Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for device authentication or pairing. In an aspect, a wearable display system comprises a display, an image capture device configured to capture images of a companion device, a computer-readable storage medium configured to store the images of the companion device, and a processor in communication with the image capture device and the storage medium. The processor can be programmed with executable instructions to receive a first image of a first optical pattern displayed by the companion device captured by the image capture device, wherein the first optical pattern is generated by the companion device based on first shared data, extract first data from the first optical pattern in the received first image, authenticate the companion device based on the first data extracted from the first optical pattern, and notify a user of the wearable display system that the companion device is authenticated.

Abstract: A method of automatically initializing an analyte sensor for a user is disclosed here. A first analyte sensor is operated in a first measurement mode to generate first sensor signals indicative of an analyte level of the user. A second analyte sensor is deployed to measure the analyte level of the user, and is operated in an initialization mode, concurrently with operation of the first analyte sensor in the first measurement mode, to receive sensor configuration data generated by the first analyte sensor. During operation of the second analyte sensor in the initialization mode, the second analyte sensor is calibrated with at least some of the received sensor configuration data. After the calibrating, operation of the second analyte sensor is transitioned from the initialization mode to a second measurement mode during which the second analyte sensor generates second sensor signals indicative of the analyte level of the user.

Abstract: A portable therapeutic platform for use in a therapeutic procedure including: (a) at least one compartment for holding at least one therapeutically effective item required to conduct the therapeutic procedure; and (b) at least one electronic communications device for receiving and transmitting information about an environment surrounding and including the platform. The use of the platform is conveniently managed by a system which transfers information about the environment surrounding and including the platform between the electronic communications device and a computer system including a processor which processes the information; and initiates a control response to the processed information. The platform and system are suitable for use to address a range of public health issues and as a countermeasure to biosecurity threats.

Abstract: Adaptive on board estimation of exogenous pharmacon responsive to transient (i.e., impermanent) physiological effects is provided. Dynamically estimating an equivalent amount of an exogenous pharmacon on board (XOB), such as insulin and/or carbohydrates, left in the subject, is based on predictions of glucose time-series data. These estimated values, such as insulin on board (IOB), are useful for diabetes management software, including decision support and/or artificial pancreas (AP) algorithms, for example.

Abstract: Systems, methods and computer-readable media are provided for predicting candidacy for Kidney Surgery and related computer-performed decision support. In particular, embodiments of the disclosure are directed to identifying populations of patients who are candidates for vascular access placement in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a system and method for continually tracking the clinical and physiologic status of a patient in a hospital. At least some of the embodiments assist nephrologists in preventing and reducing the frequency of crises in urgent/emergent presentation with requirement for dialysis (“crashing onto dialysis”) by using the systems' capability to recognize patterns in a patient's eGFR and serum uric acid values before the patient deteriorates or reaches a crisis.

Abstract: One or more embodiments of the present disclosure may include an insulin delivery system that includes an insulin delivery device, a user interface that includes multiple user-selectable icons or buttons each representing different meal characteristics, memory to store one or more user-specific dosage parameter, and a processor in communication with the memory and adapted to receive blood glucose data. The processor may also be adapted to determine initial meal characteristics associated with each of the user-selectable icons or buttons based on at least one of the user-specific dosage parameters. The processor may also be adapted to update the meal characteristics associated with each of the user-selectable icons or buttons based upon the blood glucose data.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for identifying therapeutic zones where there is glycemic dysfunction of a specific type that can be addressed by making strategic changes to behavior and/or therapy parameters. Systems and methods described herein evaluate large historical data sets to: identify a therapeutic zone or zones with glycemic dysfunction that are most readily addressable; quantify the glycemic impact of a plurality of different therapeutic adjustments in terms of either adjustments to historical doses or the parameters of a prospective dosing strategy to determine the highest possible improvement; and/or identify patient dosing strategies to provide therapy recommendations adapted for the patient's preferred behavioral dosing strategy.

Abstract: A method of administering insulin includes receiving blood glucose measurements of a patient at a data processing device from a glucometer. Each blood glucose measurement is separated by a time interval and includes a blood glucose time associated with a time of measuring the blood glucose measurement. The method also includes receiving patient information at the data processing device and selecting a subcutaneous insulin treatment for tube-fed patients from a collection of subcutaneous insulin treatments. The selection is based on the blood glucose measurements and the patient information. The subcutaneous insulin treatment program for tube-fed patients determines recommended insulin doses based on the blood glucose times. The method also includes executing, using the data processing device, the selected subcutaneous insulin treatment.

