Abstract: An automated drug delivery and monitoring system for use on mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit is presented. Medication in the form of respirable particles is transported through ventilator circuitry by a delivery unit. Multiple medications may be delivered into the gas flow of the ventilator, with each medication delivered in a defined dose for a frequency and interval as specified by an operator. The particles mixed into the gas flow of the ventilator are inhaled and ingested by the patent's lungs.

Abstract: A biological signal detection apparatus includes a neck band worn by a user along a circumferential direction of a neck of the user and a pair of sensors mounted to both ends of the neck band to detect a biological signal. Each sensor includes a conductive cloth with a planar or substantially planar shape, a main body on which the conductive cloth is set, a frame body that holds a periphery of the conductive cloth between the main body and the frame body, and an input terminal provided on a surface of the main body that opposes the frame body.

Abstract: A skin impedance measuring device and method includes: an electrode system having at least two electrodes placed on the skin; an adjustable voltage output unit to generate forward and reverse voltages on the electrodes; a skin impedance measurement unit to measure electrical signals from the electrodes; a central processing unit and a computing memory for calculating forward and reverse skin impedances, determining whether the measurement results are abnormal, and correcting abnormal results by delivering additional DC or AC voltages of adjustable magnitudes and frequencies based on impedances; and a display unit.

Abstract: A respiratory therapy device, which may include a flow generator, is provided. The RPT device includes a touch screen display that displays user interface screens to a user and accepts input from users to control parameters and functionality of the RPT device (e.g., a flow generator).

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to a system and method for monitoring lung disease in a patient that is based on information that is derivable from home therapy devices including a ventilation therapy device and an oxygen saturation monitor such as a pulse oximeter. The measured parameters are used to model shunt fraction and a volume of dead space. Based on changes in gas exchange and results of a nitrogen washout test, a change in gas exchange impairment in the patient is observed and is then used to determine progression of a disease, identify a cause of the impairment, and/or to guide treatment of the patient.

Abstract: An oral measurement apparatus that extends in a longitudinal direction and includes a sensor, a processor, and a temperature information obtaining section. The sensor is disposed at a first end of the oral measurement apparatus in the longitudinal direction and obtains analog information inside a mouth. The processor is disposed closer to the sensor with respect to a central portion of the oral measurement apparatus in the longitudinal direction. The processor converts the analog information obtained by the sensor into digital information and outputs the digital information as a processing result. The temperature information obtaining section obtains temperature information indicating a temperature of the processor and outputs the temperature information.

Abstract: An infant warming system comprising a platform for supporting an infant, at least two chest electrodes configured to connect to and detect cardiac potentials from a chest of the infant, an ECG monitor configured to receive the cardiac potentials from the at least two chest electrodes and determine a heart rate based on the cardiac potentials, a pulse oximeter device configured to determine an SpO2 for the infant, and a processor configured to compare the heart rate for the infant to a first heart rate threshold and compare the SpO2 for the infant to a first SpO2 threshold. The processor can also adjust a display of the heart rate and the SpO2 on a display device based on the comparisons and generate a first care instruction via a user interface based on the heart rate, the SpO2, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Described herein are interactive apparatus and methods for sensing and measuring real-time characteristic patterns of a subject's use of a dry powder inhalation system. The devices can be used in a wired or wireless communication mode to communicate with a display to assess the subject's usage of the inhalation system, to evaluate the performance of the inhalation system and/or to detect the characteristics profile of a dry powder formulation emitted from the inhalation system in use.

Abstract: An electronic system for bioimpedance signal acquisition, comprises: a current signal injection module configured for generating a current signal to be applied to a subject; a bioimpedance signal measurement module configured for measuring a bioimpedance signal based on a voltage generated by the current signal; a data quality detection module configured for detecting an AC or a DC level of the measured bioimpedance signal and detecting whether the AC or DC level is within or outside an AC reference value range and a DC reference value range, respectively; and a signal adaptation module configured for modifying at least one parameter of the current signal injection module or the bioimpedance signal measurement module based on said detection of the AC or DC level in relation to the AC reference value range and the DC reference value range, respectively.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for monitoring body kinematics. A wearable coil configuration of the system comprises at least first and second electrically-conductive coils adapted to be secured to a subject in a predetermined spatial relationship and orientation relative to one another. The first coil acts as a first transmitter and generates a first magnetic flux when a first electrical current is passed through it. The second coil acts as a receiver. The first magnetic flux induces a first electrical current or voltage in the second coil. A measurement instrument of the system is configured to measure the first electrical current or voltage and to output a first measurement signal. A processor, which may be part of, or external to, the system is configured to execute a motion monitoring algorithm that processes at least the measurement signal to determine at least a first motion made by the subject.

