Abstract: A method for attaching a biomolecule having a plurality of carboxyl groups to an aminated solid surface by reacting the biomolecule with a carbodiimide to effect an activation of the carboxyl groups of the biomolecule, reacting the carbodiimide activated biomolecule with the solid surface to covalently bind the biomolecule to the aminated solid surface, and then selectively restoring carboxyl groups to the biomolecule. The selective restoration of carboxyl groups can be carried out by mild hydrolysis and restores the functionality of the biomolecule. The method is "selective" since the bonds between the biomolecule and the aminated solid surface remain intact.

Abstract: Fibers coated with thin polymeric films are disclosed and claimed. In a preferred embodiment, microporous fibers are coated with a pre-cast polymeric film having a thickness of about 200 to about 2000 Angstroms.

Abstract: Articles comprised of bioactive agents coupled to or repelled by a graft polymer (made, for example, from monomers such as N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide hydrochloride (APMA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), acrylamide (AAm)m and acrylic acid (AA)) which is in turn bonded to a polymeric substrate surface. The articles are useful as thromboresistant and/or antimicrobial medical devices.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to thrombo-resistant coatings for use with gas permeable biomedical devices and implants. The coatings include a siloxane surface onto which a plurality of amine functional groups have been bonded. Covalently bonded to the amine functional groups are a plurality of poly(ethylene oxide) chains, such that a single poly(ethylene oxide) chain is bonded to a single amine functional group. A quantity of at least one bioactive molecule designed to counteract a specific blood-material incompatibility reaction is covalently bonded to the poly(ethylene oxide) chains, such that a single bioactive molecule is coupled to a single polyethylene oxide chain.The methods of manufacturing the present invention include preparing a material having a siloxane surface onto which a plurality of amine functional groups have been bonded. This is preferably achieved by plasma etching with ammonia gas.

Abstract: An improvement over the Foley catheter which provides, in addition to the main drainage lumen, a central smaller lumen for continuous delivery of a small quantity of sterile irrigating solution directly through the distal tip into the bladder. A larger portion of the irrigating solution is deflected by the cone shaped roof of the distal tip and turned backward past the drainage ports and into the drainage lumen. This backward flow of liquid causes a mild suction which assists the removal of clots and tissue debris from the bladder. The continuous flow of sterile solution also cleanses the drainage lumen and prevents the upward movement of bacteria common in most urinary catheters. A suction syringe can also be used in the usual manner in the event of a blockage. A second embodiment of the invention provides two protuberances across from the drainage ports within the distal tip to assist in breaking up clots as they enter the drainage lumen.

Abstract: A closed ventilation and suction catheter system for aspirating or suctioning the bronchial tree or trachea of a patient including a dual lumen catheter, the proximal end of the catheter is connected to a dual valve assembly which is connected to separate irrigation fluid and suction pressure sources and the distal end of the catheter is adapted to be slidably positioned in communication with the bronchial tree of a patient. A transparent and flexible envelope surrounds the catheter to protect the catheter from direct exposure to the atmosphere. The catheter is slidable from the inside of the envelope through an adaptor and a tracheal tube to communicate with the bronchial tree or trachea of the patient. A ventilator is connected to the adaptor near the distal end of the catheter to provide for the artificial ventilation of the patient.

Abstract: Biocompatible heparin-like material and surfaces thereof are made by co-polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and attaching the copolymer to a suitable substrate or blending the copolymer into a suitable substrate. The material produced also possesses surface slip-properties and some decreased bacterial and platelet adherence.

Abstract: External grooving on a catheter traps microorganisms nurtured by mucus in a patient's body. The grooving also traps contaminating debris, originating outside the body, that migrates into the body along the catheter exterior. Energy, which may be a propagating vibration or electrical energy or a radioactive material, is carried to the groove (or grooves), from a source outside the body. This function is performed by a fiber embedded or held in the catheter, or by a liquid column (e. g., in an annular lumen) in the catheter, or in other ways. The energy disables microorganisms and disintegrates debris trapped at the groove. The groove depth, interface geometry, and in the case of vibrational energy the vibration frequency too, are selected to minimize projection of energy into the patient's tissues. Suction may be applied as through an auxiliary lumen (or, in some drain catheters, intermittently through the primary drain lumen itself), to remove resulting detritus at the grooving.

