Abstract: Systems, catheters, and methods for accessing and treating along the central nervous system are disclosed. An example method may manage inflammation of the patient to treat a condition of the patient by processing values related to one or more physiological parameters of a patent, identifying when an inflammation condition of the patient has reached a treatment condition based on the processed values, and automatically providing an indication that the inflammation condition has reached the treatment condition. An example indication may include actuation of a treatment protocol. The example method may be performed with an inflammation management system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining sensory threshold information for a shoe-type device, the shoe-type device, and a method of controlling the shoe-type device are disclosed. The method of determining sensory threshold information includes executing a program for sensory threshold testing, determining sensory threshold information of a user based on a choice input by the user that is received in a process of the sensory threshold testing, and transmitting the determined sensory threshold information to the shoe-type device.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling a capsule endoscope is provided. The control method includes: measuring a magnetic field value of the environment in which the capsule endoscope is subjected; obtaining a critical magnetic field value for suspension of the capsule endoscope according to the magnetic field value; adjusting a traction force on the capsule endoscope according to the critical magnetic field value for suspension; and controlling the movement of the capsule endoscope in a horizontal and/or vertical direction, wherein the movement of the first magnet is controlled by moving the second magnet, and the capsule endoscope is in a quasi-suspended state as moving in the horizontal and/or vertical direction. The system and method reduce friction between the capsule endoscope and wall of the target area during movement by controlling the capsule endoscope in a quasi-suspended state, which makes the scanning of the target area more accurate.

Abstract: A system for intra-operatively registering a pelvis comprising an acetabulum with a computer model of the pelvis in a coordinate system. The system may include: a) a surgical navigation system including a tracking device; and b) at least one computing device in communication with the surgical navigation system. The at least one computing device: i) receiving first data points from first intra-operatively collected points on an articular surface of the acetabulum, the first data points collected with the tracking device; ii) receiving a second data point from a second intra-operatively collected point on the pelvis, the second data point collected with the tracking device, the second data point corresponding in location to a second virtual data point on the computer model; and iii) determining an intra-operative center of rotation of the femur relative to the pelvis from the first data points.

Abstract: A vaginal dilation device is provided that may include any of a number of features. One feature of the vaginal dilation device is that it is configured to dilate vaginal tissue during labor to prevent tissue damage. Another feature of the vaginal dilation device is that it can be manually controlled to dilate vaginal tissue, or can be automatically controlled to dilate vaginal tissue. In some embodiments, the vaginal dilation device is configured to measure a force applied by the device to tissue. In other embodiments, the vaginal dilation device is configured to apply a constant force to tissue. In other embodiments, the vaginal dilation device is configured to expand at a constant rate. Methods associated with use of the vaginal dilation device are also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed are powered gait assistance systems that include a controller, sensors, and a motor coupled to a patient's thigh and lower leg and operable to apply assistive torque to the patient's knee joint to assist the patient's volitional knee pivoting muscle output during selected stages of the patient's gait cycle, such that the assistive torque applied by the motor improves the patient's leg posture, muscle output, range of motion, and/or other parameters over the gait cycle. The sensors can include a torque sensor that measures torque applied by the motor, a knee angle sensor, a foot sensor that measures ground contact of the patient's foot, and/or other sensors. The controller can determine what stage of the patient's gait cycle the patient's leg is in based on sensor signals and cause the motor to apply corresponding assistive torque to the knee based on the gait cycle stage, sensor inputs, and known patient characteristics.

Abstract: Intraocular lens loading devices and methods of use. In some embodiment the devices are used to sequentially splay first and second haptics while loading the intraocular lens into a delivery lumen.

Abstract: A method for determining a treatment regimen for altering the treatment parameters when dialyzing a patient over a plurality of treatment sessions taking place on future days includes determining a diffusive total target sodium balance; and determining a transitional treatment regimen by which the diffusive total target sodium balance is achieved over the plurality of future treatment sessions. A control device or closed-loop control device is configured to control a blood treatment apparatus using the method.

Abstract: Systems and methods for magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) are disclosed. In one embodiment, MRE data corresponding to mechanical waves in tissue of interest of a subject is acquired. The MRE data is associated with stiffness of the tissue. The method also includes generating, based on the MRE data, a stiffness map representing stiffness of the tissue. Generating the stiffness map includes performing an unconstrained optimization cost function that is configured to reduce noise in the acquired MRE data and achieve inversion of the reduced-noise data.

