 50 wt. % (expressed as the metal), and magnesium oxide, as by passing a mixture of the methane-containing gas and the oxygen-containing gas through a body of the contact material.

Abstract: A tin-containing composition is provided, the composition having a tin Auger line transition wherein the ratio of the area of the M.sub.5 N.sub.4,5 N.sub.4,5 transition peak at 424.5 eV.+-.1 eV, having a 6 eV FWHM, to the area of M.sub.4 N.sub.4,5 N.sub.4,5 transition peak at 430.5 eV.+-.1 eV is at least 10 to 1. Additional such tin-containing compositions, including catalyst compositions are also provided as are methods for converting feedstock alkanes containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons using such catalyst compositions.

Abstract: Operational flexibility of a fluid catalytic cracking process is improved by directly cooling regenerated catalyst in an external catalyst cooler/stripper (ECCS). Regenerated catalyst withdrawn from the catalytic cracking unit regenerator is mixed with spent catalyst from the reactor stripper to effect desorption of cracked products from the spent catalyst at elevated temperature. The catalyst mixture is then contacted with an alkane-containing feedstream in a fluid bed maintained within a central section of the external catalyst cooler/stripper (ECCS). The mixture of spent and regenerated catalyst, cooled by the endothermic dehydrogenation of the alkanes, then flows downward through the ECCS to a lower section of the ECCS where the catalyst is countercurrently stripped with steam to remove remaining entrained hydrocarbons. Steam is withdrawn from an upper section of the steam stripping zone and bypassed around the dehydrogenation/stripping and mixing stages to avoid steam deactivation of the catalyst.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are disclosed for the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons in a transport or sub-transport fluidized bed reaction zone. Inert particles are used to transfer heat to the reaction zone. The particles may be heated separately from the catalyst in a combustion zone or together with the catalyst in a regenerator. Fuel is fired to heat the inert particles or a mixture of catalyst and inert particles. Hydrogen deficient fuels such as charcoal or coke are preferred.

Abstract: Perovskites of the structure A.sub.2 B.sub.2 C.sub.3 O.sub.10 are useful as catalysts for the oxidative coupling of lower alkane to heavier hydrocarbons. A is alkali metal; B is lanthanide or lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, samarium, praseodymium, gadolinium or dysprosium; and C is titanium.

Abstract: Process for producing olefins from natural gas. The natural gas is fractionated (1). The methane (3) mixed with oxygen (6) crosses the oxidizing reactor (5), receives the C.sub.2 + hydrocarbons (7) and the mixture crosses the pyrolysis reactor (8). A hydrocarbons flow containing olefins (10) is collected.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the direct partial oxidation of methane with oxygen, whereby hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms are produced. The catalyst used in this reaction is a spinel oxide such as ZnMn.sub.2 O.sub.4.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the direct partial oxidation of methane with oxygen, whereby organic compounds comprising higher hydrocarbons are produced. The catalyst used in this reaction is an NiZSM-5 catalyst. This catalyst may be prepared by ion exchanging or impregnating a ZSM-5 catalyst with a suitable nickel salt such as nickel nitrate.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the direct partial oxidation of methane with oxygen, whereby organic compounds comprising higher hydrocarbons are produced. The catalyst used in this reaction is a GaZSM-5 catalyst. This catalyst may be prepared by ion exchanging or impregnating a ZSM-5 catalyst with a suitable gallium salt such as gallium nitrate.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the direct partial oxidation of methane with oxygen, whereby organic compounds comprising higher hydrocarbons are produced. The catalyst used in this reaction is a CuZSM-5 catalyst. This catalyst may be prepared by ion exchanging or impregnating a ZSM-5 catalyst with a suitable copper salt such as copper nitrate.

Abstract: Aliphatic C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon(s) are converted to olefin(s) and/or aromatic(s) in the presence of a low acidity Group VIII metal-containing zeolite MCM-22 catalyst, said zeolite exhibiting an Alpha value of not greater than about 150.