Abstract: A system for determining an airway flow value in a patient is provided. The system comprises a computer system that comprises one or more physical processors programmed with computer program instructions which, when executed cause the computer system to obtain, from one or more health monitoring devices, airway pressure information of the patient and airway flow information of the patient; determine an airway flow limitation index from the airway pressure information of the patient and the airway flow information of the patient; and determine the airway flow limitation value for the patient by comparing the determined airway flow limitation index with an airway flow limitation threshold value. The airway flow limitation value indicates a number of breaths of the patient that are flow limited in a given time period.

Abstract: Physiological monitoring can be provided through a lightweight wearable monitor that includes two components, a flexible extended wear electrode patch and a reusable monitor recorder that removably snaps into a receptacle on the electrode patch. The wearable monitor sits centrally (in the midline) on the patient's chest along the sternum oriented top-to-bottom. The placement of the wearable monitor in a location at the sternal midline, with its unique narrow “hourglass”-like shape, significantly improves the ability of the wearable monitor to cutaneously sense cardiac electrical potential signals, particularly the P-wave and, to a lesser extent, the QRS interval signals indicating ventricular activity in the ECG waveforms. Additionally, the monitor recorder includes an ECG sensing circuit that measures raw cutaneous electrical signals and performs signal processing prior to outputting the processed signals for sampling and storage.

Abstract: A method and assembly for monitoring physiological parameters of a subject is provided. The method includes measuring, with a physiological sensor, data that indicates a change in a value of a physiological parameter of a subject over a time period. The method further includes measuring, with a motion sensor, data that indicates a value of a motion of the subject over the time period. The method further includes determining, with a processor, whether the value of the motion of the subject over the time period is less than a motion threshold. The method includes determining, with the processor, whether the change in the value of the physiological parameter over the time period exceeds a change threshold. The method also includes performing an action based on the determination that the change in the value of the physiological parameter exceeds the change threshold.

Abstract: A sensor device for EIT imaging comprises an electrode array for measuring an impedance distribution, with at least one sensor for determining spatial orientation of the electrode array coupled to the electrode array. EIT imaging instrument is connectable to a sensor for determining spatial orientation of a test person, and optionally in addition connectable to a sensor for gathering information on electrical and/or acoustic activity and/or a sensor for gathering information on dilation. A computing device is connected or integrated for adjusting impedance data based on spatial data, which spatial data describe the spatial orientation of a test subject. An EIT imaging method for measuring an impedance distribution and adjusting said measured impedance distribution comprises measuring impedance distribution by using an impedance distribution measuring device comprising an electrode array, and transforming the measured impedance distribution into EIT images.

Abstract: A health monitoring garment is provided. The health monitoring garment includes an article of clothing comprising at least one compression section to provide a snug fit against a person wearing the article of clothing and a sensor island. The sensor island includes stretchable circuitry, two or more sensors, one or more power supplies, and optionally one or more wireless communication modules within a self-contained unit. At least one of the sensors comprises a stretchable sensor which may be a respiration sensor. The sensor unit may be provided independent of the health monitoring garment or as a complete system. The sensor island and compression section of the article of clothing also include fasteners of complementary geometries for reversible attachment and disengagement of the sensor island from the compression section.

Abstract: The invention provides a multi-sensor system that uses an algorithm based on adaptive filtering to monitor a patient's respiratory rate. The system features a first sensor which is selected from the group consisting of an impedance pneumography sensor, an ECG sensor, a PPG sensor, and a motion sensor (e.g., an accelerometer) configured to attach to the patient's torso and measure therefrom a motion signal. The system further comprises (iii) a processing system, configured to operably connect to the first and motion sensors, and to determine a respiration rate value by applying filter parameters obtained from the first sensor signals to the motion sensor signals.