Abstract: The biocompatibility of biomaterials having solid surfaces is improved through coating the same with biocompatible agents. The method for modifying the solid surface to improve biocompatibility employs molecules of a biocompatible agent and a chemical linking moiety possessing a photochemically reactive group capable upon activation of covalently bonding to the solid surface and possessing a different reactive group as capable upon activation of covalently bonding to separate molecules of the biocompatible agent. One of the groups is unresponsive to activation by a stimulus to which the other group is responsive.

Abstract: A closed-end catheter having a flat-surfaced valve positioned in a recess about the distal portion of the catheter for preventing retrograde flow of blood therethrough when positioned in a blood vessel of a patient. The valve catheter comprises a flexible material, cylindrical tube having a U-shaped outer wall extending longitudinally about the distal portion thereof. A flat-surfaced valve is positioned in the recess along the U-shaped distal portion and attached to the outer wall. The valve is formed by inserting a flat-surfaced rod in the U-shaped portion of the tube to stretch the outer wall. A flat-surfaced layer of flexible material is applied over the flat-surfaced rod to the stretched outer wall. The flexible material layer is cured and a longitudinal fluid aperture formed therein with the rod remaining in the passage of the U-shaped portion. The rod is then removed and a plug inserted into the passage to close the distal end of the catheter.

Abstract: A method for attaching a biomolecule to a support having a hydrophobic surface, involving the use of a long chain chemical spacer having a hydrophobic guiding group capable of becoming embedded in the surface, and the biomolecule being covalently bound to the spacer at its opposite end.

Abstract: A long chain chemical spacer useful for attaching a biomolecule to a support having a hydrophobic surface, the spacer having a hydrophobic guiding group capable of becoming embedded in the surface, and optionally including a stopping group and/or an attached biomolecule.

Abstract: Implantable vascular prostheses, formed of synthetic, woven fibers are coated with a thin layer of metallic gold sufficient to create a continuous coating over the surfaces of the fibers that come into contact with blood. The coating is applied by vapor deposition or sputtering to coat the fibers without blocking or bridging the interstices formed by the intersection of the fibers.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to multifunctional thrombo-resistant coatings for use with biomedical devices and implants, such as a coating which includes a siloxane surface onto which a plurality of amine functional groups have been bonded. Covalently bonded to the amine functional groups are a plurality of poly(ethylene oxide) chains, such that a single poly(ethylene oxide) chain is bonded to a single amine functional group. A plurality of different bioactive molecules, designed to counteract specific blood-material incompatibility reactions, are covalently bonded to poly(ethylene oxide) chains, such that a single bioactive molecule is coupled to a single polyethylene oxide chain. The method of manufacturing the present invention include preparing a material having a siloxane surface onto which a plurality of amine functional groups have been bonded. This is achieved by plasma etching with ammonia gas or by plasma polymerization of a siloxane monomer in the presence of ammonia gas.

Abstract: A method for removing fatty tissue from a patient includes the steps of inserting an aspirating cannula into the fatty tissue of the body, removing the fatty tissue in the vicinity of an internal layer of the patient's skin and traumatizing the skin adjacent to the area from which fatty tissue is removed. The method is generally carried out by means of an improved aspirating cannula which includes a longitudinally extending tubular member, an opening at one end thereof and a plurality of integrally formed projecting members surrounding the openings. The projecting members are relatively narrow and thin and extend radially outwardly and longitudinally. An annular member which is angularly disposed with respect to the longitudinally projecting member and of similar width and thickness connects the longitudinal members and is effective in breaking down fat tissue without cutting blood vessels or nerves during reciprocal movements of the cannula.

Abstract: A catheter for placement into the ventricular system of the brain or any other member or cavity of the body of a subject comprising a flexible elongated body having a non-circular bore, a wall thickness sufficient to contain and transport fluid therein, a forward end and tip for insertion into the ventricular system of the brain of a subject, and a plurality of spaced apertures located in the forward end of the body spaced from the tip. The apertures are configured and positioned to minimize abrasion of brain tissue upon insertion of the catheter and to prevent tissue from growing into the catheter apertures, thereby providing improved flow of fluid into or from said ventricular system. The non-circular bore, preferably triangular, provides increased structural integrity and increased effective flow through the catheter compared to those having a circular bore. Also methods of using such catheters are disclosed herein.

