Abstract: An intraoral stimulation device configured to be positioned in a mouth of a patient. The device includes a sensor and one or more electrodes. The sensor is configured to monitor a position of the tongue and/or force exerted by the tongue against the sensor and to transmit a signal encoding tongue information. The electrode(s) is/are configured to deliver electrical stimuli to the patient's hard palate when the tongue information indicates that the tongue has moved from a desired position to an undesired position in the mouth. The electrical stimuli causes the tongue to move from the undesired position to the desired position.

Abstract: Techniques for determining fetal situs during an ultrasound imaging procedure are disclosed. The techniques can include obtaining an ultrasound image of a fetus in utero. The fetus will include a torso and a spine and the ultrasound image can comprise a circumferential view of the torso of the fetus. The circumferential view can include at least: (i) an outer border of the torso, and (ii) the spine that includes three landmarks arranged in a triangular orientation. The techniques can further include superimposing a fetal overlay based on an alignment instruction corresponding to an alignment between the outer border of the torso and the three landmarks to obtain an augmented reality image of the fetus. The fetal overlay can include a graphical element indicating a left side and a right side of the fetus. The augmented reality image of the fetus can be output on a display of the ultrasound machine.

Abstract: A seat comprising a backrest; a seating portion connected to the backrest; and at least one measurement area defined on the backrest and/or on the seating portion, the at least one measurement area comprising at least one interdigital capacitive sensor capable of measuring a distance or a movement of a user occupying the seat.

Abstract: An electronic device for long-term adhesion to a mammal includes a housing with an electronic component. The electronic device may include a first wing and a second wing, each being integrally formed with the housing. An electrode is positioned on a bottom surface of each of the wings, the electrodes electrically connected to the electronic component. An adhesive layer is provided for adhesion to a surface of the mammal. The adhesive layer may cover a portion of the bottom surfaces of the wings but generally does not cover the electrode or a bottom surface of the housing. A method of applying an electronic device to a mammal includes removing first and second adhesive covers from first and second wings of the electronic device to expose an electrode and an adhesive coated on a bottom surface of each wing.

Abstract: An electrocardiographic system includes first and second parts. The first part includes: a first housing having a first bottom layer that is elastic with an underside having an adhesive material; and a first set of electrodes located within the first housing, where the first set of electrodes includes at least one first electrode. The second part includes: a second housing having a second bottom layer with an underside having an adhesive material; a second set of electrodes located within the second housing, where the second set of electrodes includes at least one second electrode; a mechanical adaptor configured to be detachably connected to a electrocardiographic device that includes a processor and a wireless transmitter; and an electrical connector arranged to be detachably connected to the electrocardiographic device and to electrically couple the electrocardiographic device to conductors that convey signals from the first and second sets of electrodes.

Abstract: A garment for bringing an EM transducer to contact with a thoracic skin surface area of a wearer is disclosed. The garment comprises a thoracic garment having a EM transducer placement portion and a pressure applying element associated with the EM transducer placement portion for applying a pressure on an EM transducer secured in an associated the EM transducer placement portion when the thoracic garment is worn by a wearer so that the EM transducer applies a respective pressure on a thoracic skin surface area of the wearer.

Abstract: An electrode sheet is provided which can be flexibly adapted to the position where a signal is acquired. This electrode sheet 1, which is attached to a living body M and acquires a biological signal, is provided with a sheet-form biological signal acquisition unit 10 which is attached to a living body part where a biological signal is acquired, and a reference potential acquisition unit 20 which extends from the living body signal acquisition unit and which is attached to a living body part where a reference potential is acquired, wherein the reference potential acquisition unit 20 is provided with multiple electrodes 23 which are arranged at a prescribed interval along the direction of extension and each of which can attach to the living body part where the reference potential is acquired.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided. A strip has first and second end sections, and a first surface and second surface. Two electrocardiographic electrodes are provided on the strip with one of the electrocardiographic electrodes provided on the first surface of the first end section of the strip and another of the electrocardiographic electrodes positioned on the first surface on the second end section of the strip. A flexible circuit is mounted to the second surface of the strip and includes a circuit trace electrically coupled to each of the electrocardiographic electrodes. A wireless transceiver is affixed on one of the first or second end sections, and a battery is positioned on one of the first or second end sections. A processor is positioned on one of the first or second end sections and is housed separate from the battery.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for speech endpointing based on word comparisons are described. In one aspect, a method includes the actions of obtaining a transcription of an utterance. The actions further include determining, as a first value, a quantity of text samples in a collection of text samples that (i) include terms that match the transcription, and (ii) do not include any additional terms. The actions further include determining, as a second value, a quantity of text samples in the collection of text samples that (i) include terms that match the transcription, and (ii) include one or more additional terms. The actions further include classifying the utterance as a likely incomplete utterance or not a likely incomplete utterance based at least on comparing the first value and the second value.

