Abstract: Apparatuses are described to accurately determine a gas concentration of a sample of a patient's breath. The apparatuses may include a sample compartment, a breath speed analyzer, a gas analyzer, and a processor. The sample compartment includes an inlet that receives the breath. The breath speed analyzer determines the speed of a portion of the breath. The gas analyzer determines a gas concentration. The processor includes an algorithm that determines a degree of non-homogeneity of the sample based on the speed, and a corrected gas concentration based on the degree of non-homogeneity. In some variations, the gas correction is determined independently of patient cooperation. Apparatuses may be tuned based on the intended population's expected breathing pattern ranges such that the sample compartment is filled with a homogenous end-tidal gas sample regardless of an individual's breathing pattern. These apparatuses are useful, for example, for end-tidal CO analysis. Methods are also described.

Abstract: A device for measuring and tracking over time the quantity or concentration of a component in a fluid comprises: a sensor capable of measuring a quantity or concentration of the component in the fluid and providing a quantitative signal for tracking this quantity or concentration over time; a signal-processing module comprising a low-pass filter of the quantitative tracking signal; and an output interface for providing the filtered quantitative tracking signal. The signal-processing module comprises an estimator of a value of instantaneous trend of variation of the quantitative tracking signal in a predetermined sliding time window. Also provided is means for adjusting over time a high cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter according to the estimated value of instantaneous trend of variation.

Abstract: Methods and systems to determine the lung clearance index (LCI) or other indices of ventilation inhomogeneity of lungs of a paediatric subject are provided. Inert tracer gas is washed-in and the wash-out is conducted by inhaling atmospheric air from the surroundings and exhaling to a confined space until the end-tidal tracer gas concentration has fallen below a predetermined fraction of the starting concentration. The LCI is calculated as the ratio between the cumulative expired volume (VCE) required to clear the inert tracer gas concentration from the lungs below a predetermined fraction of the starting concentration and the functional residual capacity (FRC) determined by dividing the net volume of inert tracer gas exhaled with the difference in end-tidal fractional concentration of the inert tracer gas at the start and end of the wash-out period; where VCE is determined by measuring the total volume in the collection bag after completed wash-out period.

Abstract: Device for measuring the concentration of gases in exhaled air and measurement procedure used, such device comprising a first air inlet (1), a second air inlet (3) with a nitric oxide filter (4), a pump (5), a nitric oxide sensor (6), a first valve (8) located downstream from the first air inlet (1) and upstream from the sensor (6), a second valve (9) located downstream from the second air inlet (3) and upstream from the sensor (6), a third valve (10) located downstream from the sensor (6) in a first fluid line that conducts air to a first air outlet (12), and a fourth valve (11) located downstream from the sensor (6) in a second fluid line that conducts air to a second air outlet (13), wherein the pump (5) is located in the second fluid line.

Abstract: A face mask for delivering oxygen to, and sampling carbon dioxide exhaled from, a subject includes a partition wall that divides the mask into a subject respiratory space that primarily contains carbon dioxide exhaled by the subject, and an oxygen reservoir space that primarily contain oxygen. The partition wall includes one or two holes to which naris conduits are respectively connected. The naris conduit are positioned in proximity to the subject's nares to closely obtain carbon dioxide samples. The naris conduits enable oxygen to flow from the oxygen reservoir space to the subject respiratory space during inhalation, while quickly expelling traces of CO2, and they configured such that exhaled CO2 quickly fills them up, during exhalation, and while expelling oxygen traces back to the oxygen reservoir space. During exhalation.

Abstract: A portable ion mobility spectrometry apparatus (1) for detecting an aerosol and a method for using the apparatus. The apparatus comprises an ion mobility spectrometer (3); a portable power source (5) carried by the apparatus for providing power to the apparatus (1); an inlet (7) for collecting a flow of air to be tested by the spectrometer (3); a heater (4) configured to heat the air to be tested to vapourise an aerosol carried by the air and a controller (2) configured to control the spectrometer (3) to obtain samples from the heated air, wherein the controller is configured to increase a heat output from the heater (4) for a selected time period before obtaining samples from the heated air.

Abstract: A personal air treatment device is used to treat air with UV irradiation and with scents. The scents may be used as an attractant or masking for hunting. Multiple devices may be controlled by a smartphone application to strategically alter scent dispersion according to local wind patterns, user location, and relative device location. Similar air treatment devices may be integrated with a particulate mask or used to otherwise treat the air around a user.