Abstract: A method for converting methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons wherein hot oxidative coupling reactor effluent is briefly contacted with a C.sub.2 to C.sub.20 alkane quench material to remove part of the heat contained in the raw reactor effluent, and is then further quenched by thermal quenching means to achieve a temperature which discourages retrograde reactions.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the aromatization of non-aromatic hydrocarbons having at least six carbon atoms. The non-aromatic feed is contacted with a catalyst which includes a base metal or noble metal which is incorporated into or onto a pillared layered silicate. A preferred pillared layered silicate is kenyaite containing interspathic silica, and a preferred base metal or noble metal is chromium.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the direct partial oxidation of methane with oxygen, whereby hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms are produced. The catalyst used in this reaction is a cadmium-manganese oxide catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for (a) catalytically dehydrogenating a saturated hydrocarbon to the corresponding unsaturated hydrocarbon and hydrogen, (b) removing hydrogen from the products of step (a) over a catalyst supported on tin oxide and (c) dehydrogenating the products from step (b) under conditions of step (a). The process is effective for the production of e.g. styrene from ethylbenzene.

Abstract: The catalytic properties of a metal-containing shape selective crystalline silicate zeolite are significantly improved by converting said metal to an intermetallic compound. Thus, for example, zeolite beta containing the intermetallic component platinum zeolite demonstrates improved catalytic properties for dewaxing a hydrocarbon feedstock compared to zeolite beta containing platinum metal alone.

Abstract: Aliphatic C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbons are converted in the presence of a particular zeolite catalyst to a mixture of aromatics, optionally containing olefins.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the conversion of linear alkanes such as n-butane to dehydrogenated and isomerized products in the presence of a catalyst comprising a platinum component and a zincosilicate component.

Abstract: A process is described for the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffinic hydrocarbons preferably having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one metal of the platinum group, a co-catalyst and a promoter, the noble metal of the platinum group being deposited into the alumina support in two steps, the first one being followed by a calcination and a reduction, the second one being followed by a calcination.

Abstract: C.sub.3 and/or C.sub.4 hydrocarbons (in particular propane and butanes) are converted to less saturated hydrocarbons (in particular ethylene and propylene) in the presence of a catalyst consisting essentially of either (a) zinc oxide and manganese oxide or (b) zinc oxide, manganese oxide and calcium oxide. Compositions of matter (a) and (b), as defined above, are provided in accordance with this invention.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the dehydrogenation of saturated hydrocarbons having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The feed is contacted with a catalyst which includes a base metal or noble metal which is incorporated into or onto a pillared layered silicate. A preferred pillared layered silicate is kenyaite containing interspathic silica, and a preferred base metal or noble metal is chromium.

Abstract: A process for dehydrogenation of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon compounds and aliphatic and alicyclic substituted aromatic hydrocarbon compounds to form unsaturated aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon chains. The catalyst is mixed basic metal oxide catalyst, one preferred catalyst is boron/alkali metal promoted metal oxide. Reaction of ethylbenzene according to this invention results in conversion to styrene.

Abstract: Methane is converted into higher hydrocarbons by contact at a temperature in the range from 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. with a contact solid comprising a manganese oxide incorporating at least one of the elements tin, titanium, tungsten, tautalum, silicon, germanium, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, boron, gallium, indium, a lanthanide or an actinide. The contact solid is preferably promoted by either an alkali or alkaline earth metal, for example sodium.

Abstract: An oxidative coupling catalyst composition for converting methane to a higher hydrocarbon comprising a mixed oxide of: (a) a Group IIIB metal selected from the grouup consisting of yttrium, scandium and lanthanum; (b) a Group IIA metal selected from the group consisting of barium, calcium and strontium; and (c) a Group IVA metal selected from the group consisting of tin, lead and germanium and approximate ratio of 1:0.5-3:2-4, and an improved process employing same.

Abstract: The invention relates to catalytic treatment of paraffin feeds to alter the hydrogen content of the feed, for example, by producing effluents the aromatic content of which exceeds that of the feed in which the catalyst is a non-acidic composition containing a strong dehydrogenation/hydrogenation metal and zeolite beta in non-acidic form.