Abstract: Systems, methods and devices are provided for performing diagnostic or therapeutic transcranial procedures using a patient-specific transcranial headset. The patient-specific headset may include a patient-specific frame that is fabricated, according to volumetric image data, to conform to an anatomical curvature of a portion of a patient's head. The patient-specific frame is configured to support a plurality of transducers in pre-selected positions and orientations, which may be spatially registered to the volumetric image data. This spatial registration may be employed to control at least a portion of the transducers to focus energy at a pre-selected tissue region.

Abstract: Methods and systems provide for dynamically presenting at least one attentional element within a communication session. The system presents, to each of a number of participants within a communication session, a user interface (“UI”) for the communication session. The system receives a signal of an event associated with a first participant intending to communicate with a second participant, with the second participant not acknowledging the intended communication. The system determines, after a predefined period of time, that the intended communication from the first user has not been acknowledged by the second user and that the event has not yet terminated. The system then initiates an attentional element within the UI of the second participant, the attentional element being more pronounced than the notification.

Abstract: A method of calculating leg length discrepancy of a patient including: receiving patient bone data associated with a lower body of the patient; identifying anatomical landmarks in the patient bone data; orienting a first proximal landmark and a second proximal landmark relative to each other and an origin in a coordinate system; aligning a first axis associated with a first femur and a second axis associated with a second femur with a longitudinal axis extending in a distal-proximal direction, wherein the first and second distal landmarks are adjusted according to the alignment of the first and second axes; calculating a distance between the first and second distal landmarks in the distal-proximal direction along the longitudinal axis; and displaying at least one of the distance or a portion of the patient bone data on a display screen.

Abstract: A system and method for allowing any surgeon, including those surgeons who perform a fewer number of a replacement procedure as compared to a more experienced surgeon who performs a greater number of procedures, to provide an improved likelihood of a favorable outcome approaching, if not exceeding, a likelihood of a favorable outcome as performed by a very experienced surgeon with the replacement procedure. Force sensing is included to aid in quantifying installation of an implant, particularly a cup into a pelvic bone.

Abstract: A detected sound signal may comprise speech or non-verbal sounds, and many non-verbal sounds contain health information. If the speech, or a non-verbal sound containing health information, was produced by an enrolled user, data relating to the sound can be stored in a storage element. A system also comprises a data modification block, for obfuscating received data to provide an obfuscated version of the stored data. The system then has a first access mechanism, for controlling access to the stored data such that only an authorised user can obtain access to said stored data, and a second access mechanism, for controlling access to said stored data such the second access mechanism only provides access to the obfuscated version of the stored data.

Abstract: A lower limb loading assessment system having at least one motion sensor mounted to a subject's lower limb that is configured to sense the tibial shockwaves experienced by the lower limb as the subject performs a repetitive physical activity involving repetitive footstrikes of the lower limb with a surface. The motion sensor comprises an accelerometer that is configured to sense acceleration data in at least three axes and generate representative acceleration data over a time period associated with the physical activity. The acceleration data represents a series of discrete tibial shockwaves from the discrete footstrikes. A data processor receives the tibial shockwave data and processes that to generate output feedback data comprising data to assist the subject to minimize future loading in their lower limbs.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a technique of quantitatively measuring physical properties including both viscosity and elasticity. A viscoelasticity measurement system includes a measurement apparatus, a processor, and a display apparatus. The measurement apparatus includes a movable unit continuously pressed against a measurement object, a first sensor outputting acceleration information corresponding to an acceleration of pressing-directional movement of a contact portion of the movable unit with respect to the measurement object, and a second sensor outputting reactive force information corresponding to a reactive force applied to the contact portion of the movable unit with respect to the measurement object. The processor calculates first information on an elasticity component of the measurement object and second information on a viscosity component of the measurement object based on the acceleration information and the reactive force information.