Abstract: A patch and sensor assembly has a biosensor housed in a reusable portion that connects to a mapping and localization system (MLS) via biosensor wires. A disposable portion has an electrode layer through which signals are transmitted to the MLS via ACL wires. The biosensor and ACL wires extend through a single cable exiting the reusable portion. The disposable portion includes an adhesive layer for adhering the electrode layer to a patient, on the electrode layer, and an engagement element for detachably receiving at least a portion of the housing of the reusable portion. The reusable portion includes a housing in which the biosensor has biosensor wires that exit the reusable portion. The housing is also adapted to carry and/or provide support to an ACL contact member responsive to the electrode layer of the disposable portion, and ACL wires that exit the reusable portion.

Abstract: Systems, methods and devices for reducing noise in cardiac monitoring including wearable monitoring devices having at least one electrode for cardiac monitoring; in some implementations, the wearable device using a composite adhesive having at least one conductive portion applied adjacent the electrode; and, in some implementations, including circuitry adaptations for the at least one electrode to act as a proxy driven right leg electrode.

Abstract: A medical lookup patch, for application to a medical device, includes a substrate having a front, a back, and a perimeter edge defined therebetween. The patch includes an engagement element of a hook-and-loop engagement system on the back of the substrate, for engaging with a complemental engagement element on the medical device. The front of the substrate includes first, second, and third information areas. Brand information is displayed in the first information area, and instructive information is displayed in the second information area. Lookup information is displayed in the third information area and defines a machine-readable code which, when processed by a machine, directs the machine to display human-readable information different from the lookup information.

Abstract: A muscle-stimulating waist trainer is an apparatus that strengthens and tones abdominal muscles. The apparatus includes a piece of athletic wear, a plurality of muscle-stimulation pads, a pair of conductive snaps, and a controller unit. The piece of athletic wear covers and compresses the body of a user. The piece of athletic wear positioned the plurality of muscle-stimulation pads against a desired muscle group. The piece of athletic wear may be, but is not limited to, a pair of athletic pants, a waistband, and an arm sleeve. The plurality of muscle-stimulation pads stimulates the desired muscle group, promoting increased tension for the desired muscle group and a toned physique after prolonged use. The pair of conductive snaps mounts the controller unit onto the piece of athletic wear and transmits the current from the controller unit through the athletic wear, and to the plurality of muscle-stimulation pads.

Abstract: A wearable diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) garment is disclosed herein. The wearable diagnostic ECG garment comprises a garment body, a plurality of electrodes positioned on the body, each of the plurality of electrodes comprising a connection stud, a contact pad interface and a contact pad, an electrode connector extending from the body, and a plurality of wires positioned in the garment body, each of the plurality of wires connected from the electrode connector to an electrode of the plurality of electrodes.

Abstract: A sensor device is described that includes a dry electrode, a pressure sensor, and a communication apparatus. The dry electrode is configured to be placed adjacent to a belly of a pregnant patient. The pressure sensor is coupled to the dry electrode to sense pressure within the belly. The sensed pressure indicates counts of physiological activities of a fetus within the pregnant patient over a period of time. The communication apparatus is coupled to the pressure sensor and the dry electrode. The communication apparatus is configured to transmit data characterizing the counts of the plurality of physiological activities to a cloud computing server for generating an assessment of health of the fetus.