Abstract: An implantable bone drain for relieving intraosseous pressure is formed of a bio-compatible material and has an outer surface shaped to prevent or limit movement of the drain out of position after implantation and there may be provided other means for retaining the bone drain in the chosen implanted position. There may be a plurality of drain apertures along the length of the drain. The implantable drain may be used in the treatment of bone pain in a range of arthritic and other orthopaedic disorders and may also retard degenerative disease.

Abstract: An antithrombogenic material having its surface modified by ion implantation is disclosed. This antithrombogenic material may, for example, be a silicone material which has its surface modified by introducing functional groups on its surface by ion implantation. The material exhibits improved compatibility to blood due to introduction of the functional groups by ion implantation and the doping effect of the implanted elements.

Abstract: A composition comprising a polymer having dispersed therethrough a prostacyclin derivative selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula (I): ##STR1## (in which R.sup.1 represents hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sup.2 represents a C.sub.3 -C.sub.12 alkyl group or a C.sub.3 -C.sub.12 alkenyl group; and n is an integer from 1 to 5; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) can be used to make a medical appliance from which the prostaglandin, having antithrombotic properties, will be released gradually and in a controlled way.

Abstract: Method for rendering a preformed article lubricious and antithrombogenic and a device being the same. On the surface of the article a thin coating of a biologically compatible, lubricious, hydrophilic polymer including acid groups, is provided. On the coating, ammonium cation, and heparin are applied in the manner that heparin is bound by electrostatic attraction to the ammonium cation of the coating to permit time release of heparin. A buffer solution may be applied in a manner to act to enhance the lubriciousness of the coating.

Abstract: Novel sulfonated polyethyleneoxide-substituted polymers having improved blood compatibility are provided. The polymers are produced by substituting a polymeric substrate having active sites of amide or acid amide group, such as polyurethane, polyamide and polyacrylamide, with sulfonated polyethyleneoxide PEO-SO.sub.3 H.The polymers according to the present invention are valuable as construction materials of the artificial organs for the circulatory system in contact with blood, such as artificial hearts, artificial blood vessels, artificial kidneys, etc.

Abstract: A silicone catheter wound drain with parallel lumens or passageways formed inside to convey fluid from a wound. The drain has both holes and slots on the outside surface to admit fluid to the lumens and internal openings between the lumens to divert fluid from a blocked lumen to an adjacent lumen and back again after the blockage. The silicon wound drain may contain an embedded, elongated reinforcing fiber to strengthen the wound drain and prevent necking down during removal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for using a proteinaceous material present in kinin free high molecular weight kininogen to treat surfaces to prevent or minimize adhesion by blood components and/or animal cells. For example, in medical applications, one can treat plastic tubes or other conduits that carry blood to reduce the tendency of the blood to block the conduit. Also disclosed is an improved method of purifying kinin free high molecular weight kininogen.

Abstract: A new method is provided to impart a hydrophilic lubriciious coating onto articles such as medical devices. A device, for example a catheter, is first contacted with a polyisocyanate solution, to provide coupling, then contacted with a poly(carboxylic acid) solution to give a coating, and is then finally oven dried. These coatings have lubricity that only becomes manifest upon exposure to water ro body fluids, and moreover, are also long lasting and have good abrasion resistance. This combination of properties is not available from other currently used or proposed coatings.

Abstract: A biocompatible prosthetic device is provided which comprises a solid polymeric body incorporating an amount of an albumin-binding dye effective to form a coating of endogenous albumin on said device when the device is in contact with a physiological fluid containing albumin. A method of increasing the albumin-binding ability of a prosthetic device is also provided.