Abstract: A dynamic analysis apparatus includes a hardware processor. The hardware processor is configured to perform the following, calculate a prediction rate multiplied by a respiratory function value of the subject in predicting the respiratory function value when an exclusion target portion is excluded; obtain input of the exclusion target portion in an anatomical unit from the input unit, based on the anatomical unit, specify a partial region of the lung field in which a characteristic amount relating to a respiratory function in the plurality of frame images is calculated, calculate the characteristic amount related to the respiratory function in the partial region of the lung field specified from the plurality of frame images and the characteristic amount related to the respiratory function of an entire lung field, and calculate the prediction rate based on a characteristic amount ratio which is a ratio of the two calculated characteristic amounts.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for determining the occurrence of a closed or open apnea. Respiratory air flow from a patient is measured to give an air flow signal. The determination of an apnea is performed by applying an oscillatory pressure waveform of known frequency to a patient's airway, calculating a complex quantity representing a patient admittance (12) and comparing its value with ranges (14, 16) indicative of open or closed apneas. The method distinguishes open from closed apneas even when the model used to calculate admittance is not based on details of the respiratory apparatus. In addition the patient admittance may be compared with admittance during normal breathing to avoid having to characterize the airway.

Abstract: The invention relates to an analysis device for determining a measurement variable based on the concentration of one or more contents of a sample, comprising: a digestion reactor with a gas inlet and a gas outlet; a measuring device which is connected to the gas outlet of the digestion reactor; a control and analysis device which is designed to receive and process measurement values that are registered by the measuring device and are based on the measurement variable; an oxygen generating device; and a gas line system which connects the oxygen generating device to the gas inlets of the digestion reactor in order to supply oxygen generated by the oxygen generating device to the digestion reactor, wherein the gas line system comprises a gas storage device which has at least one chamber with a variable volume for receiving an oxygen quantity to be stored.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to a mechanical ventilator system configured to control a pressurized flow of breathable gas for delivery to a subject based on alveolar ventilation of the subject. The mechanical ventilator system comprises a pressure generator configured to generate the pressurized flow of breathable gas for delivery to the subject, the pressure generator configured to control one or more ventilation parameters of the pressurized flow of breathable gas according to a prescribed mechanical ventilation therapy regime; one or more sensors configured to generate output signals conveying information related to the alveolar ventilation of the subject; and one or more hardware processors configured by machine-readable instructions to: determine the alveolar ventilation of the subject based on the output signals; and cause the pressure generator to adjust the one or more ventilation parameters of the pressurized flow of breathable gas based on the determined alveolar ventilation.

Abstract: Described herein are bioaerosol detection systems and methods of use.

Abstract: A processor obtains input of a logistically attainable end tidal partial pressure of gas X (PetX[i]T) for one or more respective breaths [i] and input of a prospective computation of an amount of gas X required to be inspired by the subject in an inspired gas to target the PetX[i]T for a respective breath [i] using inputs required to utilize a mass balance relationship, wherein one or more values required to control the amount of gas X in a volume of gas delivered to the subject is output from an expression of the mass balance relationship. The mass balance relationship is expressed in a form which takes into account (prospectively), for a respective breath [i], the amount of gas X in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli and the amount of gas X in the alveoli, optionally based on a model of the lung which accounts for those sub-volumes of gas in the lung which substantially affect the alveolar gas X concentration affecting mass transfer.

Abstract: Systems and methods for user exhalation and environmental air analysis are implemented in an integrated or dockable analysis architecture including an opening adjacent a device microphone to admit an exhalation of a user while the user is speaking. In an embodiment, the opening leads to a passageway having at least one gas sensor therein, located such that a user exhalation entering the opening will impinge on the at least one gas sensor. A processor is linked to the gas sensor, and is configured to receive sensor signals from the gas sensor and generate biological information for the user.

Abstract: Levels of substance use, location, and vital signs are remotely monitored for a subject. In one embodiment, the system includes a testing device and a communication device. The testing device obtains a breathalyzer sample from a test subject and determines a substance level. The communication device reports the substance level to a remote monitoring station. In addition, location and camera functions of the communication device can report additional information for verification and system integrity. In other embodiments, the system can be incorporated into an ankle bracelet for monitoring movement of an individual or into a vehicle system to prevent operation while impaired.