Abstract: Systems and methods for testing visible chemical reactions of a reagent are provided. In one implementation, the method may include receiving from an image sensor associated with a mobile communications device an image of a reagent with a plurality of colored test reagent pads in proximity to a colorized surface having a plurality of colored reference elements of differing shades. The method further includes using the differing shades of the plurality of colored reference elements to determine local illumination conditions. Thereafter, the method includes using the determined local illumination conditions and an analysis of a depiction of the plurality of colored test reagent pads in the image to determine an extent of a chemical reaction on the reagent. Then the method includes causing the mobile communications device to provide to the user an indication that the testing of the reagent is complete.

Abstract: A method, system, apparatus, and/or device for measuring a physiological condition of a user. The method, system, apparatus, and/or device may include: a band configured to attach to a body part of a user; a housing coupled to the band; a processing device integrated into the band or disposed within the housing; an interface integrated into the band or disposed within the housing; and a miniaturized impedance sensor.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus for determining at least one measurand of a measuring medium includes a first measuring device including a first measuring sensor structured to contact the measuring medium and configured to detect measured values of the at least one measurand, the first measuring device embodied to determine a first measured value that is dependent on the at least one measurand of the measuring medium, a sampling device structured to remove a sample from the measuring medium, a second measuring device including a second measuring sensor and embodied to determine a second measured value that is dependent on the least one measurand of the sample, and an electronic control apparatus configured to receive and process the first and second measured value and to perform a verification, calibration and/or adjustment of the first measuring device using the second measured value.

Abstract: An amount of glycemic dysfunction associated with mis-timing (e.g., delay) of meal boluses based on replay analysis is determined. The amount of dysfunction of historical or estimated bolusing as compared to an optimally timed bolus based on the replay analysis is quantified and visualized. Inferences may be made about diabetes meal management regarding inputs from a patient.

Abstract: A method of administering insulin includes receiving scheduled glucose time intervals and obtaining glucose data of a patient that includes glucose measurements, glucose times, and insulin dosages previously administered by the patient. The method also includes applying a set of filters to identify which of the glucose measurements associated with at least one of the scheduled time intervals are usable and which of the glucose measurements associated with the at least one scheduled time interval are unusable. The method also includes aggregating the glucose measurements associated with the at least one scheduled time interval identified as usable to determine a representative aggregate glucose measurement and determining a next recommended insulin dosage for the patient based on the representative aggregate glucose measurement and the insulin dosages previously administered by the patient.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are techniques related to insulin delivery recommendations based on nutritional information. In some embodiments, the techniques may involve obtaining user input indicative of quantitative information for a food item. The techniques may further involve determining, based on the user input, nutritional information for the food item. Additionally, the techniques may involve generating, based on the nutritional information, an insulin delivery recommendation.

Abstract: A computer system for just-in-time authentication displays a user interface comprising a first portion and a second portion. The first portion of the user interface is associated with a first permission attribute, and the second portion of the user interface is associated with a second permission attribute. The first permission attribute is associated with a first user and the second permission attribute is associated with a second user. The computer system receives, from one or more proximity sensors, a proximity of the second user relative to the user interface. The computer system also receives, from an identity-verification sensor, a verification of an identification of the second user. Further, the computer system activates the second portion of the user interface for interaction from the second user.

Abstract: In some aspects, an apparatus for a biosensor includes a sensor wire and a rigid member. The rigid member may be coupled to the sensor wire and include a contact surface. The contact surface may be sized to enable a suction head of a robotic placement device to create a vacuum seal on the contact surface for lifting the sensor wire and rigid member.

Abstract: This disclosure concerns a medical device and a method for its production, wherein the device comprises a cannula having an elongated hollow shaft and a sharp tip provided at a distal end of the shaft, wherein the shaft is formed as a bent part from a sheet material and confines an interior passage which has a lateral slit opening, and wherein the shaft has at least one longitudinal pre-bending channel provided in the sheet material, wherein the thickness of the sheet material is reduced along the pre-bending channel and a sidewall of the shaft is folded over the pre-bending channel.

