Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are described for fast approximation of electric field distribution.

Abstract: A method and device is described, which provides electrical stimulation to the brain of a person, where the device comprises an external portion and at least one implantable portion. The external portion provides the energy source for stimulation to the implantable portions. The implantable portions provide at least two conductive paths through the skull and use the skull's high impedance to generate a current loop with the focus of stimulation lying in the current path.

Abstract: A combined closed-loop functional electrical stimulation (FES) and Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy system for treating neurological injuries. Detected EMG signals are used to determine movement (or intended movement) of an extremity. FES is then delivered to help evoke the movement, and VNS is delivered to enhance neuroplasticity and recovery.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for phase tracking an oscillatory signal are provided. In one arrangement, an input signal is received. First and second reference oscillatory signals are received at the frequency of a target frequency component of the input signal. The first and second reference oscillatory signals are phase shifted relative to each other. Weights of a weighted sum of the first and second reference oscillatory signals are iteratively varied to match the weighted sum to the input signal. The weights of the matched weighted sum are used to provide real time estimates of the phase of the target frequency component of the input signal.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for electrical stimulation of nerves to treat one or more symptoms in a user. The methods comprise transcutaneously transmitting electrical impulses to the nerve according to a treatment paradigm. The treatment paradigm may include generating and transmitting the electrical impulse as a single dose from about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes. The treatment paradigm may comprise a treatment session of 2 to 4 times within an hour time period and/or as a single dose from 2 to 5 times during a day.

Abstract: In various embodiments, non-invasive methods to induce motor control in a mammal subject to spinal cord or other neurological injuries are provided. In some embodiments the methods involve administering transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) to the mammal at a frequency and intensity that induces locomotor activity.

Abstract: In some variations provided herein, a system for deep brain stimulation includes an implantable device that acquire and store neural activity signal records and apply electrical stimulation. The system further includes a personal controller device that establishes a first wireless connection to the implantable device. The personal controller device transmits power to the implantable device, and the implantable device transmits neural activity signal records to the personal controller device over the first wireless connection. The system further includes a clinician programmer device that receive the neural activity signal records from the implantable device by establishing a second wireless connection based on activation of the first wireless connection. The clinician programmer device sets one or more stimulation parameters based on the neural activity signal records.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for improving the patient outcome for a subject having an aneurysm. The method includes determining that the subject has the aneurysm, positioning a vagus nerve stimulation system on the subject, the vagus nerve stimulation system being configured to provide an electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve of the subject. Stimulating the vagus nerve of the subject with the vagus nerve stimulation system to at least one of: prevent further growth of the aneurysm; decrease the likelihood that the aneurysm ruptures; and decrease effects of rupture, when the aneurysm of the subject ruptures.

Abstract: An example of a system for delivering neurostimulation energy to a patient using a plurality of electrodes may include a stimulation circuit and a sensing circuit. The stimulation circuit may be configured to deliver the neurostimulation energy using stimulation electrodes selected from the plurality of electrodes and to control the delivery of the neurostimulation energy. The sensing circuit may be configured to receive one or more neural signals from sensing electrodes selected from the plurality of electrodes and may include a signal processing circuit. The signal processing circuit may include a detection circuit and an analysis circuit. The detection circuit may be configured to detect one or more attributes of neural responses from the received one or more neural signals. The analysis circuit may be configured to analyze the detected one or more attributes of the neural responses for one or more indications of a neurodegenerative disease.

Abstract: A therapeutic effect assessment system, including: a probe shaped and sized to be inserted into a brain of a subject, having a proximal end and a distal end and a longitudinal axis, the probe including a plurality of contacts operably coupled thereto, disposed along the longitudinal axis, wherein the probe is selectively operable for stimulating an electrophysiological evoked responses; at least one electrode configured to record readings of evoked responses caused by the stimulating; and an analysis module electrically connected to the probe and to the at least one electrode, wherein the analysis module is configured to transform or reduce certain parameters from the recorded readings of evoked responses in order to identify a threshold of brain stimulation that produces a therapeutic effect.

Abstract: A method for treating pain or discomfort in a patient is disclosed. The method comprises stimulating a cranial nerve with an electrical signal. The pain or discomfort may be a withdrawal symptom. The cranial nerve may be in an auricular area of the patient. The cranial nerve may be cranial nerve V, cranial nerve VII, cranial nerve IX, cranial nerve X, or branches of greater and lesser occipital nerves thereof and their associated neurovascular bundles. The withdrawal symptom may result from cessation of an opioid. The method may further comprise administering a secondary drug treats one or more of the withdrawal symptoms and addiction. The secondary drug may be administered about one day to about one week after initiating the stimulating step.

Abstract: A neuro-stimulation system having: a controller; a user interface arranged for, under control of the controller, providing a user with a series of information elements to be learned by the user; a non-invasive brain stimulator arranged for, under the control of the controller, tagging each information element of said series of information elements by stimulating a brain of the user with a different, unique, associated brain stimulus when the user is provided said information element by said user interface; and a non-invasive brain sensor arranged for sending to the controller data indicating a slow-wave sleep period of the user; wherein the controller is further arranged for cueing each information element of said series of information elements by causing the stimulator to stimulate the brain of the user with the brain stimuli associated with said series of information elements during said slow-wave sleep period of the user.

