Abstract: Robotic and/or measurement devices, systems, and methods for telesurgical and other applications employ input devices operatively coupled to tools so as to allow a system user to manipulate tissues and other structures being measured. The system may make use of three dimensional position information from stereoscopic images. Two or more discrete points can be designated in three dimensions so as to provide a cumulative length along a straight or curving structure, an area measurement, a volume measurement, or the like. The discrete points may be identified by a single surgical tool or by distances separating two or more surgical tools, with the user optionally measuring a structure longer than a field of view of the stereoscopic image capture device by walking a pair of tools “hand-over-hand” along the structure.

Abstract: Improved optical devices and methods transmit optical images along elongate optical paths with relatively limited cross-sectional dimensions using an improved objective, relay, and ocular systems. At least one intermediate image is formed within an optical component. For example, a first intermediate image is formed within glass of the most proximal objective lens, with the first intermediate image extending axially along a curved image location within the glass. The last intermediate image may similarly be disposed within a distal lens of the ocular system. The ocular system allows independent adjustment of diopters, magnification, X-Y positioning, and rotation orientation of the captured image while introducing minimal aberrations.

Abstract: A surgical retractor includes a plurality of cameras integrated therein. One such retractor includes a tubular retractor and an insert supporting said plurality of cameras can be disposed within a tubular retractor.

Abstract: A polarization-based colposcopy apparatus includes a polarization exchanging beam splitter pair oriented so that s- and p-polarizations are exchanged. An optical flux from a specimen is directed through the pair, and orthogonal components thereof are alternately or selectively coupled to an array detector. The detected images are processed based on image correlations to reveal specimen structures.

Abstract: There is provided herein a camera assembly for use with a medical probe, such as an endoscope, the assembly comprising a main body configured to be mounted on an endoscope tip section, wherein said main body comprises at least one camera and at least one illumination source.

Abstract: Endoscopic devices and methods for imaging and treating organs and tissues are described. The endoscopic devices described herein include flexible endoscopes, rigid endoscopes, and capsule endoscopes. The endoscopic device may comprise one or more cameras and one or more light sources. In some embodiments, the endoscopic device comprises at least one white light camera, at least one blue light camera, at least one white light source, and at least one blue light source. In some embodiments, fluorescent targeting constructs can be injected into the subject and bound to and/or taken up by a tumor or diseased tissue. Diseased tissue can be identified by viewing the fluorescence emanating from the fluorescent targeting constructs by illuminating an in vivo body part of the subject with light having at least one excitation wavelength in the range from 400 nm to about 510 nm.

Abstract: An endoscope with a wide angle lens that comprises an optical axis that is angularly offset from a longitudinal axis of the endoscope such that the optical axis resides at an angle greater than zero degrees to the longitudinal axis. The wide angle lens system simultaneously gathers an endoscopic image field, the endoscopic image field at least spanning the longitudinal axis and an angle greater than ninety degrees to the longitudinal axis. The endoscope includes a transmission system with a lens system having f-sin(theta) distortion or substantially f-sin(theta) distortion that distributes the angle of incidence of the light rays gathered from the endoscopic field of view on to the image surface area in order to even out the information density across the surface area of the imager.

Abstract: A surgical instrument extends through a guide tube and exits at an intermediate position of the guide tube. The instrument includes a parallel motion mechanism that changes the position of a distal end of the surgical instrument without changing the orientation of the distal end. An image capture component is at the distal end of the guide tube, and a joint allows the image capture component to move while the intermediate position remains stationary. The configuration allows a cross section of the guide tube to be oblong. In some aspects, a joint for the image capture component is placed between exit ports for surgical instruments, which allows the guide tube cross section to be further reduced.

Abstract: An endoscope (1) includes a first beam path (3) formed at least at a distal end (2), and an image recording chip (5), which captures the first beam path (3). The endoscope includes a shutter apparatus (7) having a shutter element (8) composed of a semiconductor material, which is formed in the first beam path (3). The shutter element (8) is arranged adjustably between a position that releases the first beam path (3) and a position that alters a transmission in the first beam path (3), in particular a position that switches off the first beam path (3).