Abstract: The health support system according to a preferred embodiment includes a sensor that outputs an output signal corresponding to a specific component in urine, a transmitter connected to the sensor, and a user terminal carried by the user. The user terminal includes a storage unit that stores an identifier corresponding to the user, a wireless receiving unit that receives a wireless signal from the transmitter, an output unit that outputs the data to an analysis system that analyzes the health state of the user based on a specific component indicated by the data when the identifier indicated by the wireless signal matches the identifier stored in the storage unit, and an acquisition unit that acquires information corresponding to the results of the analysis of the analysis system.

Abstract: An approach to identifying a corrective action for a data storage device (DSD), such as one implemented in a fleet of DSDs in a data center, involves receiving error data about excursions from normal operational behavior of the DSD, inputting data representing a particular excursion into a probabilistic decision network which characterizes a set of DSD operational metrics and certain DSD controller rules that represent internal controls of the DSD and corresponding conditional relationships among the operational metrics, determining from the decision network the likelihood that one or more possible causes was a contributing factor to the particular excursion, and determining a corrective action for the particular excursion based on the determined likelihood of a particular cause of the one or more possible causes. The corrective action may then be shared with the DSD for in-situ execution of corresponding self-repair operations.

Abstract: Introduced here are diabetes management platforms able to guide people with diabetes toward a glycemic target. Rather than state the absolute amount of glucose within the blood, the diabetes management platform can instead produce personalized glycemic goals based on the physiological data associated with an individual. For example, if the diabetes management platform determines that the time spent within a first glycemic range exceeds a specified threshold, then the diabetes management platform may recommend that the individual attempt to keep their blood glucose level within a second glycemic range. Generally, the second glycemic range is closer than the first glycemic range to a target glycemic range corresponding to a healthy glycemic state.

Abstract: A method of characterising tremor stability in a subject is described for a subject having an involuntary tremor symptomatic of a neurological disorder. The method comprising: identifying a series of tremor cycles from measured tremor data of the subject, said tremor cycles measuring periodic variation in movement of the subject due to the tremor; determining an instantaneous frequency for each tremor cycle and collating the instantaneous frequencies; determining an instantaneous variation between the instantaneous frequencies of each pair of adjacent tremor cycles within the series; comparing the instantaneous variation to the collation of determined instantaneous frequencies to determine a distribution of instantaneous variations; and determining an index value of the distribution of the instantaneous variations, said index value defining the stability of the tremor.

Abstract: A dashboard interface may be displayed on a lab instrument to provide aggregate status information from a plurality of other interfaces organized into a single interface. The aggregate status information may be viewed by a nearby user of the lab instrument, and selecting portions of the information via a touchscreen display will navigate directly to a subsequent interface that may be used to view additional information or make configuration changes relating to the selected information. The dashboard may be used as a screensaver on a lab instrument when the instrument is not in use, or may be navigated to by an active user of a lab instrument, or both.

Abstract: Systems and methods for health and body simulations in order to predict numerous physiological parameters in a subject or a population of subjects based on the input of limited physiological data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for health and body simulations in order to predict numerous physiological parameters in a subject or a population of subjects based on the input of limited physiological data.

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided for continuous measurement of an analyte concentration. The device can include a sensor having a plurality of sensor elements, each having at least one characteristic that is different from other sensor(s) of the device. In some embodiments, the plurality of sensor elements are each tuned to measure a different range of analyte concentration, thereby providing the device with the capability of achieving a substantially consistent level of measurement accuracy across a physiologically relevant range. In other embodiments, the device includes a plurality of sensor elements each tuned to measure during different time periods after insertion or implantation, thereby providing the sensor with the capability to continuously and accurately measure analyte concentrations across a wide range of time periods.

Abstract: Disclosed is a portable device for collecting and processing continuous monitoring data. The device has a data interface configured to receive a stream of continuous monitoring data from a body-worn sensor, the continuous monitoring data being indicative of an analyte in a bodily fluid. A control is connectable to the data interface. The control controls a first mode of operation during which configuration parameters are established in response to receiving a start signal indicating a sensor session start of the body-worn sensor. The control also controls a second mode of operation during which the continuous monitoring data is collected and processed and also controls the switching from the first mode to the second mode. The control blocks further starting of the first mode for a remaining sensor session time after the switching to the second mode of operation. Also disclosed are a related medical system, method and computer program product.