Abstract: A wound dressing for pressure gradient wound therapy. The wound dressing includes a dressing body and an adhesive layer. The adhesive layer provides an adhesive region for providing a seal between the wound dressing and the periphery of a wound site, in use. Sensors are provided associated with the adhesive region, the sensors being configured to monitor one or more conditions indicative of a hermeticity of the seal between the wound dressing and the periphery of the wound site.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate generally to devices, systems and methods for optimizing and masking compression in a biosensing garment. The biosensing garment has a first fabric portion configured to be disposed about a circumferential region of a user, the first fabric portion having an inner surface including electrode sensor assembly configured to be placed in contact with the skin of the user, the first fabric portion having a first compression rating; and a second fabric portion extending from the first fabric portion, the second fabric portion having a second compression rating less than the first compression rating.

Abstract: A system and method is used to monitor, control, and/or provide feedback relative to one or more factors related to a patient's body, such as a shoulder, pursuant to a treatment process. The system monitors, controls, and/or provides feedback relative to shoulder factors including shoulder motion, shoulder muscle contraction, and external pressure on the shoulder.

Abstract: An emergency cardiac and electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode device with wireless electrodes is disclosed herein. The emergency cardiac and electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode device places multiple wireless electrodes in the appropriate anatomic locations on the patient to quickly obtain an ECG in a pre-hospital setting. The system also works with a mobile SRM app that continuously runs EKGs to continuously monitor a patient.

Abstract: A garment structure having an adjustment mechanism for abutting at least one pad unit against a human body includes a garment body, at least one adjustment belt, and at least one pad unit being an electrode pad unit, a heating pad unit, or an electrode pad unit with a heating unit. The adjustment belt has one end connected to the garment body, and another end fixed to an outer surface of the garment body. When the adjustment belt is pulled tight, the garment body is dragged to move toward the skin. The pad unit is disposed on the garment body, and moves, along with a portion of the garment body being dragged, to abut against the skin. A user wearing the garment structure can pull and secure the adjustment belt to enable the pad unit to easily and quickly abut against the skin to proceed with electrotherapy and/or heat therapy.

Abstract: A method for generating sleep apnea information for a portion of body sensor data. The method of generating sleep apnea information is made dependent upon a determined presence or absence of arrhythmia within the portion of body sensor data. A first sleep apnea detection methodology is used in response to an absence of arrhythmia being detected within the portion of body sensor data.

Abstract: A piece of smart fabric for recognizing an object or a touch gesture includes a first layer and a second layer. The first layer has multiple resistive sensors and multiple capacitive sensors. Each resistive sensor corresponds to each capacitive sensor. Each capacitive sensor includes a first piece of conductive fabric and a second piece of conductive fabric, and each resistive sensor includes a piece of pressure sensing fabric sandwiched between the first piece of conductive fabric and the second piece of conductive fabric of the corresponding capacitive sensor. The second layer has multiple inductive sensors and multiple NFC sensors. Each of the multiple inductive sensors corresponds to each of the NFC sensors. Each inductive sensor and its corresponding NFC sensor share a same coil.

Abstract: Methods, system, and media for identifying one or more ablation locations in an atrial tissue region in an atrial fibrillation (AF) patient with atrial fibrosis are disclosed. Three-dimensional imaging data representing the atria of the patient may be received. A patient-specific model of the atria may be generated from the three-dimensional imaging data. Simulation of the AF on the patient-specific model may be conducted to identify AF-perpetrating regions. One or more ablation locations in the atria may be identified from the AF-perpetrating regions.

Abstract: An electrode structure of a bio-signal measurement comprises electrodes adapted to be adhered on skin with an adhesive and separated from each other. A connector arrangement for an electric contact with an external electric device is on an opposite side of the electrode structure. Electric conductors are electrically connected with the electrodes and the connector arrangement. The electrode structure comprises attachable sections directly adjacent to one of the at least two electrodes, the attachable sections being adapted to be adhered on the skin. The electrode structure comprises a flexible and elastic loose section, which is free from an adherence to the skin, each of the attachable sections being located between an electrode and a loose section.