Abstract: Provided is a stereoscopic endoscope device including a single objective lens that collects light from a subject and forms an image of the light; a light splitting section that splits the light collected by the objective lens; image-capturing devices that capture optical images of the subject at imaging positions of the split beams of the light; focal-position adjusting sections that give optical path lengths different from each other to the split beams of the light; a calculation section that calculates an object distance between each point on the subject and the objective lens from 2D images acquired by the image-capturing devices; and a parallax-image generating section that generates a plurality of viewpoint-images of the subject when observed from a plurality of viewpoints, by using the calculated object distance.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to calibration target devices, assemblies and methods for use with imaging systems, such as a stereoscopic endoscope. A calibration assembly includes: a target surface extends in three dimensions with calibration markers and a body with an interface that engages an endoscope so the markers are within the field of view. A first calibration marker extends along a first plane of the target surface and a second marker extends along a second plane of the target surface. The planes are different and asymmetric relative to the field of view as seen through the endoscope. Three-dimensional targets, in particular, enable endoscopic calibration using a single image (or pair of images for a stereoscopic endoscope) to reduce the calibration process complexity, calibration time and chance of error as well as allow the efficient calibration of cameras at different focus positions.

Abstract: A stereoscopic endoscope includes an insertion portion, an objective optical system provided at a distal end portion of the insertion portion, an objective optical system provided at the distal end portion, a first opening portion provided a predetermined distance apart from an optical axis center of the objective optical system and configured to deliver fluid to the objective optical system, and a second opening portion provided a distance equivalent to the predetermined distance apart from an optical axis center of the objective optical system and configured to deliver the fluid in a supply direction same as a supply direction of the first opening portion to the objective optical system.

Abstract: To simultaneously observe not only a principal part but also a surrounding wide range, the present invention provides a stereoscopic endoscope system including an endoscope including a plurality of image capturing units which photograph a subject to acquire images at a leading edge of a long narrow insertion unit insertable into the subject, an image processing apparatus that processes the images obtained by the image capturing units in the endoscope 2 to generate a display image, and an image display apparatus that displays the display image generated by the image processing in the image processing apparatus, in which the image processing apparatus generates the display image having a three-dimensional image generated from the plurality of images acquired by the plurality of image capturing units arranged in a central part of the display image and having a two-dimensional image arranged around the outer periphery of the three-dimensional image.

Abstract: The quality of a planar image is improved while maintaining the parallax of a stereoscopic image. An image capturing device includes an imaging element that performs photoelectric conversion on respective light fluxes passing through different regions of a single pickup lens. The image capturing device includes a neutral density filter an AE control unit that acquires subject brightness, and a diaphragm control unit that, in a case of the stereoscopic pickup, controls whether or not to reduce the amount of light which reaches the imaging element using the neutral density filter based on the subject brightness, and that, in a case of the plane pickup, causes a diaphragm value of the diaphragm to be greater than a diaphragm value in the case of the stereoscopic pickup while setting the light extinction filter to a non-insertion state.

Abstract: In the optical structure observation apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention, a middle layer of a measured object having a layer structure at least including a surface layer and the middle layer is extracted and flattened to be a same flat plane, the optical stereoscopic structure image is reconstructed with the flattened middle layer as the reference layer, the three-dimensional converted optical structure image is generated, and at least the three-dimensional converted optical structure image is imaged and displayed on the display device, whereby the structure information with the middle layer in the measured object having the layer structure as a basal plate can be visually determined.

Abstract: A stereoscopic endoscope pupil configuration for embedding in a stereoscopic endoscope, the shape of the cross section of the stereoscopic endoscope is a predetermined closed two-dimensional shape, the stereoscopic endoscope pupil configuration including at least two pupils, each of the at least two pupils having a shape covering a different unique portion of the two-dimensional closed shape, and together the at least two pupils substantially fully forming the two-dimensional closed shape.

Abstract: An image transmission apparatus may include a transmission unit that transmits a moving image compressed by lossy compression as first image data to an external apparatus through wireless communication, the transmission unit transmitting image data corresponding to one image in the moving image as second image data, the second image data being image data compressed at a lower compression rate than the lossy compression or not compressed, an instructing unit that outputs a disconnection signal to disconnect the wireless communication in response to an external manipulation, and a control unit that receives the disconnection signal from the instructing unit, the control unit controlling to disconnect the wireless communication in the transmission unit after the transmission of the second image data in the transmission unit has been completed.