Abstract: A mechanism for interpreting spatiotemporal data from augmented and virtual reality devices into fitness related metrics and recommendations. Spatiotemporal data can be compared to the physical data of the end user to interpret energy expense such as estimated calorie burn. A virtual reality or augmented reality device can report positional data over time as the user engages with a corresponding environment. The positional data is compared to a biometric profile of the end user to understand how their physical body is exerting itself. The spatiotemporal data is a series of coordinate data expressed over time. The biometric data is the physical profile of the end user. This data is used to understand and quantify physical movement while using a virtual reality or augmented reality device. The energy expense determination mechanism can be used to provide a virtual coach for activities and workouts, games involving physical movement, and other applications.

Abstract: A novel piezo-driven cell injection system with force feedback overcomes the unsatisfied force interaction between the pipette needle and embryos in conventional position control. By integrating semiconductor strain-gage sensors for detecting the cell penetration force and the micropipette relative position in real time, the developed cell microinjection system features high operation speed, confident success rate, and high survival rate. The effectiveness of the developed cell injection system is experimentally verified by penetrating zebrafish embryos. The injection of 100 embryos are conducted with separate position control and force control. Results indicate that the force control enables a survival rate of 86%, which is higher than the survival rate of 82% produced by the position control in the same control environment. The experimental results quantitatively demonstrate the superiority of force control over conventional position control for the first time.

Abstract: A device, including an implantable microphone, including a transducer, and a chamber in which a gas is located such that vibrations originating external to the microphone based on sound are effectively transmitted therethrough, wherein the transducer is in effective vibration communication with the gas, wherein the transducer is configured to convert the vibrations traveling via the gas to an electrical signal, the chamber and the transducer correspond to a microphone system, wherein the chamber corresponds to a front volume of the microphone system, and the transducer includes a back volume corresponding to the back volume of the microphone system, and the implantable microphone is configured to enable pressure adjustment of the front and/or back volume in real time.

Abstract: A system and related methods for performing nerve detection during surgical access using ultrasound testing during surgery.

Abstract: An electrocardiography monitor is provided. A sealed housing includes one end wider than an opposite end of the sealed housing. Electronic circuitry is provided within the sealed housing. The electronic circuitry includes an electrographic front end circuit to sense electrocardiographic signals and a micro-controller interfaced to the electrocardiographic front end circuit to sample the electrocardiographic signals. A buzzer within the housing outputs feedback to a wearer of the sealed housing.

Abstract: System and computer-implemented method for detecting and categorizing pathologies through an analysis of pulsatile blood flow. The method has a pulsatile blood flow signal of a subject, extracting a set of features from the pulsatile blood flow signal; and categorizing a pathology based on the extracted features. The extracted features may be predetermined features or features learned through a machine learning algorithm. For the categorization, a classification or a regression algorithm may be used to provide an index or a value score as a biomarker. Additional static features of the subject may be used in the categorization.

Abstract: Wireless, variable inductance and resonant circuit-based vascular monitoring devices, systems, methodologies, and techniques, including specifically configured anchoring structures for same, are disclosed that can be used to assist healthcare professionals in predicting, preventing, and diagnosing various heart-related and other health conditions.

Abstract: An electromagnetic (EM) probe for monitoring one or more biological tissues. The EM probe comprises a cup shaped cavity having an opening and an interior volume, a circumferential flange formed substantially around the cup shaped cavity, in proximity to the opening, at least one layer of a material, for absorbing electromagnetic radiation, applied over at least one of a portion of the circumferential flange and a portion of the outer surface of the cup shaped cavity, and at least one EM radiation element which performs at least one of emitting and capturing EM radiation via the interior volume.

Abstract: The present invention is a respiratory monitoring device which uses 2+ sensors to map respiratory motion in patients to interpret into a respiratory effort and severity score. The core components of the invention are contact-based sensors that measure relative motion of the chest, abdomen, and/or other key anatomical features, a processing unit which takes in the data from all sensors, an algorithm that analyzes and compares the data from each sensor to understand relative motion and interpret it into clinically-relevant information, and a display screen that shares this information with clinicians. The sensors are connected to each other and the information processing unit which shares data with the screen for display of a respiratory severity score based on analysis of Thoraco-Abdominal Asynchrony (TAA) or similar indicators of respiratory effort as measured by the sensor network and analyzed by the algorithm.