Abstract: An electrical impedance tomography system with frequency division multiplexing based data compression comprising electrodes, a connecting line, an electrical impedance tomography chip, a universal serial bus and a computer. The present invention realizes the proposed electrical impedance tomography system by innovative application of frequency division multiplexing technology, and has the advantages of low power consumption and improved hardware overheads. The architecture of the 13-channel electrical impedance tomography chip introduced in the embodiment of the present invention, which applies the frequency division multiplexing based data compression technology, has taped out using CMOS 0.13 micrometer process; the power consumption per channel turns out to be 118 microwatts and the area is 0.87 square millimeters, verifying the effectiveness of the present invention. The present invention can also be migrated to other applications of electrical impedance tomography.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided. A strip has first and second end sections, and a first surface and second surface. Two electrocardiographic electrodes are provided on the strip with one of the electrocardiographic electrodes provided on the first surface of the first end section of the strip and another of the electrocardiographic electrodes positioned on the first surface on the second end section of the strip. A flexible circuit is mounted to the second surface of the strip and includes a circuit trace electrically coupled to each of the electrocardiographic electrodes. A wireless transceiver is affixed on one of the first or second end sections, and a battery is positioned on one of the first or second end sections. A processor is positioned on one of the first or second end sections and is housed separate from the battery.

Abstract: A wearable device in the form of a tee-shirt is described. The sleeves of the tee-shirt having an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor or a ballistocardiogram (BCG) sensor for monitoring the pulse of a person wearing the tee-shirt. The tee-shirt makes possible the comparison of the pulses down the two arms. The pulse-transit-time, pulse amplitude, pulse spread and pulse shape may be compared to observe any difference between the left and right sides of the person.

Abstract: A monitoring system a user activity sensor to determine patterns of activity based upon the user activity occurring over time.

Abstract: A wristband biosensing system, a wristband biosensing apparatus, and a biological sensing method are provided. The system includes a wristband body worn on a wrist of a user, at least one physiological signal sensor, at least one deformation sensor, and a processing device coupled to the physiological signal sensor and the deformation sensor. The physiological signal sensor is disposed on the wristband body at a position corresponding to at least one sensing portion of the wrist to detect a physiological signal of each sensing portion. The deformation sensor is disposed around each physiological signal sensor to detect deformation of each sensing portion and output a deformation signal. The processing device receives the physiological signal and the deformation signal, inquires a compensation signal corresponding to the deformation signal, and corrects the physiological signal by using the compensation signal, so as to output a corrected physiological signal of each sensing portion.

Abstract: A structure may include a first material, a second material joined to the first material at a junction between the first and second materials, and one or more media extending across the junction to form a continuous interconnect between the first and second materials, wherein the first and second materials are heterogeneous. The structure may further include a transition at the junction between the first and second materials. The one or more media may include a functional material which may be electrically conductive. The structure may further include a third material joined to the second material at a second junction between the second and third materials, the media may extend across the second junction to form a continuous interconnect between the first, second, and third materials, and the second and third materials may be heterogeneous.

Abstract: A neuromodulation system for treatment of physiological disorders. The system includes one or more stimulators for stimulating one or more cranial nerves; one or more detectors configured for detecting a predetermined physiological state; and a control unit that controls nerve stimulation by the one or more stimulators so that it is synchronized with the at least one predetermined physiological state detected by the one or more detectors. A method of neuromodulating a patient for treatment of physiological disorder. The method includes the steps of detecting a predetermined physiological state and applying stimulation to one of the cranial nerves during the predetermined physiological state by one or more stimulators of a neuromodulation system.

Abstract: The electrical stimulation belt includes an electrical stimulator, a flexible substrate, a plurality of electrical connectors, a plurality of electrodes and a plurality of locators. The electrical stimulation is applied to the trunk or waist of a patient by the electrical stimulator belt through the placement of the plurality of electrical connectors in contact with the plurality of electrodes on the belt. A plurality of locators releasably fastened to the belt assist the user in locating the electrodes on the belt.

Abstract: Provided is a sensor patch configured to be attached to the skin of a user. The sensor patch may include: at least one opening; and a frame surrounding the at least one opening, wherein the frame may include at least one senor configured to measure a biosignal of the user. Therefore, since the at least one sensor for measuring a biosignal is provided on the frame surrounding at least one opening, it may be possible to continuously obtain a biosignal of the user for a long period of time.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a vaginal treatment device using LEDs, high-frequency waves, and EMS, the vaginal treatment device including: a main body part configured to be inserted into a vagina and having one or more LED irradiation units configured to irradiate an interior of the vagina with light, and electrode units configured to transfer radio frequency (RF) energy or electro muscular stimulation (EMS) energy into the vagina; a handle part embedded with a battery and having a power source member connected to one end of the main body part and configured to control transmission and reception to/from the LED irradiation units or the electrode units; and a housing part electrically connected to the handle part and configured to charge the battery.