Abstract: A video endoscopic device has a camera head and two parallel optical arrangements, each with optical components, arranged coaxially with one another along a common first optical axis of the optical components of a respective optical arrangement and in the interior of an endoscope shaft. The optical components transmit an optical image from a distal end of the respective optical arrangement to a proximal end of the respective optical arrangement. The camera head contains at least one image sensor comprising a recording plane and at least two projection objectives, each having a second optical axis and arranged to project an image onto the image sensor. The optical arrangements comprise a collimating optical unit for generating an at least approximately parallel beam path at the outlet of the respective optical arrangement. The respective collimating optical unit has a third optical axis arranged coaxially with the optical components of the optical arrangements.

Abstract: An endoscope includes an insertion portion to be inserted into a subject to be observed, a first imaging unit and a second imaging unit arranged side by side in a distal end portion of the insertion portion, and a control unit which generates a 3D image from captured images taken by the first imaging unit and the second imaging unit. An optical axis of the first imaging unit can be changed to enable an image capturing area of the first imaging unit to be moved along a direction in which the first imaging unit and the second imaging unit are arranged. The endoscope includes an angle operation unit to change the inclination angle of the optical axis of the first imaging unit and an angle adjustment mechanism which changes the inclination angle of the optical axis of the first imaging unit according to an operation of the angle operation unit.

Abstract: Two side-by-side optical paths transmit stereoscopic right side and left side images onto the surface of a single image sensing chip. The single image sensing chip may be placed at various orientations with respect to the lens trains in the optical paths. In some embodiments a single prism is used to turn the light for both the right side and left side images onto the single image sensing chip. In other embodiments one prism is used to turn the light for the right side image and another prism is used to turn the light for the left side image, and the reflective surfaces of the two prisms are substantially coplanar such that the right side and left side images are incident on the single image sensor chip.

Abstract: A Surgical Structured Light (SSL) system is disclosed that provides real-time, dynamic 3D visual information of the surgical environment, allowing registration of pre- and intra-operative imaging, online metric measurements of tissue, and improved navigation and safety within the surgical field.

Abstract: An endoscope to acquire a 3D image and a wide view-angle image and an image processing apparatus using the endoscope includes a front image acquirer to acquire a front image and a lower image acquirer to acquire a lower image in a downward direction of the front image acquirer. The front image acquirer includes a first objective lens and a second objective lens arranged side by side in a horizontal direction. The lower image acquirer includes a third objective lens located below the first objective lens and inclined from the first objective lens and a fourth objective lens located below the second objective lens and inclined from the second objective lens.

Abstract: A processor of an endoscope apparatus that is a medical apparatus generates two images that are a normal-light observation image and a special-light observation image that are obtained by picking up a return light, determines matching of observation fields of view with respect to the two images, generates a marker M that indicates a position on a living tissue for at least one of the two images based on the determination result, causes the generated two images to be displayed within a screen of a monitor, and displays the generated marker M by superimposing the marker M on at least one of the two images.

Abstract: An image system for surgery includes: a three-dimensional imaging unit acquiring two images having parallax by capturing an image of a portion; a display unit displaying two images acquired by the three-dimensional imaging unit individually for both left and right eyes, or displaying a same image for both left and right eyes; a detection unit detecting that a treatment device that performs treatment on the portion or the three-dimensional imaging unit is in an operating state in which to initiate treatment on the portion; and a display control unit switching from displaying one of images on the display unit to displaying two images on the display unit when the detection unit detects the three-dimensional imaging unit or the treatment device is in the operating state in which to initiate treatment on the portion.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an endoscope system and a control method thereof. The control method includes acquiring plural omnidirectional images of the surroundings of an endoscope using a stereo omnidirectional camera mounted on the endoscope, calculating distances between the endoscope and an object around the endoscope using the acquired plural omnidirectional images, and executing an operation to avoid collision between the endoscope and the object around the endoscope based on the calculated distances, thus facilitating safe operation of the endoscope.

Abstract: Two side-by-side optical paths transmit stereoscopic right side and left side images onto the surface of a single image sensing chip. The single image sensing chip may be placed at various orientations with respect to the lens trains in the optical paths. In some embodiments a single prism is used to turn the light for both the right side and left side images onto the single image sensing chip. In other embodiments one prism is used to turn the light for the right side image and another prism is used to turn the light for the left side image, and the reflective surfaces of the two prisms are substantially coplanar such that the right side and left side images are incident on the single image sensor chip.