Abstract: External grooving on a catheter traps microorganisms nurtured by mucus in a patient's body. The grooving also traps contaminating debris, originating outside the body, that migrates into the body along the catheter exterior. Energy, which may be a propagating vibration or electrical energy or a radioactive material, is carried to the groove (or grooves), from a source outside the body. This function is performed by a fiber embedded or held in the catheter, or by a liquid column (e.g., in an annular lumen) in the catheter, or in other ways. The energy disables microorganisms and disintegrates debris trapped at the groove. The groove depth, interface geometry, and in the case of vibrational energy the vibration frequency too, are selected to minimize projection of energy into the patient's tissues. Suction may be applied as through an auxiliary lumen (or, in some drain catheters, intermittently through the primary drain lumen itself), to remove resulting detritus at the grooving.

Abstract: A thromboresistant segmented polyetherurethane compound wherein the polyether segment consists of 99 to 1% by weight of (a) a polytetramethylene ether segment having a number average molecular weight of 200 to 5,000 and 1 to 99% by weight of (b) a polyalkylene ether segment having a number average molecular weight of 200 to 5,000 in which the alkylene group has 2 or 3 carbon atoms, said segments (a) and (b) being contained in the same main chain. The segmented polyetherurethane compound is produced by a process comprising reacting 99 to 1% by weight of a polytetramethylene ether diol having a number average molecular weight of 200 to 5,000 and 1 to 99% by weight of a polyalkylene ether diol having a number average molecular weight of 200 to 5,000 in which the alkylene group has 2 or 3 carbon atoms, with a polyisocyanate compound, and reacting the resulting prepolymer with a chain extender.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for extracting cataract tissue in which the cataract is first softened by focusing laser radiation thereon and subsequently a tube inserted through an incision to a position adjacent the cataract. An irrigating liquid is supplied through one portion of the tube and the liquid and cataract fragments removed via an aspiration opening adjacent the tube opening. Fragments which do not readily pass through the aspiration opening are dislodged by vibration or broken up by a paddle like member pivotally mounted adjacent the aspirating opening to engage the fragment and apply a force to break up the same. The tube has a shovel shaped tip which facilitates separation of fragments from the cataract body and facilitates location of the same adjacent the aspiration opening.

Abstract: A thromboresistant coating, method for forming same on a medical device, and the medical device thus prepared are provided. The thromboresistant coating is a highly cross-linked three-dimensional matrix copolymerized from an aminosilane component and a silane other than the aminosilane that is cured and dried into a thick matrix having amino groups interspersed therethroughout. The amino groups facilitate attachment of an antithrombogenic agent to the matrix and thus to the medical device. In addition, an antithrombogenic material is secured to the aminosilane copolymeric matrix.

Abstract: A tube or ring-shaped, elastic cuff is used as a antimicrobial fitting for medical catheters. The fitting is manufactured from organic silicon/polyurethane elastomer including an antimicrobial agent. The fitting is annularly disposed on a catheter and held in place by radial tension. The fitting has very high tensile strength and resistance to tearing and preferably has a wall thickness of about 0.1 mm; may be cut into segments of 2 to 10 cm long; and can be drawn onto a catheter as individual segments.

Abstract: A non thrombogenic quaternary ammonium-heparin complex coating for a medical article comprising an amount of at least 50% by weight of one or more cationic quaternary ammonium organic salts having the following formula: ##STR1## Wherein R.sub.1 is an alkyl group having from about 14 to about 22 carbons;R.sub.2 is an alkyl group having from about 1 to about five carbons;R.sub.3 is an alkyl group having from about 1 to about five carbons.

Abstract: A horn used in an ultrasonic surgical operating instrument for crushing and removing organic tissue comprises a horn body vibrated by and ultrasonic vibration source for crushing the organic tissue, a removing passage extending through the horn body, through which the crushed tissue is removed outside, a bulkhead disposed in the removing passage, and at least one through hole formed in the bulkhead. The bulkhead and the hole cooperate with each other to reduce a cross-sectional area of the removing passage.

Abstract: A method of treating articles to improve their biocompatibility is disclosed. A polymeric substrate material is positioned within a reactor vessel and exposed to plasma gas discharge in the presence of an atmosphere of an inert gas and then in the presence of an organic gas, such as a fluorinated hydrocarbon gas, which forms a thin, biocompatible surface covalently bonded to the surface of the substrate. The method is particularly useful in the treatment of vascular graft materials to produce grafts that are both thrombi- and emboli-resistant.