Abstract: An intraoral stimulation device configured to be positioned in a mouth of a patient. The device includes a sensor and one or more electrodes. The sensor is configured to monitor a position of the tongue and/or force exerted by the tongue against the sensor and to transmit a signal encoding tongue information. The electrode(s) is/are configured to deliver electrical stimuli to the patient's hard palate when the tongue information indicates that the tongue has moved from a desired position to an undesired position in the mouth. The electrical stimuli causes the tongue to move from the undesired position to the desired position.

Abstract: We disclose a portable wearable device for measuring electrocardiographic signals, the device comprising a first portion comprising at least two electrodes; a second portion comprising at least three electrodes; the first portion and the second portion being vertically spaced from one another; a controller configured to take: a first potential difference measurement using one of the electrodes of the first portion and one of the electrodes of the second portion; a second potential difference measurement using one other of the electrodes of the first portion and one other of the electrodes of the second portion; and a third potential difference measurement using one other of the electrodes of the first portion and one other of the electrodes of the second portion. The controller is configured to simultaneously take the first, second and third potential difference measurements at three independent positions of a user's body.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure provide systems and methods for wearable dry electrodes for collecting biometric information. According to one embodiment, a dry electrode bio-sensor can comprise one or more conductive pads comprising electrodes of the dry electrode bio-sensor and one or more connectivity traces coupled with each of the one or more conductive pads. The connectivity traces can provide electrical connections for one or more of power to the one or more conductive pads or signals comprising biometric information from the one or more conductive pads. A backing can be coupled with and can retain the one or more conductive pads and the one or more connectivity traces. The dry electrode bio-sensor can comprise an electrocardiography (ECG) sensor, a respiration sensor, a PhotoPlethysmoGram (PPG) sensor, a temperature sensor, an electromyography (EMG) sensor, or another biometric sensor.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for sensor systems. In one embodiment, a system may include an implantable component and an external component. The implantable component may comprise a housing and an electrode array configured to receive a plurality of biopotential signals. The housing may comprise a wireless power receiver and a wireless data transmitter to transmit representations of the biopotential signals. The external component may comprise a wireless data receiver configured to receive the plurality of digital representations of the biopotential signals and a wireless power transmitter configured to provide power to the internal component. A shielding component may separate the wireless power transmitter from the wireless data receiver. An interface may be configured to communicate with a prosthesis and configured to cause the prosthesis to implement a voluntary motion based on the plurality of digital presentations of the biopotential signals.

Abstract: Disclosed systems include a self-contained electroencephalogram (EEG) recording patch comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and wherein the first and second electrodes cooperate to measure a skin-electrode impedance, a substrate containing circuitry for generating an EEG signal from the measured skin-electrode impedance, amplifying the EEG signal, digitizing the EEG signal, and retrievably storing the EGG signal. The patch also comprises a power source and an enclosure that houses the substrate, the power source, and the first and second electrodes in a unitary package.

Abstract: A brainwave signal collecting device includes a main part and an elastic sleeve having a first opening. The main part is installed on the elastic sleeve, and the elastic sleeve can be positioned by suction on a user's head through the first opening after being pressed. The main part is in contact with the head to collect brainwave signals. The brainwave signal collecting device has an elastic sleeve serving as a flexible piece. When the brainwave signal collecting device is worn, the elastic sleeve can be pressed to partly exhaust the air therein so as to be positioned by suction on the head by the first opening of the elastic sleeve, which can improve the comfort of the head in contact with the elastic sleeve; and the position and angle at which the main part contacts the head can be adjusted through the deformation of the elastic sleeve.

Abstract: A blood pressure estimation device includes a display unit (10), a belt portion (20), a first contact electrode (61) and a second contact electrode (62) for detecting an electrocardiographic waveform, and a pulse wave sensor. The display unit (10) displays a blood pressure estimation result. The belt portion (20) is connected to the display unit (10) and surrounds a target measurement site. The pulse wave sensor includes a pulse wave detection unit (40E) that detects a pulse wave of an artery (91) passing through the target measurement site. The first contact electrode (61) and the pulse wave detection unit (40E) are provided on an inner circumferential portion (20a) of the belt portion (20). The second contact electrode (62) is provided on an outer circumferential portion (20b) of the belt portion (20).