Abstract: An infrastructure is provided for improving the safety of autonomous systems. An autonomous vehicle management system (AVMS) controls one or more autonomous functions or operations performed by a vehicle or machine such that the autonomous operations are performed in a safe manner. The AVMS is capable of dynamically controlling the behavior of sensors associated with a vehicle. For example, for a sensor, the AVMS can dynamically change and control what sensor data is captured by the sensor and/or communicated from the sensor to the AVMS (e.g., granularity/resolution, field of view, control zoom), when the data is captured by the sensor and/or communicated by the sensor to the AVMS (e.g., on-demand, according to a schedule), and how the data is captured by the sensor and/or communicated from the sensor to the AVMS (e.g., communication format, communication protocol, rate of data communication).

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices of a health device network may include: a non-invasive glucometer that non-invasively measures analyte levels; an invasive glucometer communicatively coupled directly to the non-invasive glucometer; a cloud-based server communicatively coupled to the non-invasive glucometer or the invasive glucometer; a user device communicatively coupled to the cloud-based server; and/or a user interface that displays the invasive glucose measurement, the non-invasive glucose measurement, a data batch, and/or processed data to the user. The non-invasive glucometer and/or the invasive glucometer may aggregate an invasive glucose measurement and a non-invasive glucose measurement into the data batch.

Abstract: A physiological characteristic monitoring system includes a physiological characteristic sensor that observes a physiological characteristic and generates sensor signals based on the observation. The physiological characteristic sensor includes a sensor connector. The physiological characteristic monitoring system includes a wearable device to be worn by a user in a first configuration and having a connector to couple to the sensor connector in a second configuration. The wearable device includes a controller that receives the sensor signals from the physiological characteristic sensor in the second configuration and determines a current value of the physiological characteristic based on the sensor signals.

Abstract: A method, system, apparatus, and/or device that may include: determining, by a processor, that an alert event has occurred; determining, by the processor, a level of the alert event, wherein the level of the alert event is a caution alert level, an urgent alert level, or a critical alert level; determining, by the processor, an initial alert activity associated with the caution alert level, the urgent alert level, or the critical alert level; performing, by the processor, the initial alert activity receiving, from an input device, an updated alert activity associated with the caution alert level, the urgent alert level, or the critical alert level; and in response to that the initial alert activity conflicting with the updated alert activity, maintaining, by the processor, using the initial alert activity associated with the caution alert level, the urgent alert level, or the critical alert level.

Abstract: A system is provided for monitoring analyte in a host, including a continuous analyte sensor that produces a data stream indicative of a host's analyte concentration and a device that receives and records data from the data stream from the continuous analyte sensor. In one embodiment, the device includes a single point analyte monitor, from which it obtains an analyte value, and is configured to display only single point analyte measurement values, and not any analyte measurement values associated with data received from the continuous analyte sensor. Instead, data received from the continuous analyte sensor is used to provide alarms to the user when the analyte concentration and/or the rate of change of analyte concentration, as measured by the continuous analyte sensor, is above or below a predetermined range. Data received from the continuous analyte sensor may also be used to prompt the diabetic or caregiver to take certain actions, such as to perform another single point blood glucose measurement.

Abstract: A detection system method of color balancing an image includes receiving an image of a test area of a pad which includes a color of a reaction between a test substance and at least one reagent on the test area of the pad, an alignment code having detection system identification information, at least one color calibration block indicia for aligning with a camera as the image is being captured, and test identification information for analyzing the test substance during a colorimetric analysis. The method further includes collecting an array of pixels of RGB values for each pixel in the image, evaluating a captured color of the at least one color calibration block in the image, and performing the colorimetric analysis on the reaction between the test substance and the at least one reagent.

Abstract: A smart drug injection device is disclosed, comprising a main body, a circuit board, a display, a syringe and a transmission mechanism; the main body comprises an accommodating space and a power button; the circuit board comprises a control unit and a storage unit; the transmission mechanism comprises a motor, a screw rod, a propelling block and a movable clamp, with the control unit electrically connected to the storage unit, the power button, the motor and the display, the motor connected to the screw rod, the propelling block movably arranged on the screw rod, the movable clamp disposed at one end of the propelling block and movable between two positions; the syringe is on one side of the main body and comprises a cylinder and a needle holder, one end of the cylinder has a needle and the other end is assembled with the needle holder.