Abstract: In a minimally invasive surgical system, an image capture unit includes a prism assembly and sensor assembly. The prism assembly includes a beam splitter, while the sensor assembly includes coplanar image capture sensors. Each of the coplanar image capture sensors has a common front end optical structure, e.g., the optical structure distal to the image capture unit is the same for each of the sensors. A controller enhances images acquired by the coplanar image capture sensors. The enhanced images may include (a) visible images with enhanced feature definition, in which a particular feature in the scene is emphasized to the operator of minimally invasive surgical system; (b) images having increased image apparent resolution; (c) images having increased dynamic range; (d) images displayed in a way based on a pixel color component vector having three or more color components; and (e) images having extended depth of field.

Abstract: An endoscope with a stereoscopic optical channel is held and positioned by a robotic surgical system. A capture unit captures (1) a visible first image and (2) a visible second image combined with a fluorescence second image from the light. An intelligent image processing system receives (1) the visible first image and (2) the visible second image combined with the fluorescence second image and generates at least one fluorescence image of a stereoscopic pair of fluorescence images and a visible second image. An augmented stereoscopic display system outputs a real-time stereoscopic image including a three-dimensional presentation including in one eye, a blend of the at least one fluorescence image of a stereoscopic pair of fluorescence images and one of the visible first and second images; and in the other eye, the other of the visible first and second images.

Abstract: The purpose of this invention is a device and a method which will permit the acquisition and subsequent reconstruction of objects with volume throughout the total external surface. This invention is characterised in that it has a particular mode of acquisition on the free fall object in such a way that there is no support surface which prevents acquisition of the surface which would be hidden by said support. The invention is also characterised by special modes of distribution of the cameras which optimise image capturing and provide useful information in the subsequent reconstruction of the volume through computer means.

Abstract: In a minimally invasive surgical system, an image capture unit includes a prism assembly and sensor assembly. The prism assembly includes a beam splitter, while the sensor assembly includes coplanar image capture sensors. Each of the coplanar image capture sensors has a common front end optical structure, e.g., the optical structure distal to the image capture unit is the same for each of the sensors. A controller enhances images acquired by the coplanar image capture sensors. The enhanced images may include (a) visible images with enhanced feature definition, in which a particular feature in the scene is emphasized to the operator of minimally invasive surgical system; (b) images having increased image apparent resolution; (c) images having increased dynamic range; (d) images displayed in a way based on a pixel color component vector having three or more color components; and (e) images having extended depth of field.

Abstract: These and other objects of the present disclosure can be achieved by provision of an apparatus for illuminating a structure(s), which can include a first arrangement and a second arrangement which can each be configured to rotate and deflect a radiation(s) transmitted therethrough at an angle with respect to an axis of rotation thereof. There can be a plurality of rotating third arrangements, where at least one can be connected to the first arrangement, and at least another one can be connected to the second arrangement. A fourth arrangement can be connected to the third arrangements, and can he configured to rotate the third arrangements. One of the rotating third arrangements can be flexible, can have a length that is greater than ten times a diameter of the first arrangement or the second arrangement, can he surrounded by a housing, and/or can contain an optical waveguide arrangement extending therethrough.

Abstract: An appropriate stereoscopic image of a subject is readily acquired. Provided is a stereoscopic endoscope device including two image capture elements spaced apart from each other and disposed at a distal end of an insertion section to be inserted into a subject; an angle changing mechanism that changes a relative angle between optical axes of the image capture elements; a distance sensor that detects the distance from the image capture elements to the subject; and a controller that controls the angle changing mechanism on the basis of the distance detected by the distance sensor.

Abstract: Provided is a stereo endoscope apparatus, including: a treatment instrument that is operable; at least two imaging units for picking up images of a subject; and a transparency-composition unit for performing, in a first region in which the treatment instrument appears within a first image picked up by one of the at least two imaging units, image composition by blending, at a predetermined composition ratio, an image of the first region and an image of a second region in which the treatment instrument does not appear within a second image picked up by another of the at least two imaging units.

Abstract: Method for advancing a colonoscope within a colon of the body of a patient, the method including the procedures of acquiring a stereoscopic image pair of a region of the interior of the colon, identifying topographical features in the stereoscopic image pair, determining the depth of each of the topographical features in the stereoscopic image pair, and indicating the appropriate direction to advance the colonoscope, the direction being toward at least a selected one of the topographical features with greater depth than others of the topographical features.