Abstract: Provided are a nanofiber mesh bioelectrode including: a nanofiber mesh sheet in which nanofibers containing a biocompatible water-soluble polymer are entangled in a network form; and a conductive layer coated on the nanofiber mesh sheet and including a conductive material, and a method of producing the same. The nanofiber mesh bioelectrode according to the present invention does not cause discomfort when applied to a living body due to its excellent biocompatibility and excellent flexibility, and easily measures a biosignal or easily applies stimulation for a long period of time, as the nanofiber mesh bioelectrode is not easily detached.

Abstract: The electrical stimulation garment includes an electrical stimulator, a flexible substrate, a plurality of electrical connectors, a plurality of electrodes and a plurality of locators. The electrical stimulation is applied to the body part by the electrical stimulator through the placement of the plurality of electrical connectors in contact with the plurality of electrodes to a prescribed area of the body part as identified by the plurality of locators.

Abstract: A wearable device includes a processor and a lower module. The lower module includes a pressure sensor for detecting a mechanical movement of a skin that covers an artery. The mechanical movement of the skin is due to blood flow through the artery. The processor is configured to receive skin movement information from the movement sensor; calculate a pulse front velocity (PFV), which is a velocity of a blood wave as the blood wave passes under the pressure sensor; estimate a pulse wave velocity (PWV) using the PFV; and estimate the blood pressure using the PWV.

Abstract: Provided is a film-type biomedical signal measuring apparatus configured in a such a way that a plurality of metallic thin film electrodes and a circuit unit are formed on a film-type piezoelectric element so as to easily attach the apparatus to the skin and an electrical signal as well as an electrical signal of a human body is simultaneously measured using the plurality of metallic thin film electrodes and the circuit unit. Accordingly, the film-type biomedical signal measuring apparatus simultaneously measures electrocardiogram (ECG) and ballistocardiogram (BCG) from the simultaneously measured electrical signal and vibration signal of the human body and extracts biomedical information of various types of health indexes such as a heart rate, a stress index, BCG, a blood pressure, an amount of physical activity, a respiration rate, and VO2max from the two different biomedical signals.

Abstract: An information processing system includes a processor configured to detect biological information measured at a head and control a volume of an ambient sound output from a speaker provided in a device which is worn so as to cover an ear according to the detected biological information.

Abstract: Disclosed are a wound treatment patch using static electricity, and a method for fabricating the wound treatment patch using static electricity. The patch includes a substrate made of a sticky polymer; a first electrode disposed in a first partial region of one face of the substrate and exposed to an outside; and a second electrode disposed in a second partial region other than the first partial region, and spaced apart from the first electrode, and encapsulated within the substrate, wherein each of the first electrode and the second electrode is made of hydrogel having electrical conductivity or a soft polymer having electrical conductivity.

Abstract: A plurality of frequency orthogonal signals are transmitted into a person. At least one of the plurality of frequency orthogonal signals is received at a receiving antenna or conductor. The received signal is measured. Characteristics of the received signal are used to establish a result related to that person.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system, method and corresponding computer program for milk ejection reflex (MER) determination, the system comprising a breast shield arrangement (1) for a breast pump (2) configured to be attached on a first breast of a female, a physiological sensor unit (4) for receiving a physiological reception signal from the second breast, which is opposite to the first breast, wherein the physiological reception signal is indicative of fluid contents in the second breast, and wherein the system is configured to determine a milk ejection reflex based on a change in fluid contents in the second breast. It finds particular application during and in connection with breastfeeding and allows for direct detection of the beginning of the milk flow in the breast, i.e. the occurrence of the MER, without delay and with a high degree of precision.

Abstract: An electrode assembly that includes an electrically conductive layer, a first impedance reduction system, and a second impedance reduction system. The electrically conductive layer forms an electrode portion of the electrode assembly and a first surface to be placed adjacent a person's skin. The first impedance reduction system is configured to dispense a first amount of an electrically conductive gel onto the first surface of the electrically conductive layer in response to a first activation signal. The second impedance reduction system is configured to dispense a second amount of the electrically conductive gel onto the first surface of the electrically conductive layer in response to a second activation signal.