Abstract: An improved fluid-bed reaction process and apparatus are disclosed in which feedstock is preheated and may be at least partially converted by contacting the feedstock with spent catalyst in a preheat zone. Additional benefits include a reduction in catalyst poisons and coke production in the reaction zone. By contacting the fresh feed with hot spent catalyst, at least a portion of the coke which would otherwise form in the reactor is deposited on the spent catalyst. Temporary catalyst poisons are also sorbed onto the spent catalyst. The spent catalyst is then withdrawn from the preheat zone, stripped of entrained hydrocarbon and regenerated.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the oxidative conversion of methane or natural gas to higher hydrocarbons, particularly ethylene and ethane, characterized in that a methane-oxygen mixture is passed over a contact mass consisting of at least one compound pertaining to the family of rare-earth metal carbonates. It concerns particularly the use of rare-earth oxycarbonates, more particularly lanthanum oxycarbonate La.sub.2 O.sub.2 (CO.sub.3), as contact mass.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process is disclosed which extends the useful life of a regenerable zeolite-containing hydrocarbon conversion catalyst. In one aspect of this process, a hydrocarbon feed containing fluorides is passed through a fluoride removal system which reduces the fluoride concentration of the feed to below 100 ppb. The hydrocarbon feed containing less than 100 ppb fluorine is then converted over a regenerable zeolite-containing hydrocarbon conversion catalyst. The zeolite-containing hydrocarbon conversion catalyst is regenerated with an oxygen-containing gas stream as necessary to burn off carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst so as to return the zeolite catalyst to a high level of activity.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the conversion of C.sub.2 -C.sub.12 paraffinic hydrocarbons to more valuable petrochemical feedstocks including C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 olefins and C.sub.6 -C.sub.8 aromatics in the presence of a composite catalyst comprising a binder and at least one zeolite having a Constraint Index of between about 1 and 12, said composite catalyst having an alpha value of of greater than 5 and less than 33. It has been found that yields of valuable C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 olefins and C.sub.6 -C.sub.8 aromatics are increased by maintaining the composite catalyst alpha value within the claimed range.

Abstract: A process for making ethylene, ethane and other higher hydrocarbons from methane is disclosed. In this process methane is contacted with oxygen in the presence of at least one metal of Group IB of the Periodic Table of the Elements, with the proviso that if the metal is copper an additional Group IB must be present, a metal-containing chloride or a metal-containing compound capable of being formed into a metal-containing chloride in situ, where the metal is manganese, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth metal of the lanthanide series, and a volatile halide.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for increasing heat transfer efficiency between a conduit and a gas flowing through the conduit by fluidizing in the gas stream a Geldart Type A powder having controlled fines content. The invention further provides a method for integrating two fluid beds to transfer heat from a heat source to a fluid-bed reaction zone.

Abstract: In a process for dehydrogenating alkanes containing 2-5 carbon atoms per molecule in the presence of steam and a catalyst composition comprising IIA and/or IIB metal aluminate, a noble metal and a Group IVA metal oxide, the improvement comprises the step of contacting the catalyst composition, after it has been oxidatively regenerated, with a reducing gas comprising free hydrogen and steam.

Abstract: A novel dehydrogenation process is disclosed which utilizes a catalyst comprising a platinum group component, a component selected from the group comprising scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium, a component selected from the group comprising tin, lead, and germanium, less than 0.3 wt. % of a halogen component, and an optional Group IA or IIA component, all on a refractory inorganic oxide support.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the conversion of a hydrocarbanceous feedstock containing hydrocarbons having a boiling range wherein that an amount of hydrocarbon boils at a temperature of at least 330.degree. C., which process comprises contacting the feedstock with a zeolitic catalyst having a pore diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 nm at a temperature of less than 480.degree. C. and during a period of time comprising less than 10 seconds.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for the oxidative conversion of methane to ethylene and/or ethane and to a catalyst system for use in the method.In more detail a method for the oxidative conversion of methane to ethylene and/or ethane in which a mixture comprising methane and oxygen is heated to a temperature of from 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. and the heated mixture is contacted with a catalyst system which comprises a first component which is a non-reducible metal compound and which first component is sufficiently refractory to withstand the operative temperature and a second component which is one or more oxycompounds of boron or phosphorus provided on the surface of the first component.

Abstract: Compositions comprising boron-promoted reducible metal oxides (expecially reducible oxides of Mn) and optionally containing alkali and alkaline earth metal components are disclosed, as well as use thereof for hydrocarbon conversions characterized by formation of by-product water. Particular processes comprise the conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons and the dehydrogenation of dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons, e.g., dehydrogenation of C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkanes to form the corresponding olefins.

Abstract: A process is provided for the conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons; methane is first oxidatively coupled to form a product mixture comprised of ethylene, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, and this product mixture is reacted over a dual catalyst comprised of a metal oxide effective for the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and a zeolite component effective for the oligomerization of ethylene.