Abstract: A wearable cardiac monitoring and treatment device includes a garment, a plurality of ECG electrodes and a plurality of therapy electrodes supported by the garment. A fastener is configured to secure the garment about a torso of the patient for a prescribed duration. A disengagement sensor to provides an indication of disengagement of the fastener prior to expiration of the prescribed duration in which the garment is no longer secured about the torso of the patient. The device includes a therapy delivery circuit coupled to the plurality of therapy electrodes and configured to deliver one or more therapeutic pulses. A controller coupled to therapy delivery circuit is configured to analyze an ECG signal monitored by the plurality of ECG electrodes and, upon detecting one or more treatable arrhythmias, cause the therapy delivery circuit to deliver the one or more therapeutic pulses to the patient.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an impedance spectroscopy system for bio-impedance measurement. The impedance spectroscopy system includes a signal generator configured to generate a signal with a broadband frequency spectrum and to generate an analog injection current from the signal with the broadband frequency spectrum. The analog injection current has a high pass frequency characteristic. The impedance spectroscopy system also includes an amplifier configured to measure a voltage signal in response to the analog injection current and to simultaneously measure a biopotential signal. Further, the impedance spectroscopy system includes a processor configured to analyze the voltage signal to derive a bio-impedance spectrum as well to derive further information from the biopotential signal.

Abstract: Patient electrodes, patient monitors, defibrillators, wearable defibrillators, software and methods may warn when an electrode stops being fully attached to the patient's skin. A patient electrode includes a pad for attaching to the skin of a patient, a lead coupled to the pad, and a contact detector that can change state, when the pad does not contact fully the skin of the patient. When the detector changes state, an output device may emit an alert, for notifying a rescuer or even the patient.

Abstract: This invention is directed to devices and methods for assessing a patient. The devices have at least one impedance measuring element functionally connected to a programmable element, programmed to analyze an impedance measurement, and to provide an assessment of at least one respiratory parameter of the patient. Preferably the device includes electronics which aid in calibration, signal acquisition, conditioning, and filtering.

Abstract: A wearable cardiopulmonary resuscitation assist device or system including: a wearable article to be worn by a cardiopulmonary resuscitation performer or a patient, for assisting administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by the performer; at least one sensor for measuring at least one parameter to assist in cardiopulmonary resuscitation; at least one feedback component for conveying feedback information based on the parameter to the performer for assisting the performer in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation; and a processing unit, the processing unit being configured to receive the at least one parameter from the at least one sensor and to send information based on the parameter to the at least one feedback component. Also a method for training or improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures using the device.

Abstract: A wearable respiration monitoring system and associated method that is configured to (i) determine three dimensional displacement of the spine of a subject with respect to the axial displacement of the subject's chest wall, (ii) process the three dimensional anatomical data, (iii) determine at least one respiration parameter associated with the monitored subject as a function of the three dimensional anatomical data, and (iv) generate at least one respiration parameter signal representing the respiration parameter.

Abstract: A wearable respiration monitoring system and associated method that is configured to (i) determine three dimensional displacement of the spine of a subject with respect to the axial displacement of the subject's chest wall, (ii) process the three dimensional anatomical data, (iii) determine at least one respiration parameter associated with the monitored subject as a function of the three dimensional anatomical data, and (iv) generate at least one respiration parameter signal representing the respiration parameter.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for determining a defibrillation treatment protocol in an external defibrillator whereby a user may override a CPR-first default protocol. The method includes following steps configured in a defibrillator controller of issuing an inquiry; waiting for a response to the inquiry for a set time; ordering a CPR treatment protocol if no response is received within the set time; analyzing a response; ordering a CPR treatment protocol upon receiving a non-affirmative response to the inquiry; and ordering a shock treatment protocol upon receiving an affirmative response to the inquiry. Upon selecting a shock treatment protocol, the defibrillator performs a shock analysis under the shock treatment protocol, and either orders a CPR treatment protocol if shock treatment is not indicated by the shock analysis or provides a defibrillation shock if shock treatment is indicated by the shock analysis. Queries may be presented to a user in visual, audible, or both visual and audible format.