Abstract: Disclosed is a biocompatible, thromboresistant substance useful for implantable and extracorporeal devices in contact with the vascular system, and methods for producing the same. The biocompatible, thromboresistant substance comprises a synthetic, biocompatible material, at least one biocompatible base coat layer adhered to at least one surface of the material, and a thrombogenesis inhibitor immobilized on the base coat layer via a component capable of binding the inhibitor. The thrombogenesis inhibitor is streptokinase, urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator, ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, and active fragments and active analogs thereof.

Abstract: Modified-polyurethane block copolymers and devices formed therefrom demonstrate excellent biocompatibilty and improved physical and mechanical properties. In a preferred embodiment, from about 5 to about 25 percent of urethane hydrogen atoms are replaced with propyl sulfonate and propyl carboxylate groups to provide the modified copolymer.

Abstract: An anti-infective medical article has chlorhexidine bulk distributed throughout a polyurethane base layer and may have a coating layer on the base layer. The coating layer may be chlorhexidine, an antibiotic, or an antithrombogenic agent permeated into the surface or it may be a polymeric surface layer having bulk distributed chlorhexidine laminated onto the base layer. The invention includes a method for preparing the article wherein a homogeneous melt of polymer and chlorhexidine is prepared by twin screw compounding and the melt is extruded to give a medical article having bulk distributed chlorhexidine. The article may then be laminated by dipping into a solution of chlorhexidine and a substantially hydrophilic polymer in a solvent.

Abstract: Copolymer film deposited on a substrate comprising covalently fixed fragments of heparin having antithrombogenic properties. The polymer further comprises free carboxylic groups intended to neutralize free amine functions which are possibly present and to improve the hemocompatibility of the film.

Abstract: A medical device with an antimicrobial coating that is safe, effective, photostable and readily manufacturable can be produced by applying a composition to at least one body fluid-contacting surface of the device such that a solid coating is provided on that surface, the coating composition comprising an oligodynamic metal salt of a sulfonylurea, a polymeric material, at least one acid compound selected from the group consisting of a water-soluble carboxylic acid and water-insoluble carboxylic acid, and a carrier liquid in which foregoing components are soluble. The antimicrobial coating accommodates variation in the release of antimicrobial metal ions as a function of the intended use for a medical device to which the coating is applied.

Abstract: A solution is described that can be used to maintain the patency of an I.V. catheter or other vascular access device having a lumen. The density and osmolarity of the solution are adjusted so that the density and osmolarity of the solution are approximately equal to the density and osmolarity of whole blood in a patient. The solution can be injected into the lumen of the vascular access device to prevent blood from the patient from entering the lumen.

Abstract: External grooving on a catheter traps microorganisms nurtured by mucus in a patient's body. The grooving also traps contaminating debris, originating outside the body, that migrates into the body along the catheter exterior. Energy, which may be a propagating vibration or electrical energy or a radioactive material, is carried to the groove (or grooves), from a source outside the body. This function is performed by a fiber embedded or held in the catheter, or by a liquid column (e.g., in an annular lumen) in the catheter, or in other ways. The energy disables microorganisms and disintegrates debris trapped at the groove. The groove depth, interface geometry, and in the case of vibrational energy the vibration frequency too, are selected to minimize projection of energy into the patient's tissues. Suction may be applied as through an auxiliary lumen (or, in some drain catheters, intermittently through the primary drain lumen itself), to remove resulting detritus at the grooving.

Abstract: A medical device having long-lasting bactericidal properties and a method for making the same is provided. The material from which the medical device is made, the substrate, carries a negatively-charged group having a pKa of less than 6. A cationic antibiotic is ionically bonded to the negatively-charged group. The negatively-charged group may be a portion of a larger carrier molecule. The carrier molecule is bound to the substrate such that the negatively-charged group is exposed for ionic interaction with the cationic antibiotic. Heparin is an ideal carrier molecule because it has both anti-bacterial adhesion activity and anti-thrombogenic activity.

Abstract: Implantable devices for medical use are provided which have been subjected to treatment with a crack preventative/antithrombogenic agent in the form of a sulfate. This treatment substantially prevents surface cracking or fissuring of the subcutaneous implantation as well as preventing thrombus formation along the blood contacting surfaces of the treated material.

