Abstract: In an example method for increasing synaptic gain in a region of a brain of a subject, a first electromagnetic pulse is applied to a first neural element of a first neuron of the subject using a first electrode. The first neural element includes a first synapse coupled to a second neuron of the subject. Subsequent to applying the first electromagnetic pulse to the first neural element, a second electromagnetic pulse is applied to a second neural element of the second neuron using a second electrode.

Abstract: A method for treatment of a headache disorder in a human subject including introducing a stimulation member, arranged in a non-expanded state, into a first nasal cavity of the human subject, expanding the stimulation member so that it abuts against tissue of the first nasal cavity at a first pressure in a range between 80 and 100 mbar, and imparting vibrations to the tissue of the first nasal cavity at a first frequency in a range between 70 and 100 Hz for a first duration.

Abstract: An AI-controlled photonic system that performs therapeutic photomodulation and reflective optical diagnostics, including OCT, OCTA, near-infrared reflectance, and fundus autofluorescence, is described here. The system incorporates an AI-Predictive Gating module that identifies optimal temporal windows for energy delivery or data acquisition based on reflectance dynamics, retinal motion, physiologic parameters, mitochondrial biomarkers, and image-quality metrics. By synchronizing photonic emission and diagnostic capture to predicted physiologic states, the system improves diagnostic fidelity, enhances therapeutic precision, and enables earlier detection of degenerative, inflammatory, and pharmacologic retinal injury.

Abstract: The ExtraCardiac Nerve Stimulator and the ExtraCardiac Nerve Stimulation (ECANS) are, respectively, the apparatus and method to get remote nerve stimulation for medical applications. The system makes possible the stimulation without direct contact with the nerve based on special electrical wave. The remote nerve stimulation is extremely important for investigational and therapeutic proposals. The possibility of having this resource without surgical dissection, nerve exposure and tissue lesion with time-consuming process, is remarkable. This procedure relies on a settable stimulator with special features that releases a pulse wave with high frequency, very short pulse width, great amplitude, and precise current and time limitation connected to a special catheter, placed inside a vase or viscera. Frequency, pulse width, amplitude and time of application are operator adjustable to be effective against large patient variations, different anatomy, and areas of application.

Abstract: A headset apparatus for a user comprising an ultrasound transducer mounted to the headset apparatus, wherein the ultrasound transducer is configured to press against the auricular vagus nerve, a coupling fluid on the surface of the transducer permitting ultrasonic energy to pass into human skin and, a cannabinoid extract in solution with the coupling fluid.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein which may be implemented using computer programs comprising instructions that replicate the neural synchronization based natural intelligence algorithm of the human brain. These implementations result in the production and consumption of naturally forming intelligence in a computer system or network. An embodiment of the invention comprises an artificial brain, further comprising a thalamic controller, motion reactor, motion translator, motion actuator, time-dilation memory, and cognitive object interface. Data is translated from original format into thalamic motion and further encoded with motion signal protocol, then reproduced for the purpose of sensory perception and aggregated through a process of thought production, thereby replicating the process of natural intelligence in a manner designed to dramatically improve current artificial intelligence standards.

Abstract: A stimulation system configured to be implanted in a patient includes an implantable pulse generator (IPG) and an implantable lead system. The IPG includes a processor, a memory device, a power supply, and an inertial sensing unit configured to measure one or more physiological indicators of the patient. The implantable lead system includes at least one electrical lead coupled to the power supply and at least one electrode at a distal end of the electrical lead. The memory device includes instructions that cause the IPG to receive the physiological indicators within an initial range; increase the initial range to an enlarged range in response to the physiological indicators crossing a threshold maximum value or a threshold minimum value of the initial range; receive the physiological signals within the enlarged range, analyze the physiological indicators, and deliver stimulation to the patient through the electrode in response to the physiological indicators.