Abstract: Methods and systems of maintaining, evaluating, and providing therapy to a lung ex vivo. The methods and systems involve positioning the lung in an ex vivo perfusion circuit; circulating a perfusion fluid through the lung, the fluid entering the lung through a pulmonary artery interface and leaving the lung through a left atrial interface; and ventilating the lung by flowing a ventilation gas through a tracheal interface. Maintaining the lung for extended periods involves causing the lung to rebreath a captive volume of air, and reaching an equilibrium state between the perfusion fluid and the ventilation gas. Evaluating the gas exchange capability of the lung involves deoxygenating the perfusion fluid and measuring a time taken to reoxygenate the perfusion fluid by ventilating the lung with an oxygenation gas.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of generating and measuring transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) acoustic signals generated in the cochlea using a scheme of stimulating both inner ears simultaneously, left ear alone, and right ears alone with at least two different first and second averaging buffers per ear in a switching scheme with automated detection of contralateral suppression of TEOAE via statistical analysis of the differences of suppressed and unsuppressed responses.

Abstract: A gas analysis device includes a laser light source configured to output a laser beam, an irradiation unit configured to irradiate a measurement region including measurement target gas with the laser beams in plural directions, plural photoreceivers each configured to receive a laser beam having passed through the measurement region and output an electric signal according to intensity of the received laser beam, and an analyzer configured to analyze the physical state of the measurement target gas based on the electric signal output from each photoreceiver. The analyzer sets a function (e.g. two-dimensional polynomial f(X,Y)) representing the physical state (e.g. concentration, temperature) of the target gas at least in the measurement region, and measures the physical state of the target gas by determining a coefficient of each of terms included in the function based on a measured value obtained from the electric signal output from the photoreceiver.

Abstract: A dynamic analysis system includes: an analytic value calculation unit configured to calculate an analytic value in a plurality of time phases on the basis of a dynamic image in the plurality of time phases obtained by performing dynamic photography on the chest of a subject; a ventilation state calculation unit configured to calculate, using a non-linear function, an index value representing a ventilation state of a lung field from the analytic value in the plurality of time phases; a display unit; and a control unit configured to display the index value calculated on the plurality of time phases, on the display unit.

Abstract: The fat burning analyzer includes a sampling part, an analysis unit and a processing unit. The sampling part collects a breath sample from the user, information on the conditions of the breath sample collection, and provides a sampling signal correlated to the collection condition of the breath sample. The analysis unit provides a detection signal corresponding to an acetone concentration in the collected breath sample and, as such, provides information on the breath acetone of the user (during exercise or resting). The processing unit receives the sampling signal and/or detection signal, and evaluates the sampling signal and/or the detection signal. The evaluation provides information correlated to the fat burning intensity of the user. These information can be provided as an output signal by the processing unit. Accordingly, the processing unit is equipped to provide an output signal correlated to the fat burning intensity of the user.

Abstract: Methods and devices for sampling, processing and identifying acute use of a substance or substances of abuse are provided. Systems and kits for sampling, processing and identifying acute use of a substance of abuse is also provided.

Abstract: A method of diagnosis. The method can include the steps of sampling the breathing of a patient and from the sampling, obtaining a waveform corresponding to a pattern of the breathing of the patient in which the waveform is a repetitive waveform that is indicative of a carbon dioxide concentration in air expired by the patient. The method can also include the steps of processing the waveform to obtain a set of data that reflects the carbon dioxide concentration in the expired air and based on the processing of the waveform, detecting a potential adverse respiratory event in the patient.

Abstract: The present invention provides group performance monitoring systems and methods. In one exemplary embodiment, a group monitoring device includes a display configured to display, during an athletic activity, a plurality of individual performance metrics relating to a plurality of individuals engaged in the athletic activity, each individual performance metric relating to one of the plurality of individuals; and an input to manipulate the display.