Abstract: Disclosed is an instrument for balancing a knee. The instrument has a first plate (10) coupled to a second plate (50) by a plurality of adjusters (152A, 152B, 152C). The adjusters are actuatable to vary the gap between the first and second plates. Each adjuster is coupled to the second plate by a joint having at least two degrees of freedom. Also disclosed is an outrigger (300). The outrigger includes a body featuring a connection component configured to be received and held by a slot (34) of the instrument. The slot is arranged to align a blade of a surgical saw with a portion of a knee to be cut. Also disclosed is a method of balancing a knee using the instrument and a method of fabricating the instrument.

Abstract: Systems, eye-mountable devices, and methods that facilitate chronotherapeutic treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma are provided which enable therapeutic products to be delivered to the eye in a controlled manner only when desired. According to one embodiment, an eye-mountable device comprises a substrate having an eye-mounting surface for positioning on an eye of a patient, a sensor that obtains a plurality of measurements representative of a condition of the eye of the patient over a period of time, a therapeutic agent delivery assembly coupled, and a processor for executing a temporal model of a therapeutic agent delivery in communication with the sensor and the therapeutic agent delivery assembly. The processor receives the plurality of measurements and activates the therapeutic agent delivery assembly to administer a first amount of a drug to the eye of the patient based on the temporal model associated with the plurality of measurements.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to a system and method for providing mandibular advancement and sleep positional therapy to a user for a sleep session. The system is formed by a mandibular advancement device for treating obstructive sleep disordered breathing (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea and snoring) that includes an electronics module configured to aid in sleep positional training. The present system and method facilitate advancing a lower jaw of the user into a protruding position relative to an upper jaw of the user to increase a size of an airway of the user, determining whether a posture of the user has breached a posture threshold, and, responsive to a breach, prompting the user to change posture such that the posture of the user no longer breaches the posture threshold.

Abstract: A pain-monitoring device and method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is a pain-monitoring device for obtaining information related to a pain of a user and providing a service of monitoring the pain of the user, includes: an input unit sensing pain-related input of the user; a display unit outputting pain-related information; and a control unit controlling the input unit and the display unit, in which the input unit includes: a touch input unit sensing touch input of the user; and a pressure measurement unit measuring pressure input of the user, and the control unit creates user-input pain information in accordance with the sensed pressure input and touch input.

Abstract: A method for identification of biochemical markers associated with cervical remodeling over the course of pregnancy of humans includes obtaining Raman signals from the cervix of each of a group of humans with pregnancy at each phase of pregnancy; finding Raman signatures corresponding to each type of cervical tissue from the obtained Raman signals; and identifying biochemical markers associated with cervical remodeling at each phase of pregnancy corresponding to the Raman signatures.

Abstract: A method for assessing a joint includes inserting a joint distraction lever into a space between a first bone and a second bone of the joint, distracting the joint with the joint distraction lever, determining, using a measurement device of the joint distraction lever, a distraction force applied by the joint distraction lever as the joint distraction lever is used to distract the joint, determining whether the distraction force matches a predetermined amount of the distraction force, and in response to determining that the distraction force matches the predetermined amount of the distraction force, capturing first poses of the first bone and the second bone.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining a force Ftip applied to a tip of an electrical impedance spectroscopy probe includes a load cell, accelerometer, and a processing means. The probe tip has a substantially planar distal end for contacting human or animal tissue. The load cell measures the force Floadcell applied axially along a longitudinal axis when the probe tip is in contact with human or animal tissue. The accelerometer measures a gravity vector Aaxial. The apparatus includes a means for compensating for the mass of the probe tip using the measured force and the gravity vector to produce a calibrated measurement force F applied to the probe tip.

Abstract: A multi-link device includes a load tension pin including a sensor configured to measure tension applied to the load tension pin, network interface hardware, one or more processors, and one or more memory modules storing computer readable and executable instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the multi-link device to: determine whether the tension measured by the load tension pin exceeds a threshold value; and transmit, by the network interface hardware, load event data to a receiver in response to determination that the tension exceeds the threshold value.

Abstract: An evaluating apparatus of this application includes a detector configured to detect a biological signal of a user, and a controller configured to calculate an amount of activity of the user from the biological signal, determine whether the user is sleeping during a first period by comparing the amount of activity with a low threshold, and determine whether the user is sleeping during a second period after the first period by comparing the amount of activity with a high threshold, the low threshold being lower than the high threshold.