Abstract: Electrostimulating waveforms offering simultaneous and controllable cell-type-specific entrainment are described. The waveforms selectively entrain excitatory versus inhibitory cortical and hippocampal neurons including pyramidal neurons, parvalbumin neurons, and somatostatin neurons. The embodiment provides targeted electrical stimulation (ES) entrainment of excitatory versus inhibitory neurons. For example, the current disclosure provides methods of selectively entraining excitatory neurons with ES frequencies below 30 Hertz (Hz) and in particular embodiments to frequencies below 15 Hz, such as 8 Hz and 4 Hz. The current disclosure also provides methods of selectively entraining inhibitory neurons to ES frequencies of at least 30 Hz and depending on the type of inhibitory neuron, utilizing a frequency that is 30-60 Hz or a frequency that is greater than 100 Hz.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for a computerized framework that detects medical conditions within patients and dynamically effectuates a treatment. The disclosed framework is configured for controlling computerized medical equipment by analyzing data associated with a patient, determining underlying conditions of the patient, then automatically causing such equipment to output electronic stimuli that can address the medical condition(s) detected. The framework can determine a correlation between a patient's attributes, electronic data of a condition of a patient and a medical disorder, and cause a medical device to treat and monitor improvements of the condition and disorder. The framework can be configured to focus in on particular body parts of a patient that have been identified as a body part that enables treatment as well as a part that facilitates the most efficient treatment for a recovery.

Abstract: A method of providing a channel filled with aqueous gel in soft tissue comprises injecting a biocompatible aqueous gel into the tissue. Also disclosed is a corresponding device, the combination of the device and a guide for its insertion into tissue, and a system comprising the combination and a reservoir filled with aqueous gel comprising means for exerting pressure on the gel.

Abstract: A sleep medication dispensing system is for controlling release of a sleep medicament to a user based on sleep information related to the user. The system includes an electronic medicament dispensing device with a release mechanism to permit release of a controlled dose of a sleep medication which is stored in a holding area of the device. The system includes a processing arrangement which receives the user sleep pattern information, and performs a release assessment which depends at least in part on the sleep pattern information. Release of a dose of the sleep medication in a given instance is made dependent upon an outcome of the release assessment.

Abstract: A medical apparatus for a patient comprises an external system and an implantable system. The external system is configured to transmit one or more transmission signals, each transmission signal comprising at least power or data. The implantable system is configured to receive the one or more transmission signals from the external system, and to deliver stimulation energy to the patient. Methods of delivering stimulation energy are also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to neural interface devices and methods that accesses the subarachnoid space to enable minimally invasive modulation and recording of neural structures. Exemplary embodiments may comprise an implantable pulse generator and a microelectrode catheter. In particular embodiments, the microelectrode catheter comprises one or more stimulating and recording electrodes. Exemplary embodiments may also include methods comprising performing a lumbar puncture to access the spinal subarachnoid space and advancing microcatheter through the spinal subarachnoid space.

Abstract: A method of automatically configuring an action determination model includes determining an environment model, determining an action determination model that indicates an action option, determining whether the action determination model indicates a next action option, and if so, determining an action based on the action determination model, simulating execution of the action across the environment model, obtaining a simulated result, adjusting the action determination model. Then, until environment or an agent reach an end state, the following are repeated: determining whether the action determination model indicates the next action option, and if so, determining the action based on the action determination model, simulating the execution of the action across the environment model, obtaining the simulated result, and adjusting the action determination model.

Abstract: Provided are methods for treating depression and depression-related conditions by combining administration of pharmacologic agents and neuromodulation induced by transcranial electrical stimulation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system (100), for rehabilitation of a limb of a patient, that comprises a controller (110) communicatively coupled to an activity monitor (102) and operatively coupled to a robotic exoskeleton unit (104) and a brain stimulation unit (106). The activity monitor (102) detects an activity of the limb of the patient by a voluntary attempt of the patient in a first time frame and communicates the voluntary attempt to the controller over a second time frame. The robotic exoskeleton unit completes the movement of the limb, and the brain stimulation unit externally stimulates a local motor region of a brain of the patient based on the effort signal reaching a pre-specified threshold to complete a sensorimotor loop.

Abstract: Methods of treating a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject are provided by applying alternating electric fields to the brain of the subject, optionally also administering a drug for treatment of the neurodegenerative disorder (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia) to the subject. In some instances, the neurodegenerative disorder can be treated by applying alternating electric fields to a brain of the human subject wherein the brain is tumor-free.