Abstract: A method for assessment and/or monitoring a person's cardiovascular state comprises: using a sound and vibration transducer to acquire a vascular sound signal in order to detect a vascular sound from a cervical, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, or lower limb region of the person; filtering the vascular sound signal to isolate the vascular sound, said filtering using a filter which attenuates frequencies below a lower cut-off frequency in a range of 100-300 Hz; and analyzing the filtered sound signal in order to determine whether an indication of a dicrotic notch in the vascular sound exceeds a set threshold.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for the detecting of whether a subject has a lung disorder such as asthma, tuberculosis or lung cancer. Monitoring the subject's health and prognosis is also disclosed.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus is provided. The electronic apparatus includes a communicator configured to receive a plurality of biometric (bio) signals of a user from an external device; and a processor configured to determine a body condition of the user according to whether each of the received plurality of bio signals is in a normal range, wherein the processor, is further configured to control the communicator to transmit information about the determined body condition to an external device corresponding to the determined body condition among a plurality of external devices, and wherein the determination of a body condition varies as a function of the user having either a symptom or a disease.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are described for providing risk evaluation and mitigation strategies for use with modified risk products or other tobacco products, and in particular, associated with nicotine and tobacco products.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the optical absorption of airborne matter or other light absorbing species in a sample airflow. The apparatus comprises a flow path through a fibrous filter to collect light absorbing species in the sampled air. The filtered airflow may subsequently pass through a second filter, used for reference measurements. At least one light source impinges in the filter generating one or two optical signals to determine the light absorption of particulate matter or other species in the sampled airflow. The apparatus includes at least one auxiliary sensor in the sample flow path to monitor an environmental factor, such as temperature. During a training period, a mathematical model of the apparatus' environmental sensitivity is derived. Using the mathematical model and measurements from the auxiliary sensor, optical signals are compensated in real time to increase the precision and accuracy of light absorption measurements recorded under fluctuating environmental conditions.

Abstract: A ketone measurement and analysis system provides various features for enabling health program participants to interpret their ketone measurements, such as breath acetone measurements. One such feature breaks down ketone measurements into causal components. For example, the system may generate and display an estimate of how much of a participant's ketone measurement is attributable to stored fat metabolism versus consumption of a “confounding substance” such as dietary fat and/or exogenous ketones. The system may also estimate the contributions of specific confounding substances, and/or the contributions of other factors or events (such as exercise, interrupted sleep, a missed medication, etc.) that affect ketone levels. Another feature involves the generation and display of target ketone levels that are personalized for the participants. The system may generate the measurement breakdowns and target ketone levels by applying data mining algorithms to aggregated data of many program participants.

Abstract: Light weight personal handheld home monitoring and managing device, which includes a Sound Sensor network/array of Sound Sensor networks combined with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and a build in system and methods, making this device an intelligent and portable apparatus to address specific health issues. The combined apparatus is used for managing and/or guidance and/or diagnosing and/or controlling and managing purposes. This present version of the apparatus will address pulmonary disorders and diseases or similar ailments.

Abstract: A gas analysis device includes a canister with a cavity that is configured to receive a gas sample. A sensor is in fluid communication with the cavity and analyzes a portion of the gas sample that is received from the canister. The device also includes a blower assembly in fluid communication with the sensor. The blower assembly is configured to selectively draw a portion of the gas sample from the canister past the sensor so that the sensor is exposed to the portion of the gas sample.

Abstract: A method of analyzing breathing data representing a shape of the trunk of a subject 104 as a function of time to monitor and/or analyze the subject's breathing pattern. The data is measured and processed into a data array relating to a 2-dimensional grid having grid points, a position in space of the shape at each grid point and points of time. The method includes the steps of mapping the data array onto a 2-dimensional array, decomposing the 2-dimensional array and forming a signature of the subject 104 from the decomposed 2-dimensional array representing a motion pattern.

Abstract: Control logic, device and method including same configured to receive a measured carbon dioxide (CO2) related parameter of a patient, to obtain a patient specific baseline for said CO2 related parameter, the patient specific baseline determined based on a characteristic of the patient; to compute a deviation of the measured CO2 related parameter from the patient specific baseline; and to trigger an alarm when the deviation crosses a predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for analyzing a breathing gas flowing along a breathing tubing for subject breathing. The breathing gas comprises breathing cycles having different phases. Liquid particles can be delivered intermittently depending on the phase, or continuously into the breathing gas. The apparatus comprises a gas sample supplier for adjusting gas sample supply from the breathing gas, and a gas analyzer for receiving the gas sample adjusted by the gas sample supplier and for measuring the gas sample property. The apparatus further comprises a processing unit for receiving a signal indicative of one of the phases of the breathing cycle and the delivery timing of the liquid particles. The processing unit is able to control the sample supplier based on the signal to limit access of liquid particles with the gas sample towards the gas analyzer.