Abstract: A moving image recording system includes an information processor and a station to and from which the information processor is attachable and detachable. The station includes: a connection unit configured to be connected to the information processor and transmit and receive data to and from the information processor; an acquisition unit configured to acquire subject identification information for identifying a subject of an image; and a control unit configured to send the subject identification information, acquired by the acquisition unit, to the information processor via the connection unit.

Abstract: A method of evaluating a human knee joint including a femur bone, a tibia bone, and ligaments. The method includes: inserting into the joint a tensioner-balancer that includes at least one force sensor; providing an electronic receiving device; moving the knee joint through at least a portion of its range of motion; using the electronic receiving device to collect data from the at least one force sensor; processing the collected force data to produce a digital geometric model of the knee joint, wherein the data includes: a medial spline representing a locus of points of contact of a medial condyle of the femur F with the tensioner-balancer, over a range of knee flexion angles; and a lateral spline representing the locus of points of contact of the femur F with the tensioner-balancer, over a range of knee flexion angles; and storing the digital geometric model for further use.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided herein that generally involve measuring a prostate or other object. In some embodiments, a finger clip having a roller ring or wheel rotatably mounted thereto is disposed within an inflatable membrane. The roller ring can include a measurement pattern positioned opposite to optical fibers configured to receive light reflected from the measurement pattern. A user can put on the finger clip, position the membrane in proximity to a rectal wall overlying a prostate, and inflate the membrane. As the user slides their finger across the inside of the membrane, which is pressed against the rectal wall, the roller ring can rotate with respect to the fibers such that the fibers move relative to the measurement pattern. A controller can sense light reflected through the fibers from the reference pattern and calculate or estimate various attributes of the prostate based on the reflected light.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a durometer enabling a contact portion in contact with an object to perform smooth piston motion. The durometer includes a main body unit including a movable unit pressed continuously against an object to be measured, a first sensor outputting acceleration information corresponding to an acceleration of movement of a contact part of the object to be measured in contact with the movable unit in a pressing direction, a second sensor outputting reactive force information corresponding to a reactive force at the contact part of the object to be measured in contact with the movable unit, a motor, a crank mechanism driven by the motor and causing the main body unit and the movable unit to perform piston motion, and at least one buffering member disposed on a periphery of the main body unit.

Abstract: An augmented reality or virtual reality (AR/VR) system can include a virtual input device that can be rendered by an HMD, and a wearable impact detection device, such as a ring, smart watch, wristband, etc. with an inertial measurement unit (IMU), that can be used in conjunction with the HMD to track a location of the user's hands relative to the perceived location of the rendered virtual keyboard using, e.g., vision-based tracking via the HMD and determine when an intended input (e.g., button press) is entered by the user by detecting an impact of the user's finger(s) on a physical surface. The AR/VR system can then determine which key is pressed based on the physical location of the user's hands (e.g., using the vision-based tracking) and, more precisely, the user's finger(s) causing the detected impact and the closest key of the virtual input device to the detected point of impact.

Abstract: A system for tracking a catheter in a patient. The system including a plurality of surface electrodes and a surface patch attached to the patient and a processor coupled to the plurality of surface electrodes and the surface patch. The processor determines a location of at least one of the plurality of surface electrodes, stores locations of the surface patch and the at least one of the plurality of surface electrodes, determines a three-dimensional shell shape that corresponds to a portion of the patient, determines a model of an impedance tracking field in at least a portion of the three-dimensional shell shape, injects current through one or more of the plurality of surface electrodes, fits measured voltages from the catheter to the model of the impedance tracking field to determine locations of the catheter, and provides therapy to the patient based on the locations of the catheter.

Abstract: A user-specific model of muscular activity can be used to control an external device based on muscular activity within a limb of a user. The user-specific model of muscular activity can include single movements and corresponding one or more primary muscle patterns. New single movements can be added to the user-specific model of muscular activity can be by a system that includes a processor by receiving user-specific EMG signals (including one or more EMG patterns that indicate a single movement); decomposing the user-specific EMG signals into the one or more EMG patterns in EMG feature space that indicate the single movement; and updating the user-specific model of muscular activity to include the single movement and corresponding one or more primary muscle patterns based on the one or more EMG patterns in EMG feature space.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus of the invention is configured to: determine whether or not first biological information of a measurement subject meets a first condition, the first biological information being measured in a first period; determine, when the first biological information meets the first condition, whether or not a number of times, by which the first biological information meets the first condition with respect to the measurement subject, exceeds a first value; select a first message when the first value is not exceeded; select a second message when the first value is exceeded.