Abstract: Waveforms for a stimulator device, and methods and circuitry for generating them, are disclosed having high- and low-frequency aspects. The waveforms comprise a sequence of pulses issued at a low frequency which each pulse comprising first and second charge-balanced phases. One or both of the phases comprises a plurality a monophasic sub-phase pulses issued at a high frequency in which the sub-phase pulses are separated by gaps. The current during the gaps in a phase can be zero, or can comprise a non-zero current of the same polarity as the sub-phase pulses issued during that phase. The disclosed waveforms provide benefits of high frequency stimulation such as the promotion of paresthesia free, sub-threshold stimulation, but without drawbacks inherent in using high-frequency biphasic pulses.

Abstract: Restoring and/or augmenting neural function may be achieved in some examples by receiving signals associated with a first region of a nervous system, and generating a stimulation pattern based on the signals associated with the first region of the nervous system and a first artificial network. The stimulation pattern may be provided to a second region of the nervous system to induce a behavioral output. In some examples, a second artificial network may be used to train the first artificial network. The second artificial network may be configured to predict the behavioral output from the individual based on the stimulation provided by the first artificial network. Parameters of the first artificial network can be adjusted using the output of the second artificial network to optimize the output signals of the first artificial network to achieve restoration and/or augmentation goals.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for tracking progression of Parkinson's Disease using a plurality of wearables worn by a patient. The real time data from the plurality of wearables is used to calculate a progression index for Parkinson's Disease based on Slowness/Stiffness, Tremor profiling, Gait changes and speech distortions. The progression index determines the stage of Parkinson's Disease based on intensity of symptoms mentioned above. The results are shared with a medical professional for evaluating current treatment strategies.

Abstract: In a method for implantation of a physically stabilized aggregate of living cells or tissue fragment is injected into a channel provided in soft tissue filled with an aqueous gel. Also discloses are methods of stabilizing such aggregates and fragments and of forming such channel in soft tissue as well as means for carrying out the methods.

Abstract: A method is provided for precision dosing of electrical stimulation of the brain. The method includes determining a location of each voxel of a plurality of voxels in a reference frame of an electro-stimulation device including a plurality of electrodes positioned on a head of a subject. The method also includes obtaining measurements that indicate a tissue type at each voxel inside the head of the subject based on an imaging device. The method also includes determining, with a processor, a value of one or more parameters of the electro-stimulation device based on the tissue type measurements at each voxel such that the electro-stimulation device is configured to generate a value of one or more parameters of an electric field at each voxel inside the head of the subject to improve the treatment outcome of the subject.

Abstract: An implant system is provided, which includes an implant, including an implant body and an electrode disposed on the implant body; and a hollow needle, which is configured to be percutaneously advanceable into tissue of a subject. The hollow needle is shaped so as to define a lumen dimensioned to house the implant; at a distal end of the hollow needle, a distal end opening configured to facilitate passage of the implant therethrough from the lumen; and a lateral wall shaped so as to define a window therethrough to the lumen. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A method for treating a patient for anxiety, depression, and insomnia. The method includes generating a stimulation conveyed to the patient for a treatment duration current via generating a carrier waveform being an alternating current having a duty cycle ratio and a current amplitude ratio being selected such that each respective integration of the current amplitude between successive time instances at which the carrier waveform alternates polarity is substantially equivalent. The method further includes generating a stimulation current from the carrier waveform via amplitude modulating the carrier waveform. The extremes of the stimulation current defining a stimulation current envelope defining first and second series of pulses. The first series of pulses occurring at a first frequency that does not substantially vary for the entire treatment duration, and the second series of pulses occurring at a second frequency that varies during the treatment duration.

Abstract: A microcurrent migraine treatment device includes an adaptive trigger circuit configured to dynamically determine a triggering threshold for applying a therapeutic microcurrent via a treatment electrode to a treatment location on a person's skin for treatment of a migraine condition.

Abstract: An example medical device includes processing circuitry configured to determine an electrode impedance value for each of one or more electrodes of a lead coupled to the medical device, identify one or more of the electrodes having electrode impedance values that are greater than electrode impedance values of other electrodes of the lead, from the identified one or more electrodes, determine a recommendation of electrodes to use for sensing a signal, and output information indicative of the recommendation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a non-drug cardio-cerebrovascular disease therapeutic apparatus. A waveform diagram of a pulse current for generating a pulse electromagnetic field includes four characteristic bands in a cycle range of 360° and reciprocates circularly: an abrupt-rising band T1 where a current intensity I(t) abruptly rises, wherein a highest value thereof is slightly lower than a maximum value Imax of an output current; a first slow-rising band T2 where the current intensity I(t) slowly rises to the maximum value Imax; an abrupt-decreasing band T3 where the current intensity I(t) abruptly decreases, wherein a minimum value Imin thereof is slightly higher than a minimum value (Imin) of the output current; and a slow-decreasing band T4 where the current intensity I(t) slowly decreases to the minimum value (Imin).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for use in the treatment or prevention of disease or symptoms thereof, the system comprising: at least one object, wherein the object is configured for being positioned in or adjacent to the pituitary gland or the pituitary stalk of a subject; and a device configured to generate at least one intermittent stimulating signal in the object, wherein the signal subsequently activates a release of biologically active agents.