Abstract: The disclosure describes tissue resistance measurement techniques. To avoid errors caused by bandwidth limitations of the amplifier that amplifies a signal used to determine the tissue resistance, the disclosure describes determining values at different frequencies, where the values include respective error values. The respective error values are proportional to the respective frequencies, and based on this relationship the error value can be removed from the tissue resistance measurement.

Abstract: A biological information measurement system includes: a plurality of electrodes; a current source connected to the plurality of electrodes to supply a current thereto; a measurement unit for measuring impedance from a potential difference between the plurality of electrodes; a detector for detecting values of specific peaks from chronological data of the impedance; an envelope generator for generating an envelope of values of the specific peaks; and an output unit for outputting information of the envelope as biological information.

Abstract: The invention relates to an assistance terminal (5, 6a, 6b) including a housing (5) and at least one terminal (6a, 6b) for remotely monitoring a person (1) connected to a medical assistance and/or monitoring device (3).

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of ambulatory and non-invasive monitoring of a plurality of physiological parameters of a monitored individual. The invention includes a physiological monitoring apparatus with an improved monitoring apparel, the apparel having sensors for monitoring parameters reflecting pulmonary function and/or parameters reflecting cardiac function and/or parameters reflecting the function of other organ systems. The apparel is preferably also suitable for medical, athletic, and for other uses. The sensors include one or more inductive plethysmographic sensors positioned to monitor at least basic pulmonary parameters, and optionally also basic cardiac parameters. The sensors include one or more ECG sensor electrodes that preferably include a flexible, conductive fabric. The monitoring apparatus also includes an electronic unit for receiving data from the sensors and for storing the data in a computer-readable medium and/or wirelessly transmitted the data.

Abstract: Described herein are various embodiments of an oxygen concentrator system and method of delivering oxygen enriched gas to a user. In some embodiments, oxygen concentrator system includes one or more components that improve the efficiency of oxygen enriched gas delivery during operation of the oxygen concentrator system.

Abstract: This invention includes improved IP sensors that both have improved sensitivity, performance, and other properties and are multifunctional. The improved IP sensors have IP sensor conductors with waveforms having legs that are substantially parallel throughout the operating range of stretch. The multifunctional IP sensors include, in addition to IP sensors, accessory conductors, additional sensors, and other compatible modules. This inventions also includes embodiments of apparel incorporating the improved IP sensors. This apparel can range from band-like to shirt-like, and so forth, and include one or more IP sensors sensitive to expansions and contractions of underlying regions of a monitored subject.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and method for measuring vital signs (e.g. SYS, DIA, SpO2, heart rate, and respiratory rate) and motion (e.g. activity level, posture, degree of motion, and arm height) from a patient. The system features: (i) first and second sensors configured to independently generate time-dependent waveforms indicative of one or more contractile properties of the patient's heart; and (ii) at least three motion-detecting sensors positioned on the forearm, upper arm, and a body location other than the forearm or upper arm of the patient. Each motion-detecting sensor generates at least one time-dependent motion waveform indicative of motion of the location on the patient's body to which it is affixed.

Abstract: A mobile plethysmographic device for detecting a premature ventricular contraction event is disclosed herein. The mobile plethysmographic device generates a pleth waveform, which is automatically screened by algorithms that measure the waveform to correlate, detect and store aberrations related to heart anomalies. A premature ventricular contraction event for a patient is determined based on an identification of a time interval of the pleth waveform that is below the threshold minimum time interval followed immediately by a time interval that is above the threshold maximum tine interval.

Abstract: The invention provides a system for measuring respiratory rate (RR) from a patient. The system includes an impedance pneumography (IP) sensor, connected to at least two electrodes, and a processing system that receives and processes signals from the electrodes to measure an IP signal. A motion sensor (e.g. an accelerometer) measures at least one motion signal (e.g. an ACC waveform) describing movement of a portion of the patient's body to which it is attached. The processing system receives the IP and motion signals, and processes them to determine, respectfully, frequency-domain IP and motion spectra. Both spectra are then collectively processed to remove motion components from the IP spectrum and determine RR. For example, during the processing, an algorithm determines motion frequency components from the frequency-domain motion spectrum, and then using a digital filter removes these, or parameters calculated therefrom, from the IP spectrum.