Abstract: A medical instrument comprises a substrate which has at least on its surface a reactive functional group covalently bonded with a water-soluble polymer or derivative thereof, whereby said surface has lubricity when wetted. The water-soluble polymer is a cellulosic polymer, maleic anhydride polymer, polyacrylamide or water-soluble nylon.The medical instrument is prepared by treating a substrate with a solution of a compound having a reactive functional group to form an undercoat so that the reactive functional group is present at least on the substrate surface, and then treating the substrate with a water-soluble polymer or derivative thereof to covalently bond the reactive functional group with the water-soluble polymer to thereby form a coat of the water-soluble polymer on the undercoat and optionally, contacting the treated substrate with water.

Abstract: A non thrombogenic quarternary ammonium/heparin complex coating for a medical article is disclosed where the organic cationic salt is an alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium ion present in an amount of at least 50% by weight and having the following formula: ##STR1## where R is a uniform alkyl group containing between 16 to 18 carbon atoms.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to a tubular medical device, and more particularly to a tubular medical device for fluid feeding to or fluid drainage from a body cavity. The invention describes both a device and a method of making a device that comprises an elongated flexible primary tube forming a lumen having an open end, a secondary tube concentrically surrounding and spaced from the primary tube and extending between the open end and a position spaced from the open end. The primary and secondary tubes have an integral joining portion at the open end. The primary and secondary tubes form a chamber that is sealably closed and filled with a heavy metal so that a weighted tip element, or bolus is formed. Alternatively, the chamber may be pressurized and expanded to form a balloon element by way of a side tube affixed to the primary tube and connected at one end to a source of pressurized air and at the other end to a position within the chamber.

Abstract: A method of reducing the adhesion of bubbles to the surfaces of a medical administration set with which a parenteral liquid comes in contact prior to its introduction into a patient by treating the surfaces of the medical administration set with which the liquid comes in contact to increase the critical surface tension thereof prior to contacting the surfaces of the medical administration set with the liquid, preferably by radiation grafting with a solution of a monofunctional monomer compound.

Abstract: A thermoplastic resin-silicone composite shaped article comprising (a) a shaped article of a thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of olefin resins, urethane resins and styrene resins and (b) a cured layer of an additional polymerization type silicone composition adhering to the one or both surfaces of the shaped article of a thermoplastic resin. To the surface of the above shaped article of a thermoplastic resin to which the above cured layer of an additionl polymerization type silicone composition does not adhere, there may adhere another cured layer of the above addition polymerization type silicone composition. To either or both of these cured layers, there may further adhere a layer of the above thermoplastic resin, other thermoplastic resin, a silicone rubber, a silicone resin, glass, ceramics or a metal.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for extracting cataract tissue in which the cataract is first softened by focusing laser radiation thereon and subsequently a tube inserted through an incision to a position adjacent the cataract. An irrigating liquid is supplied through one portion of the tube and the liquid and cataract fragments removed via an aspirating opening adjacent the tube opening. Fragments which do not readily pass through the aspirating opening are dislodged by vibration or broken up by a paddle like member pivotally mounted adjacent the aspirating opening to engage the fragment and apply a force to break up the same.

Abstract: The drain of this invention includes a tube provided with orifices for drawing in residual secretions gathered at the site of an operation. Within the tube is bounded a volume of variable capacity. Such volume is divided into one or several inflatable pockets bounded between the internal wall of the tube and a sleeve judiciously fastened to said wall. Such sleeve is of elastic material. A suction source is connected to the channel left free within the tube by the sleeve. Furthermore, a fluid source may be connected to the volume bounded by the sleeve to enable changing the capacity thereof. Such changes serve to unclog the intake orifices.The invention is applicable to surgical drains used in the post-operational phase to remove all secretions appearing at the site of the operation.

Abstract: In combination with a device adapted for at least partial implantation in a living body to perform a function with respect to that body such as introducing a material into the body, relieving the body of a material, monitoring a condition within the body, or introducing electrical stimulus into the body, servicing apparatus is provided in association with the device for maintaining the device in effective operating condition. The device and servicing apparatus may be arranged in a single housing such that a portion of the device extends from the housing into operable position in the body, in separate but operably connected housings, or the servicing apparatus may be split between the device and a separate housing.