Abstract: An electrode management solution for neuromonitoring applications such as electroencephalography (EEG) procedures provides for the verification of the locations and connections of electrodes. The brain is modeled as a volume conductor and an expected attenuated signal generated by an electrical signal present in the form of an electrical dipole at any other point in the brain is calculated. A known signal is connected between electrodes at ‘presumed’ locations. This action generates a defined electrical field which can be measured between any of the other electrode locations. The amplitude and phase of the measured signals are a function of the input signal, the volume conductor, and the geometric relations of the two electrodes. By comparing the expected values with the measured values, the relation between the electrodes is verified.

Abstract: A system includes a sensing assembly configured to be disposed on a mastoid of a user. The sensing assembly includes a housing, a first sensor disposed in the housing and configured to measure a first phybrata signal from the user, and a second sensor disposed in the housing and configured to measure a second phybrata signal from the user, the second phybrata signal different from the first phybrata signal. A controller is in communication with the sensing assembly. The controller is configured to: receive a first phybrata data from the sensing assembly, the first phybrata data including information obtained from the first phybrata signal and the second phybrata signal. The controller is configured to determine a phybrata parameter associated with the user based on the first phybrata data, and determine a phybrata signature associated with the user based on the phybrata parameter.

Abstract: Provided are systems, methods, and devices for providing mediation of a traumatic brain injury. Systems may include an interface, processing devices, and a controller. The interface is configured to obtain measurements from a brain of a user with a traumatic brain injury. A first processing device is configured to generate multiple brain state parameters characterizing one or more features of a brain state of the user. A second processing device is configured to generate models of the brain of the user based on the plurality of brain state parameters and the plurality of measurements, and determine, using the models and training data comprising one or more mediation data points, a mediation procedure for reducing one or more symptoms of the traumatic brain injury. The mediation procedure is provided to one or more entities, and one or more control signals are generated by the controller based on the mediation procedure.

Abstract: A method of applying tumor treating fields to a region of interest of a subject's body corresponding to a tumor, the method including: alternately applying to the region of interest a first electric field between a first pair of locations of the subject's body and a second electric field between a second pair of locations of the subject's body; detecting a change in the region of interest of the subject's body; ceasing applying the first and second electric fields; selecting, based on the detected change, a third pair of locations of the subject's body and a fourth pair of locations of the subject's body, the third and fourth pairs of locations being different than the first and second pairs of locations; and alternately applying to the region of interest a third electric field between the third pair of locations and a fourth electric field between the fourth pair of locations.

Abstract: Systems and techniques for wireless implantable devices, for example implantable biomedical devices employed for biomodulation. Some embodiments include a biomodulation system including a non-implantable assembly including a source for wireless power transfer and a data communications system, an implantable assembly including a power management module configured to continuously generate one or more operating voltage for the implantable assembly using wireless power transfer from the non-implantable assembly, a control module operably connected to at least one communication channel and at least one stimulation output, the control module including a processor unit to process information sensed via the at least one communication channel and, upon determining a condition exists, to generate an output to trigger the generation of a stimulus.

Abstract: Various examples are provided for simultaneous bilateral brain stimulation. In one example, a method includes applying a first stimulation signal at a first frequency through a feature-side implanted neural stimulator (INS) on a first side of a brain, applying a second stimulation signal at a second frequency through a non-feature-side INS on a second side of the brain, and detecting a stimulation interference signal with the non-feature-side INS. The first stimulation signal can be a pulsed signal and the second simulation signal can be a continuous signal at a low stimulation voltage, and the stimulation interference signal at an interference frequency based upon the first and second frequencies. In another example, a neural stimulation system including a feature-side neural stimulator and a non-feature-side neural stimulator implanted on first and second sides of the brain and neural stimulation circuitry coupled to the neural stimulators.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for evaluating and improving responses, and a method and a computer readable recording medium thereof. The apparatus for evaluating responses according to the present disclosure obtains cluster classifying information for training responses, and based on distribution of clusters to which test responses output from the dialogue generation model are classified, evaluate semantic diversity of the responses output from the dialogue generation model.