Abstract: This document discusses, among other things, systems and methods to compensate for the effects of temperature on sensors, such as analyte sensor. An example method may include determining a temperature-compensated glucose concentration level by receiving a temperature signal indicative of a temperature parameter of an external component, receiving a glucose signal indicative of an in vivo glucose concentration level, and determining a compensated glucose concentration level based on the glucose signal, the temperature signal, and a delay parameter.

Abstract: Introduced here are diabetes management platforms able to impute blood glucose level values for a subject whose glycemic health state is being monitored. These imputed values can be used to estimate the glycemic health state of the subject at a given point in time, identify appropriate recommendations for improving the glycemic health state, etc. More specifically, a diabetes management platform can initially acquire one or more explicit data values generated by a glucose monitoring device. The diabetes management platform can then design a statistical model for imputing data values based on the one or more explicit data values. The diabetes management platform may employ several different computational techniques for performing imputation.

Abstract: Introduced here are diabetes management platforms able to make annotations to physiological data of a subject whose glycemic health state is being monitored. These annotations can be used to classify excursions detected in the physiological data to facilitate the identification of a therapeutic behavior change intended to improve the glycemic health state of the subject. For example, a health coach may review the annotation(s) associated with the subject before generating a recommendation for improving the glycemic health state. As another example, the diabetes management platform can automatically identify an appropriate recommendation based on the annotation(s).

Abstract: A system includes an applicator and a dermal patch coupled to the applicator. The applicator includes a needle configured to puncture a subject's skin to draw a physiological sample, a first actuating lever configured to move form an undeployed position to a deployed position, and a second actuating lever configured to move form an undeployed position to a deployed position. The dermal patch includes a fluid reservoir configured to store a processing fluid, a sample collection chamber configured to receive the processing fluid and the physiological sample, wherein the applicator is configured to cause the needle to puncture the subject's skin to draw the physiological sample when the first actuating lever is moved from the undeployed lever position to the deployed lever position and cause the processing fluid to release from the fluid reservoir when the second actuating lever is moved from the undeployed position to the deployed position.

Abstract: A training simulator for intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) systems includes channels where at least one of the channels is identified as an active stimulation channel and a subset of the rest of the channels is identified as reference or pick up sites. Channels of the subset having signal data that exceed a predefined threshold are retained for further processing, while channels with signal data that do not exceed the threshold are eliminated from further reporting. Response data for the remaining channels are generated in advance of a future time when the response would occur. The generated data is time stamped and stored for display at a time window when requested by the system.

Abstract: A medication delivery patch that is applied to the skin and activated to deliver a medication or other fluid into or through the skin. The patch may be completely mechanically driven, with no electronic components, for low cost, safety, and reliability. Pressing an activation button may set in motion a sequence of mechanical events that result in a needle exiting the patch into the skin of the user, and flow of fluid from an internal pouch in the patch into the user. When delivery is complete, another sequence of mechanical events may occur to retract the needle from the skin and stop the flow of fluid, and to show a visible indicator that delivery is complete. The patch may contain a fluid channel, such as a microfluidic channel, that controls the rate and time of delivery; this channel can be configured or selected for different medications or use cases.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of enabling supervision of a laboratory environment utilizing diagnostic equipment. The method includes utilization of a device for capturing an optical image of at least a portion of the laboratory environment. The method further requires selectively capturing the optical image using the image capture device and selectively transmitting the captured image over a communications medium. The method further requires receiving the transmitted optical image by an image receiver in communication with the image transmission device via the communications medium. The method then requires selectively generating, by an image processor in communication with the image receiver, a display of at least a portion of the captured optical image on an image display device and receiving status information from the diagnostic equipment at a laboratory manager that is in communication with multitude of diagnostic equipment.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a continuous monitoring of analyte values received from an analyte sensor system are provided. One method for a wireless data communication between an analyte sensor system and a mobile device involves storing identification information associated with a transceiver of the analyte sensor system, the identification information entered by a user of the mobile device via a custom application running on the mobile device; causing the custom application to enter a background mode; searching for advertisement signals; receiving an advertisement signal from the transceiver; authenticating the transceiver based on the identification information; prompting the user to bring the custom application to a foreground mode; causing the custom application to request a confirmation from the user that a data connection with the transceiver is desired; receiving the confirmation from the user; and completing the data connection with the transceiver.