Abstract: A mobile plethysmographic device for detecting a premature atrial contraction event is disclosed herein. The mobile plethysmographic device generates a pleth waveform, which is automatically screened by algorithms that measure the waveform to correlate, detect and store aberrations related to heart anomalies. A premature atrial contraction event for a patient is determined based on an identification of a time interval of the pleth waveform that is below the threshold minimum time interval followed immediately by a time interval that is above the threshold maximum tine interval.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for detection and treatment of respiratory disorders using implanted devices are described. In one form, afferent nerves are electrically or electro-mechanically stimulated to increase the tone of upper airway muscles. Detection of respiratory disorders is carried out using electrodes implanted in sub-pectoral regions. Open and closed airway apneas are distinguished using a combination of acoustic detectors and electrical transducers.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for measuring respiratory effort of a subject are provided. A thorax effort signal and an abdomen effort signal are obtained. The thorax effort signal and the abdomen effort signal are each divided into a volume-contributing component of the respiratory effort and a paradox component. The paradox component represents a non-volume-contributing component of the respiratory effort. The abdomen paradox component is negatively proportional to the thoracic paradox component. The thorax effort signal or the abdomen effort signal or both are weighted by a weight factor to obtain a volume-proportional signal. The volume-proportional signal is proportional to the actual respiratory volume of the respiratory effort. A calibration factor for calibrating the thorax effort signal and the abdomen effort signal is obtained by optimizing the weight factor by minimizing thoracic paradox component and the abdomen paradox component.

Abstract: A respiration monitoring system includes a thermoelectric generator that may be mounted within a mask enclosure or free-standing, covering all or part of the nose and/or mouth of a subject. A first temperature sensor is attached to the thermoelectric generator for measuring the subject's breath. A power controller develops a difference between a preset temperature and the subject's breath temperature that is then inserted into a feedback error signal and then into a power controller which regulates the power to the thermoelectric generator to maintain a preset temperature.

Abstract: A device and method for bioimpedance spectrography is corrected for breathing artefacts. A breathing signal is used in conjunction with the impedance signal to adjust for the time within the respiratory cycle at which the measurements are made. The correction allows the device to characterize tissue parameters accurately with fewer measurement points.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses and systems are described for determining respiration through impedance measurements using only two electrodes. A drive signal may be applied to a person, using only two electrodes. Using the same electrodes, the fluctuations in the voltage of the drive signal are determined. The voltage fluctuations in the drive signal are the result of impedance variations in the person's thoracic cavity due to respiration. Therefore, the voltage fluctuations may be used to determine a respiration rate of the person. In doing so, the voltage fluctuations may be digitized using a sampling rate that is much less than the frequency of the applied drive signal.

Abstract: The invention provides a system for measuring respiratory rate (RR) from a patient. The system includes an impedance pneumography (IP) sensor, connected to at least two electrodes, and a processing system that receives and processes signals from the electrodes to measure an IP signal. A motion sensor (e.g. an accelerometer) measures at least one motion signal (e.g. an ACC waveform) describing movement of a portion of the patient's body to which it is attached. The processing system receives the IP and motion signals, and processes them to determine, respectfully, frequency-domain IP and motion spectra. Both spectra are then collectively processed to remove motion components from the IP spectrum and determine RR. For example, during the processing, an algorithm determines motion frequency components from the frequency-domain motion spectrum, and then using a digital filter removes these, or parameters calculated therefrom, from the IP spectrum.

Abstract: This invention includes improved IP sensors that both have improved sensitivity, performance, and other properties and are multifunctional. The improved IP sensors have IP sensor conductors with waveforms having legs that are substantially parallel throughout the operating range of stretch. The multifunctional IP sensors include, in addition to IP sensors, accessory conductors, additional sensors, and other compatible modules. This inventions also includes embodiments of apparel incorporating the improved IP sensors. This apparel can range from band-like to shirt-like, and so forth, and include one or more IP sensors sensitive to expansions and contractions of underlying regions of a monitored subject.

Abstract: A system and method is provided to measure intrathoracic complex impedance and to identify and indicate disease conditions based on the impedance measurements. Multiple impedance vectors may be taken into account, and an optimal vector may be selected to provide the most useful impedance measurement for the identification and indication of disease conditions.