Abstract: Novel auricular health monitoring systems, preferably including one or more of the following: auricular electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), electrocardiogram (ECG) and ear-canal pulse oximeter, which may be useful in health monitoring or in brain-computer interface. The EEG electrodes, EOG electrodes, ECG electrodes, light generator and light detecting sensor may be housed on a surface of an earbud-style structure or other in-ear structures made of flexible elastic and adaptable material such that these pre-mounted EEG electrodes, EOG electrodes, ECG electrodes and the pulse oximeter will be naturally and snugly contacting the skin of the wearer's external ear canal. A processing unit may be configured to analyze data from EEG system, EOG system, ECG system and ear-canal pulse oximeter to assess the wearer's health profile. These wearable monitoring systems are suitable for easy self-installation or self-removal and daily ambulatory use.

Abstract: Electrical stimulation systems and methods for operation of the electrical stimulation system are described. The method includes directing electrical stimulation through the electrodes of the lead and monitoring movements of a hand positioned over an implantation site of an implantable control module of the electrical stimulation system using an accelerometer coupled to a processor of the implantable control module. Another method includes detecting, by a sensor, a plurality of taps of a body region of a patient over an implantation site of the implantable control module, identifying, by the processor of the implantable control module, an indicator, trigger, or marker based on the detected tapping, and performing an activity corresponding to the identified indicator, trigger, or marker.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method for providing a neural stimulation therapy to treat chronic pain of a patient. The method comprises: recording, using a neural sensing system, neural activity of the patient at one or more sites within the nervous system of the patient related to the chronic pain of the patient, modifying a computational neural modeling system to model the sensed neural activity of the patient; computing a respective neural response of the patient for each of a plurality of different temporal stimulation patterns using the modified computational neural modeling system; selecting, based on the respective neural responses, one of the plurality of temporal stimulation patterns; and programming an implantable stimulation system to provide the selected one of the plurality of temporal stimulation patterns to the patient to treat the chronic pain of the patient.

Abstract: A method for selective activation of central thalamus fibers in a subject is disclosed. The method involves providing one or more electrodes each with one or more contacts. The one or more electrodes are positioned in the subject's central thalamus fibers. An electrical stimulus is applied to the positioned one or more electrodes to selectively activate the central thalamus fibers of the subject. The positioning and applying are carried out to maximize central lateral nucleus and medial dorsal tegmental tract fiber pathway activation in the subject and to minimize central median parafascicularis fiber pathway activation in the subject. Methods, devices, and computer readable media for surgical planning involving selective activation of central thalamus fibers in a subject are also disclosed.

Abstract: Amyloid fibers-based electrodes and apparatuses comprising the same. Additionally, methods for manufacturing amyloid fibers-based electrodes.

Abstract: The patent application describes an adaptable neuromodulation device for transcranial electrical brain stimulation. The system can generate complex poly-modulated waveforms by combining multiple pulse parameters in a randomized manner across dimensions like amplitude, frequency, phase, timing, and polarity. It leverages both digital and analog modulation techniques for waveform versatility. The device features pathway optimization algorithms that tune stimulation using neural feedback data to target specific brain region shapes with greater precision. It also enables closed-loop operation for responsiveness to physiological changes. The application details the mathematical and computational foundations, spanning graph theory to generate digital twins. It highlights applications from cognitive enhancement to seizure control. Overall, the innovation promises versatility and precision in non-invasive neuromodulation through adaptable, optimized waveforms grounded in sophisticated modeling.

Abstract: A method for assessment of brain signals of a patient includes determining, by one or more processors, a cluster of neural data occurring at a brain of the patient and outputting, by the one or more processors, a request for a user to provide patient state information for the cluster of the neural data in response to determining that the cluster of the neural data is occurring at the brain of the patient. The method further includes associating, by the one or more processors, the patient state information with the cluster of the neural data to generate patient assessment information and outputting, by the one or more processors, the patient assessment information.