Abstract: A wearable breath analysis device is disclosed that may be worn, for example, around the neck or wrist of a user. The wearable device may be a stand-along device (in which case it may include a display that provides a user interface), or may operate in conjunction with a smartphone or other command device. The wearable device may include auditory and/or vibratory notice and communications features or capabilities, for example, such as a reminder or notice to conduct a breath analyte measurement, instructions to the user in the course of conducting the measurement, and notice of the breath analyte measurement results. The auditory or vibratory notice may be provided at the wearable, and/or at the command device where a command device is used. Related methods also are provided.

Abstract: Methods of coaching a user of a breathalyzer to make use of correct blowing technique when blowing into the breathalyzer are provided. Methods of setting up a breathalyzer such that it adjusts a breathalyzer's parameters to account for jurisdictional variations in blood and/or breath alcohol limits and other standards are also provided.

Abstract: Devices and methods for measuring and quantifying airflow through the adult human nose by detecting and measuring the amount of moisture condensate in contact with a pair of flat surfaces or substrates positioned beneath the patient's nose for a predetermined length of time, usually about three (3) seconds. The device comprises a microprocessor, a memory, an output device and a moisture sensing unit. The moisture sensing unit, comprising twin left and right detectors, produces output signals representative of the amounts of moisture condensate in contact with the left and right detectors, respectively. The microprocessor determines the volume density, current density, or relative humidity density from a series of measurements of the condensation as it propagates and decays during exhalation. The microprocessor stores the results in the memory and transmits the data, as well as calculated nasal condition information, to the output device, preferably a digital display.

Abstract: A system for testing an individual for illicit or other substances is described. The system operates in tandem with a mobile device (smartphone) application, which employs a camera of the mobile device to capture and record the self-administered specimen collection process for verification and rule compliance. The system guides the user through the process via on-screen prompts on the mobile device, and includes tracking of the collected specimen from the moment of collection until it is sealed in a tamper-proof container to be mailed for external testing at a lab. A breathalyzer may also be used with the system to test for the presence of alcohol in the user's body, the use of which is also monitored and recorded via the on-board camera of the mobile device for verification.

Abstract: Methods and systems for an integrated sensor network are described. In one embodiment, sensor data may be accessed from a plurality of motion sensors and a bed sensor deployed in a living unit for a first time period. An activity pattern for the first time period may be identified based on at least a portion of sensor data associated with the first time period. The activity pattern may represent a physical and cognitive health condition of a person residing in the living unit. Additional sensor data may be accessed from the motion sensors and the bed sensor deployed for a second time period. A determination of whether a deviation of the activity pattern of the first time period has occurred for the second time period may be performed. An alert may be generated based on a determination that the derivation has occurred. In some embodiments, user feedback is captured on the significance of the alerts, and the alert method is customized based on this feedback. Additional methods and systems are disclosed.

Abstract: A gas collection apparatus for use by a user includes a housing with an inlet and an outlet to permit a breath sample to flow therethrough. The housing includes a first compartment and a second compartment, a chemo-resistive analysis assembly having a substrate coupled to a sensor array and disposed within the first compartment, the substrate being operably connected to a voltage control unit coupled to the housing to heat the sensor array to a desired temperature, a resistance control unit coupled to the housing to measure resistance in the sensor array, an optical analysis assembly having a light-emitting diode array and a photodiode array coupled to the second compartment, and a processor coupled to the housing and operably connected to the chemo-resistive analysis and optical analysis assemblies.

Abstract: The invention provides a physical change evaluation device, method, and program capable of easily evaluating physical change from the past to the present, and from the present into the future. A physical change evaluation device 10 acquires a ketone concentration measurement measuring ketone excreted from a user, acquires physical data relating to the body of the user, evaluates physical change in the user based on the acquired ketone concentration measurement and the physical data, and outputs an evaluation result.

Abstract: A sensor technology comprising a single nano-material (gold nanoparticles and/or carbon nanotube) based sensor or a plurality of sensors in conjunction with a pattern recognition algorithm for non-invasive and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis bacteria in a subject. The sensor technology is suitable for population screening of tuberculosis, particularly in resource-poor and developing countries.