Abstract: The catalyzed oxidative coupling of a lower molecular weight alkane to more valuable, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and oxidative coupling catalysts for use therein are disclosed.

Abstract: In an improved method for converting methane to at least one higher hydrocarbon product and coproduct water which comprises contacting a gas comprising methane and at least one added gaseous oxidant with nonacidic solid, the improvement comprising conducting at least a portion of said contacting in the presence of added water.

Abstract: Catalysts comprising lead doped zirconium compounds are particularly effective in an oxidative process for upgrading low molecular weight alkanes to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, and especially for upgrading methane to form ethane and ethylene. The catalysts can be employed in a process performed at elevated temperatures and in the presence or absence of gaseous oxygen. The catalysts are substantially free of PbO and uncombined Pb and remain stable for long periods of time.

Abstract: Methane is converted to higher hydrocarbons by contact with a catalyst comprised of a reducible metal oxide which had previously been treated with a reducing agent such as hydrogen to improve characteristics of the catalyst.

Abstract: In a method for converting methane into higher hydrocarbon products and coproduct water which comprises contacting a gas comprising methane and a contact solid comprising at least one reducible metal oxide in the substantial absence of added gaseous oxidant, the improvement comprising conducting at least a portion of the contacting in the presence of added water.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of ethane and ethylene by oxidation of methane with oxygen at a temperature of 600.degree. to 900.degree. C., in which lead (II) oxide is used as catalyst (a) dispersed on a carrier of pumice, silicon carbide, zinc oxide, zirconium dioxide, and/or oxides of alkaline-earth elements, or (b) in a mixture with manganese (II) oxide dispersed on a carrier of pumice, silicon carbide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zinc oxide, and/or oxides of alkaline-earth elements, or (c) without a carrier in a mixture with sodium silicate alone or in combination with silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, manganese (II) oxide, zinc oxide, and/or oxides of alkaline-earth elements. Ethane and ethylene are obtained with this process in high selectivities with good catalyst activities.

Abstract: Compositions comprising boron-promoted reducible metal oxides (especially reducible oxides of Mn) and optionally containing alkali and alkaline earth metal components are disclosed, as well as use thereof for hydrocarbon conversions characterized by formation of byproduct water. Particular processes comprise the conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons and the dehydrogenation of dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons, e.g., dehydrogenation of C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkanes to form the corresponding olefins.

Abstract: A class of mixed oxide catalysts comprising Mn-containing oxides, alkali metals or compounds thereof, and at least one member of the group consisting of oxides of Zr, mixed oxides of Zr and Si, and mixed oxides of Zr and at least one alkaline earth metal. In the more preferred embodiments, the third component serves as a carrier for the Mn and alkaline metal components. The composition preferably comprises a major amount of the carrier material and minor amounts of the other components. The compositions are useful for hydrocarbon conversion, methane conversion, and oxidative dehydrogenation processes characterized by formation of coproduct water.

Abstract: A class of mixed oxide catalysts comprising at least one reducible metal oxide, which oxide produces higher hydrocarbons and water when contacted with a hydrocarbon at synthesizing conditions, at least one oxide of zirconium, and at least one oxide of yttrium. The compositions are useful for hydrocarbon conversion, methane conversion, and oxidative dehydrogenation processes characterized by the formation of coproduct water.

Abstract: A class of mixed oxide catalysts comprising Mn-containing oxides, alkali metals or compounds thereof, and at least one member of the group consisting of oxides of Ti, mixed oxides of Ti and Si, and mixed oxides of Ti and at least one alkaline earth metal. In the more preferred embodiments, the third component serves as a carrier for the Mn and alkali metal components. The composition preferably comprises a major amount of the carrier material and minor amounts of the other components. The compositions are useful for hydrocarbon conversion, methane conversion, and oxidative dehydrogenation processes characterized by formation of coproduct water.

Abstract: A process for making hydrocarbons of at least two carbon atoms from methane is disclosed. In this process methane and a source of oxygen are introduced into a molten salt, maintained at a temperature in the range of between about 660.degree. C. and about 800.degree. C., comprising at least one metal iodide, the metal of which is selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof and a catalyst comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of metals of Group IB and Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The methane and oxygen source are introduced into the mixture such that they do not contact each other.