Abstract: A method for estimating an arrangement of electrodes obtains detection signals when an initial electrode array having a sufficient number of electrodes for detection of excitation wave arranged and arrayed in a plane is attached to biological tissue. The method uses a plurality of input data based on detection signals obtained in a plurality of second electrode arrays generated by eliminating a predetermined number of electrodes at random from the initial electrode array, and uses an image of excitation wave in a process of obtaining the detection signals by using the initial electrode array, as teacher data, obtaining a learned model by deep learning. The method selects a second electrode array corresponding to an analysis image that is best matched with the image of the teacher data, among a plurality of analysis images obtained by applying the plurality of input data to the learned model, as a selective electrode array.

Abstract: We report a method of determining an occurrence of an epileptic convulsive seizure in a patient, comprising: receiving body data from a patient during a first time period, determining a work level relating to said first time period at least based partially upon said body data; determining whether said work level exceeds an extreme work level threshold; performing a responsive action, in response to a determination that said work level exceeds said extreme work level threshold. We also report a medical device system configured to implement the method. We also report a non-transitory computer readable program storage unit encoded with instructions that, when executed by a computer, perform the method.

Abstract: A system for optimizing DBS parameters for a subject includes automatically performing actions via a processor. The actions include obtaining functional MRI data of a brain of the subject acquired utilizing an MRI system during DBS of the brain utilizing a first set of DBS parameters. The actions include generating functional MRI response maps from the functional MRI data. The actions include extracting, utilizing an unsupervised autoencoder-based neural network, features from the functional MRI response maps. The actions include determining, utilizing a deep learning-based DBS parameter classification model, whether the first set of DBS parameters are optimal DBS parameters for the subject based on the features. The actions include, when the first set of DBS parameters are not the optimal DBS parameters, predicting, utilizing a deep learning-based DBS parameter prediction model, a second set of DBS parameters that are the optimal DBS parameters for the subject based on the features.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a medical treatment device for stimulating neurons of a patient to suppress a pathologically synchronous activity, the device comprises at least three non-invasive stimulating units for generating stimuli to a patient's body, and a control unit for selectively and intermittently actuating the stimulating units in a sequence of actuating periods. The control unit is configured to, across the sequence of actuating periods, variedly determine for each actuating period a number n of stimulating units to be simultaneously actuated during the respective actuating period.

Abstract: A method for minimally invasive deep brain simulation (DBS) involves obtaining a target location for the DBS, obtaining an anatomical model, and simulatively determining, for a set of antennas endocranially implanted at first positions and emitting electromagnetic waves differing by a frequency offset, a first envelope signal at the target location, using the anatomical model. The first envelope signal resulting from interference of the electromagnetic waves at the target location has an envelope signal frequency corresponding to the frequency offset.

Abstract: A method or system for generating a clinical effects map for electrical stimulation includes receiving stimulation parameters and at least one clinical response for each of a plurality of stimulation instances; for each of the stimulation instances, determining a radius of a stimulation field according to the stimulation parameters for the stimulation instance; generating the clinical effects map using the at least one clinical response and the stimulation parameters for each of the stimulation instances, wherein, for each of the stimulation instances, the at least one clinical response for the stimulation instance is assigned to the radius of the stimulation field determined for the stimulation instance; and displaying the clinical effects map.

Abstract: Conventional devices deliver a degree of electrical charge into biological tissues; to satisfy regulatory and safety concerns, measures are taken to maintain a zero-charge residual at the stimulation site. Disclosed herein is a method of controlling electrical energy provided by a stimulation device to one or stimulation electrodes comprised in the device, the device including: a first stimulation electrode; a pulse energy controller for transferring electrical energy as one or more electrical stimulation pulses to the first stimulation electrode; the pulse energy controller further including two or more stimulation energy supplies for each supplying electrical energy substantially concurrently to the first stimulation electrode as a first pulse; and each supplying electrical energy separately to the first stimulation electrode as a second pulse.

Abstract: An electrode can comprise carbon black and one of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or PVA, wherein the carbon black has a weight of between 10% and 50% of a weight of the PDMS or PVA. The electrode can be suitable for bioelectronics. A pattern of hydrogel can be deposited on the electrode for providing adhesion to a subject. The electrode can be used in wound treatment and/or monitoring devices or in various other bioelectronics applications.