Abstract: The invention provides a multi-sensor system that uses an algorithm based on adaptive filtering to monitor a patient's respiratory rate. The system features an impedance pneumography sensor and a motion sensor (e.g., an accelerometer) configured to attach to the patient's torso and measure therefrom a motion signal. The system further comprises a processing system, configured to operably connect to the impedance pneumography sensor and motion sensor, and to determine a respiration rate value by applying filter parameters obtained from the impedance pneumography sensor signals to the motion sensor signals.

Abstract: An airflow signal corresponding to the breathing of the patient is obtained. A section corresponding to inspiration, having a front portion and a middle portion, is found within the airflow signal. A peak value of the front portion is found, which is compared with a value representing the airflow of the middle portion. The presence of resisted breathing is determined based on the comparison between the peak value of the front portion with a value representing the airflow of the middle portion. A baseline value of the airflow signal is found by calculating the mode of values within an airflow signal representing the pressure within a patient's naris. The section corresponding to inspiration is determined by finding peak inspiration and baseline values within a breath and searching from the peak until the baseline is reached to find the section of inspiration.

Abstract: The invention provides a neck-worn sensor (referred to herein as the ‘necklace’) that is a single, body-worn system that measures the following parameters from an ambulatory patient: heart rate, pulse rate, pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, temperature, thoracic fluid levels, stroke volume, cardiac output, and a parameter sensitive to blood pressure called pulse transit time. From stroke volume, a first algorithm employing a linear model can estimate the patient's pulse pressure. And from pulse pressure and pulse transit time, a second algorithm, also employing a linear algorithm, can estimate systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Thus, the necklace can measure all five vital signs along with hemodynamic parameters. It also includes a motion-detecting accelerometer, from which it can determine motion-related parameters such as posture, degree of motion, activity level, respiratory-induced heaving of the chest, and falls.

Abstract: To assess regional oxygen uptake and/or perfusion in a patient, a volume of air inhaled by the patient is determined and, according to a method of electrical impedance tomography, a first regional lung volume is measured at a first time point of a breathold procedure. The first regional lung volume is compared to a second regional lung volume at a second time point of the breathold procedure.

Abstract: A system and method for determining pulmonary performance from transthoracic impedance measures is provided. Transthoracic impedance measures collected by an implantable medical device are correlated to pulmonary functional measures. The pulmonary functional measures are grouped by respiratory pattern. Pulmonary performance is evaluated. Differences are determined by comparing the pulmonary functional measures for each respiratory pattern to the pulmonary functional measures for at least one previous respiratory pattern. A trend is identified from the differences. An alert is generated upon sufficient deviation of the trend from a threshold criteria.

Abstract: In specific embodiments, a method to monitor pulmonary edema of a patient, comprises (a) detecting, using an implanted posture sensor, when a posture of the patient changes from a first predetermined posture to a second predetermined posture, (b) determining an amount of time it takes an impedance signal to achieve a steady state after the posture of the patient changes from the first predetermined posture to the second predetermined posture, where the impedance signal is obtained using implanted electrodes and is indicative of left atrial pressure and/or intra-thoracic fluid volume of the patient, and (c) monitoring the pulmonary edema of the patient based on the determined amount of time it takes the impedance signal to achieve the steady state after the posture of the patient changes from the first predetermined posture to the second pre-determined posture.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention, a ventilation monitoring device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code is configured with the at least one processor to cause the ventilation monitoring device to determine whether an intubated subject's tracheal tube is properly placed by receiving an indication of a subject's breath from at least one sensor.

Abstract: The invention provides a system for measuring respiratory rate (RR) from a patient. The system includes an impedance pneumography (IP) sensor, connected to at least two electrodes, and a processing system that receives and processes signals from the electrodes to measure an IP signal. A motion sensor (e.g. an accelerometer) measures at least one motion signal (e.g. an ACC waveform) describing movement of a portion of the patient's body to which it is attached. The processing system receives the IP and motion signals, and processes them to determine, respectfully, frequency-domain IP and motion spectra. Both spectra are then collectively processed to remove motion components from the IP spectrum and determine RR. For example, during the processing, an algorithm determines motion frequency components from the frequency-domain motion spectrum, and then using a digital filter removes these, or parameters calculated therefrom, from the IP spectrum.