Abstract: Analyte sensing and response methods include using a non-invasive analyte sensor to detect at least one analyte in a medium. The sensor uses decoupled transmit and receive elements or antennas to transmit a signal, and to receive a response to the signal transmitted into the medium. An action is determined based on the detection of the analyte, which can affect a property of the analyte or the medium, and the action is automatically carried out. The action can be increasing or decreasing flow from a source of the analyte, increasing or decreasing flow of a chemical compound interacting with the analyte, or modifying a temperature of the medium. An example of the action is controlling an insulin pump, where the analyte is glucose.

Abstract: A system and method can provide for a remote electronic device to be used to remotely initiate delivery of a medicament bolus with a medical device, such as an insulin pump, with the medical device providing audible or tactile confirmation of the programmed bolus. The bolus amount can be calculated by or programmed or otherwise entered into the smartphone, etc., and then transmitted to the medical device. When the pump receives the transmitted bolus amount, it issues one or more indications such as audible sounds and/or vibrations in any number of desired combinations. For instance, each individual sound or vibration may correspond to an increment of the medicament. The user can therefore determine the size of the medicament bolus by the number of sounds or vibrations and can confirm or cancel delivery of the bolus.

Abstract: Classification of individuals based on their glycemic pattern and applications thereof are described. Generally, systems utilize continuous glucose monitoring data to determine glycemic pattern variability, which can be used as a basis to classify and treat individuals.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a holder carrying thereon a sensor to measure a physiological signal of an analyte in a biological fluid, wherein the sensor has a signal detection end and a signal output end, and the holder includes an implantation hole being a channel for implanting therethrough the sensor and containing a part of the sensor, and a containing indentation containing the signal output end, wherein the containing indentation has a surrounding wall kept apart from the signal output end to define a space.

Abstract: A method for detecting deviations between an event log and a process model includes converting the process model into a probability process model, the probability process model comprising multiple nodes in multiple hierarchies and probability distribution associated with the multiple nodes, a leaf node among the multiple nodes corresponding to an activity in the process model; detecting differences between at least one event sequence contained in the event log and the probability process model according to a correspondence relationship; and identifying the differences as the deviations in response to the differences exceeding a predefined threshold; wherein the correspondence relationship describes a correspondence relationship between an event in one event sequence of the at least one event sequence and a leaf node in the probability process model.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a blood pressure measurement device includes obtaining first blood pressure measurement information and a current confidence coefficient corresponding to the first blood pressure measurement information, determining the first blood pressure measurement information as blood pressure calibration information in response to the blood pressure measurement device comprising the historical calibration parameter list, and the current confidence coefficient being greater than or equal to a preset confidence coefficient or the historical confidence coefficient, and updating the historical calibration parameter list based on the first blood pressure measurement information and the current confidence coefficient.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sensor applicator assembly for a continuous glucose monitoring system and provides a sensor applicator assembly for a continuous glucose monitoring system, which is manufactured with a sensor module assembled inside an applicator, thereby minimizing additional work by a user for attaching the sensor module to the body and allowing the sensor module to be attached to the body simply by operating the applicator, and thus can be used more conveniently. A battery is built in the sensor module and a separate transmitter is connected to the sensor module so as to receive power supply from the sensor module and be continuously used semi-permanently, thereby making the assembly economical. The sensor module and the applicator are used as disposables, thereby allowing accurate and safe use and convenient maintenance.

Abstract: Provided are a physiological signal analysis device and method to detect and analyze physiological information of a subject. The physiological signal analysis device includes a memory device configure to store a wrinkle pattern at a measurement position of a subject as a reference position; a sensor configured to sense the reference position and a physiological signal of the subject at the reference position in response to the stored reference position being within a range of the sensor; and a signal processor configured to process the physiological signal sensed the sensor.

Abstract: An insulin monitoring system includes one or more processors, one or more computer-readable storage devices, and program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors. The program instructions include: first program instructions to track, in real time, the amount of insulin active in a patient; second program instructions to calculate the amount of insulin need of the patient by tracking the patient's metabolic states; third program instructions to compare the insulin active in the patient with the insulin need of the patient; and fourth program instructions to determine an insulin fault level based on the comparison.