Abstract: A surgical device includes a jaw portion and a shaft portion that is pivotably coupled to the jaw portion. The shaft portion defines an interior space having first and second openings on respective radially-opposite sides of the shaft portion. A camera assembly is coupled to the shaft portion and is moveable between a first position, in which the camera assembly is positioned within the interior space of the shaft portion, and, for example, second and third positions, in which the camera assembly extends through a respective one of the first and second radially-opposite openings of the shaft portion. In this manner, the camera assembly may be positionable on, and may provide imaging data of, either side of the surgical device, irrespective of which lateral side the jaw portion is articulated relative to the shaft portion.

Abstract: In a sensor system and a corresponding method for image capture of an object, an imaging sensor is arranged in a recording area of an optical sensor, the recording area being defined for the object, in such a way as to be essentially stationary relative to said object. By means of an evaluation unit, relative movements between the imaging sensor and the object can be derived from the recorded image data of the optical sensor, and a three-dimensional object image can be reconstructed from the imaging data as a function of the relative movements. When determining the relative movements, it is in particular possible as well to detect relative movements caused by the object's own motion which can be taken into account when reconstructing the object image. As a result, a high image quality of the object image is achieved.

Abstract: An endoscope apparatus is adapted to be inserted into an inside of a subject and observe the inside of the subject and includes: an observation optical system which has a first optical path and a second optical path with parallax; an imaging portion on which a light passing through the first optical path and a light passing through the second optical path are formed; a diaphragm portion which selectively blocks out the first optical path or the second optical path; a distance measurement portion which measures a distance to the subject on the basis of parallax between a first image formed on the imaging portion via the first optical path and a second image formed on the imaging portion via the second optical path; a displacement amount detection portion which detects a displacement amount between two first images acquired with a time interval therebetween; and a measurement environment determination portion which determines, on the basis of the displacement amount, whether or not the first image and the secon

Abstract: In a minimally invasive surgical system, an image capture unit includes a prism assembly and sensor assembly. The prism assembly includes a beam splitter, while the sensor assembly includes coplanar image capture sensors. Each of the coplanar image capture sensors has a common front end optical structure, e.g., the optical structure distal to the image capture unit is the same for each of the sensors. A controller enhances images acquired by the coplanar image capture sensors. The enhanced images may include (a) visible images with enhanced feature definition, in which a particular feature in the scene is emphasized to the operator of minimally invasive surgical system; (b) images having increased image apparent resolution; (c) images having increased dynamic range; (d) images displayed in a way based on a pixel color component vector having three or more color components; and (e) images having extended depth of field.

Abstract: A method and device are proposed for carrying out ophthalmologic analysis especially for the pathological evaluation of the Schlemm's canal that has been exposed through a scleral flap and into which an micro catheter is inserted that also includes a medium line by which medium is brought into the lumen of the Schlemm's canal for dilating the lumen and a light guide for illumination such that analog images of the dilated lumen, the inner wall of the trabecular tissue and the veins of the aqueous humor can be taken by a camera and transmitted to an outside monitor for visual evaluation.

Abstract: An endoscope system includes a radiation source which emits a modulated radiation and is applied in a manner such that an object to be examined by an endoscope may be illuminated with the radiation. A sensor is provided for detecting the radiation reflected by the object,at at least one picture point. An evaluation device obtains readings of the detected radiation from the sensor, determines phase differences on the basis of these readings, and computes the distance of the object to the sensor device on the basis of these phase differences. A corresponding supplementary module for an endoscope and endoscope optics with these features are also provided.

Abstract: Described herein are multi-part instrument systems and methods of use. The instrument can include an inner and outer body member where the inner body member is adapted to dock with the outer body member. When docked, driving the outer body member via a manipulation section can control the inner body. In use, an inner body member can be removed and replaced by a different inner body member to change the tool end effector. Alternatively, driving a manipulation section of the inner body member can control the outer body member. The outer body member can be disposable while the inner body member is reusable.

Abstract: An endoscope apparatus includes: a display device that displays a first image and a second image, the first image and the second image being contained in image data of a subject captured by an imaging unit of an endoscope apparatus; a designation section that designates a first position on the first image in accordance with an instruction input through an input device; a position calculation section that calculates a second position on the second image, the second position corresponding to the first position on the first image; a display control section that, when the first position is designated, performs a control of displaying a mark at the first position, subsequently displaying a mark at a third position which is different from the first and second positions, and subsequently displaying a mark at the second position; and a measurement section that performs measurement relating to the subject based on the first and second positions.