Abstract: A sound localization system includes a multi-mic sound collector and a computing device. The multi-mic sound collector includes a carrier and a plurality of sound receivers removably attached to the sound receivers. The computing device includes a data communicator, a synchronizer, and a processor. The data communicator receives preprocessed audio data from the multi-mic sound collector. The synchronizer synchronizes the preprocessed audio data. The processor analyzes the synchronized audio data to identify and localize a target audio feature. A sound localization method of the sound localization system is also provided. The present invention facilitates monitoring of the functioning or physiological signs of a monitored subject and allows early detection and diagnosis of abnormalities or diseases.

Abstract: This invention relates to a breath indicator that is receivable by a part of a breathing assistance apparatus that supplies gas to a patient. The indicator comprises an elongate body having a gas sampling end and an attachment end. The attachment end is adapted to attach to a part of a breathing assistance apparatus and for locating the gas sampling end. The gas sampling end is to be located in a region where gas from the patient is to be exhaled. The gas sampling end being in communication with a sensor comprising a detector material changeable between a first visual indicator state relating to an inhalation phase of the patient, and a second visual indicator state relating to an exhalation phase of the patient. The detector material is capable of changing between the visual indicator states at a sufficient rate to substantially correspond with the inhalation and exhalation phases of the patient.

Abstract: The system of the present invention is intended to provide a simple, out-of-clinic sleep disorders testing tool. It can be used for pretest screening and diagnosis, and post therapy follow-up of patients. The hardware component comprises a disposable sensor pack containing a PVDF airflow sensor and a PVDF pulse wave sensor, each of which is permanently connected to a signal conditioning and communications module configured to communicate with a patient's smartphone via a Bluetooth circuit. An APP stored in the smartphone allows a patient to initiate a diagnostic recording, collect and store digitized data onto the phone and, subsequently, upload data to a secure server for analysis on a host computer following completion of the test.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the invention, an interactive vital signs scanning method is disclosed including concurrently scanning for a plurality of vital signs with a portable vital signs scanner; detecting movement of the portable vital signs scanner during the scanning for the plurality of vital signs; and determining a measure of quality of the scanning for the plurality of vital signs with the portable vital signs scanner. In another embodiment, a method of improving the quality of vital signs data is disclosed including concurrently sensing data from a plurality of vital signs sensors over a period of time with a portable vital signs scanner; determining a plurality of vital sign values for a respective plurality of vital signs in response to the sensed data from the plurality of vital signs sensors over the period of time; and fusing at least two vital sign values of the plurality of vital sign values for the respective plurality of vital signs.

Abstract: An airway adaptor includes: an airway case; and an expired gas guiding portion which is connected to the airway case to introduce a respiratory gas to the airway case. The airway case includes: a first respiratory gas flow path in which the respiratory gas flows in a first direction; and a second respiratory gas flow path in which the respiratory gas flows in a second direction opposite to the first direction.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for breath analysis, the method comprising determining an isotopic composition profile, or a concentration profile of a species, of a first breath cycle; determining a threshold; determining a sampling time; and measuring the isotopic composition, or concentration of the species, during a second breath cycle at the sampling time triggered by reaching the threshold.

Abstract: An integrated condenser is described. This integrated condenser includes an outer surface region on a sampler surface that facilitates condensing at least a component in a received gas-phase sample into liquid-phase droplets on the sampler surface, and aggregating and moving the condensed droplets radially toward an inner surface region on the sampler surface that receives the condensed droplets. For example, the outer surface region may include a set of micro-patterned concentric rings, each of which includes a set of radially oriented wall-groove pairs. Moreover, the sampler surface may be increasingly less hydrophobic along a radial direction toward the center of the sampler surface, thereby creating an axisymmetric wettability gradient.

Abstract: A transceiver for interfacing with an analyte sensor. The transceiver may include an interface device and a notification device. The interface device may be configured to convey a power signal to the analyte sensor and to receive data signals from the analyte sensor. The notification device may be configured to generate one or more of a vibrational, aural, and visual signal based on one or more data signals received from the analyte sensor. The interface device of the transceiver may receive analyte data from the analyte sensor, and the transceiver may comprise a processor configured to calculate an analyte concentration value based on the received analyte data. The notification device may be configured to generate one or more of aural, visual, or vibrational alarm when the calculated analyte concentration value exceeds or falls below a threshold value.