Abstract: Disclosed is a care device recommendation server providing a service for recommending a skin care device for a user, the care device recommendation server including: a data management unit configured to obtain face images of the user from a shin measurement device including a camera and a display; a skin condition determination unit configured to determine a first skin condition of the user corresponding to a first time point at which the face images are obtained, based on the obtained the face images; a care device recommendation unit configured to determine the skin care device for the user among a plurality of care devices included in a care device DB based on the determined first skin condition; a care device control value-providing unit configured to provide a first control value of the skin care device corresponding to the first skin condition to each of a user terminal of the user and the skin measurement device; a care device control unit configured to remotely control the care device such that the sk

Abstract: An external adjustment device for non-invasively adjusting an implant, the external adjustment device including a controller in communication with an actuator associated with the adjustable implant and a sensor configured to receive information from or about the adjustable implant. The external adjustment device may further comprise a power source and a display.

Abstract: A device for determining muscle condition of a region of tissue. The device comprises an electrical impedance myography (EIM) portable probe bearing an electrode array. The electrode array comprises excitation electrodes used to apply multi-frequency electrical signals to the region of tissue and pickup electrodes that are used to collect electrical signals resulting from the application of the multi-frequency electrical signals to the region of tissue. To improve accuracy and reproducibility of EIM measurements, the electrode array is reconfigurable to select different subsets of excitation and pickup electrodes so that the electrodes are oriented differently with respect to muscle fibers. Additional devices may be associated with the EIM probe to measure such parameters as temperature, moisture content of the region, quality of contact of electrodes of the electrode array with a surface of the region and pressure with which the EIM probe is applied to the region.

Abstract: A medical device for use in patient resuscitation and that is configured to communicate with one or more management servers includes a memory, a processor communicably coupled to the memory and configured to store device status information including device-readiness information from a medical device self-test, and store clinical event information observed by the medical device during a use of the medical device during a clinical event, the clinical event information including CPR performance data, and a communication component communicably coupled to the processor and configured to wirelessly transmit the device status information and the clinical event information to the one or more management servers, wherein the medical device includes an external defibrillator, an automated external defibrillator, or a compression assistance device.

Abstract: Various cranial surgery OSS registration device embodiments of the present disclosure encompass a cranial surgery facial mask (128), a mask optical shape sensor (126b) having a mask registration shape extending internally within the cranial surgery facial mask (128) and/or externally traversing the cranial surgery facial mask (128), a cranial surgery tool (101), and a tool optical shape sensor (126d) having a tool registration shape extending internally within the cranial surgery tool (101) and/or externally traversing the cranial surgery tool (101). The mask registration shape of the mask optical shape sensor (126b) and the tool registration shape of the tool optical shape sensor (126d) interactively define a spatial registration of the cranial surgery facial mask (128) and the cranial surgery facial mask (128) and the cranial surgery tool (101) to a cranial image.

Abstract: Provided are embodiments of control devices capable of simultaneously measuring six degrees of freedom and electronic systems comprising the control devices. In some embodiments, the control devices are useful for controlling and/or directing movement of vehicles and virtual entities through operation of the control device with a computer processor, computer interface and, optionally a display.

Abstract: A system includes a surgical device, an instrument coupled to the surgical device and defining an instrument axis, and a processor operatively coupled to the surgical device. The processor is configured to determine a current orientation angle of an instrument axis based on an orientation of a target axis, establish a virtual boundary, control the surgical device to apply a force to constrain the instrument axis within the virtual boundary, and collapse the virtual boundary as the instrument axis is brought into alignment with the target axis.

Abstract: An electrode includes a living body contact portion that is to be in contact with a living body and that contains a rubber material and at least one carbon material selected from carbon nanotubes and graphene. The ratio of the volume resistivity of the living body contact portion to the surface resistivity of the living body contact portion is 1.2 or more. The amount of the carbon material in the living body contact portion is 3 parts by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the rubber material, or the living body contact portion has a 25% compression hardness of 20 kPa or more and 110 kPa or less.