Abstract: A stereoscopic coupler for mechanically and optically coupling an endoscope to a portion of a camera, the stereoscopic coupler including means for mechanically and optically coupling the stereoscopic coupler to an endoscope; and means for mechanically and optically coupling the stereoscopic coupler to a portion of a camera; wherein the stereoscopic coupler includes a pair of optics; a mechanical actuator for operation by a user; and means for physically moving the pair of optics as a unit in response to movement of the mechanical actuator by the user.

Abstract: In a minimally invasive surgical system, an image capture unit includes a prism assembly and sensor assembly. The prism assembly includes a beam splitter, while the sensor assembly includes coplanar image capture sensors. Each of the coplanar image capture sensors has a common front end optical structure, e.g., the optical structure distal to the image capture unit is the same for each of the sensors. A controller enhances images acquired by the coplanar image capture sensors. The enhanced images may include (a) visible images with enhanced feature definition, in which a particular feature in the scene is emphasized to the operator of minimally invasive surgical system; (b) images having increased image apparent resolution; (c) images having increased dynamic range; (d) images displayed in a way based on a pixel color component vector having three or more color components; and (e) images having extended depth of field.

Abstract: A rear-viewing endoscope includes a rigid section having first and second ends, and a cavity situated between the first and second ends. The rigid section has a longitudinal length and defining a longitudinal axis (LAR). The endoscope further includes a flexible section having proximal and distal ends, where the proximal end is coupled to the second end of the rigid section; and an imaging unit having first and second ends and a cavity situated between the first and second ends, the second end of the imaging unit coupled to the distal end of the flexible section. An objective lens assembly of the endoscope includes a complementary multiband bandpass filter (CMBF) pair situated within the cavity of the imaging unit. The CMBF filter collimated image rays passing therethrough so as to output filtered image rays. A camera or detector receives the filtered image rays and forms corresponding video information for stereoscopic imaging.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to minimally invasive surgical instruments and procedures using those instruments wherein the instruments include optical elements (e.g. a percutaneous optical channel (POC), a retaining plug and a stereoscopic imaging device (e.g. a stereoscopic camera) and a stereoscopic display device. The instruments be part of a system used to provide a surgeon with an indirect stereoscopic view of a surgical area undergoing a minimally invasive surgical procedure in a way that is perceived by the surgeon as being similar to that of an open surgery and providing a natural and intuitive environment to perform the surgery with a high degree of control.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to minimally invasive surgical instruments and procedures using those instruments wherein the instruments include optical elements (e.g. a percutaneous optical channel (POC), a retaining plug and a stereoscopic imaging device (e.g. a stereoscopic camera) and a stereoscopic display device. The instruments be part of a system used to provide a surgeon with an indirect stereoscopic view of a surgical area undergoing a minimally invasive surgical procedure in a way that is perceived by the surgeon as being similar to that of an open surgery and providing a natural and intuitive environment to perform the surgery with a high degree of control.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for a surgical device. The surgical device includes a jaw assembly and a camera assembly coupled to the jaw assembly. The camera assembly includes a camera housing defining an interior space having at least one opening on a side thereof, first and second support arms pivotally coupled within the camera housing and deployable therefrom, and a camera body coupled to the first and second support arms and moveable between a first position, in which the camera body is positioned within the interior space of the camera housing, and a second position, in which the camera body extends from the at least one opening of the camera assembly.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an endoscopic camera for a robotic surgical system includes a stereo camera module mounted to a robotic arm of a patient side cart. The optical and electro-optic components of the camera module are hermetically sealed within a first housing. Signals from an electro-optic component travel through traces in a ceramic substrate forming one side of the hermetically sealed first housing. A second housing surrounds the first housing and optical fibers are dispersed between the housings to provide lighting in a body cavity. The camera module may be sterilized by an autoclave.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a first lens unit that collects light corresponding to an object image which is an image including depth information of an object; a second lens unit that collects light corresponding to a surrounding tissue image which is an image of a surrounding tissue of the object; a switching unit that alternately applies light received from the first lens unit and the second lens unit to a photographing unit; and a photographing unit that alternately captures the light from the switching unit.