Abstract: Systems and methods for automatically revising feedback in an electronic learning system are provided. The method involves operating at least one processor to: receive feedback text data submitted by a user to evaluate another user; identify a plurality of sentiment groups in the feedback text data, each sentiment group consisting of a portion of the feedback text data associated with a common sentiment; select at least one feedback processing module to process each sentiment group, the at least one feedback processing module comprising at least one machine-learned model; for each sentiment group, process the corresponding portion of the feedback text data using the at least one machine-learned model to determine at least one suggested revision for the portion of the feedback text data; and generate a revised version of the feedback text data indicating each suggested revision for the feedback text data.

Abstract: One aspect of the present disclosure includes a delivery tool configured to deliver a neurostimulator into a pterygopalatine fossa of a subject. The neurostimulator can include a body connected to an integral stimulation lead having one or more stimulating electrodes. The delivery tool can comprise a handle, an elongated shaft extending from the handle, a hub portion, and a double barrel sheath. The hub portion can be located between the shaft and a spine member that extends axially away from the hub portion. The hub portion can be sized and dimensioned to releasably mate with the neurostimulator. The double barrel sheath can be connected to the spine member. A central lumen can extend through at least a portion of the shaft and the hub portion. The central lumen can be adapted to receive a lead ejector for selective deployment of the stimulation lead from the double barrel sheath.

Abstract: An implantable medical device that includes a memory, stimulation circuitry configured to deliver electrical stimulation to a patient, and processing circuitry operably coupled to the memory. The processing circuitry is configured to: control the stimulation circuitry to output electrical stimulation therapy to a patient via a first electrode combination and control the stimulation circuitry to output a notification stimulation via a second electrode combination and interleaved with the electrical stimulation therapy. The notification stimulation may include an intensity above a perception level of the patient, and the second electrode combination may include an electrode disposed at an implant site of the implantable medical device.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and devices for monitoring or modulating an immune system in a subject with cancer, and methods and devices for treating a cancer in a subject. The implanted device can electrically stimulate the splenic nerve of the subject, which can modulate the inflammatory system (for example, by increasing or decreasing the blood level of one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines to increase or decrease inflammation in the subject) and/or activate or increase circulation of one or more immune cells (such as natural killer cells and/or cytotoxic T-cells), for the treatment of cancer. The implanted medical device includes two or more electrodes configured to electrically stimulate the splenic nerve, and may further include an ultrasonic transducer configured to receive ultrasonic waves and convert energy from the ultrasonic waves into an electrical energy that powers the device.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an apparatus for treating neurological disorders comprising (i) at least one electrode implantable in the brain of a patient and (ii) a processing and stimulation device connected to the at least one electrode, wherein the processing and stimulation device comprises (a) at least one stimulation module adapted to generate a stimulation signal to be sent to the at least one electrode, the stimulation signal being characterised by a plurality of parameters, (b) at least one acquisition module of a signal characteristic of cerebral activity coming from the brain of the patient adapted to determine its power in at least one frequency band, and (c) at least one control module of at least one parameter of the stimulation signal as a function of the power of the signal characteristic of cerebral activity acquired, based on a transfer function having a saturating trend, wherein the transfer function is such as to set the at least one parameter (Va, Vd, Vf) of the stimulation signal (Vsti

Abstract: Aspects of this disclosure include a recall notification method, a method for communicating an action to be performed by a device, and a method of operating a relay service by a network device. One embodiment of the recall notification method may comprise periodically transmitting, by a network interface of a medical device implanted in a user's body, a poll request to a recall service endpoint. The method may further comprise receiving, by the network interface in response to the poll request, a recall notification; and in response to receiving the recall notification, directly notifying the user.

Abstract: An electronic device and a method for determining the intensity of a low-frequency current are provided. The method includes: individually applying a corresponding first current to a body part of a user in N consecutive time intervals, wherein the time intervals include an i-th time interval to an (i+N)-th time interval; obtaining electromyography values of the body part in each time interval; determining a second current corresponding to an (i+N+1)-th time interval based on the first current corresponding to each time interval, the body part, personal information of the user, and the electromyography values of each time interval; and applying a second current to the body part of the user in the (i+N+1)-th time interval.

Abstract: A system for providing neuronal stimulation signals configured to elicit sensory percepts in the cortex of an individual, comprising device for obtaining spatial information relating to the actual or planned position of a neuronal stimulation device relative to afferent axon(s) targeting sensory neuron(s) in the cortex of the individual and device for determining a neuronal stimulation signal to be applied to the afferent axon(s) via the neuronal stimulation device based at least in part on the obtained spatial information.

Abstract: Systems and methods for stimulation of neurological tissue generate stimulation trains with temporal patterns of stimulation, in which the interval between electrical pulses (the inter-pulse intervals) changes or varies over time. Compared to conventional continuous, high rate pulse trains having regular (i.e., constant) inter-pulse intervals, the non-regular (i.e., not constant) pulse patterns or trains that embody features of the invention provide a lower average frequency.

Abstract: A method of guiding positioning of a headset for transcranial brain stimulation on a head of a user of the headset is disclosed The method includes: capturing, using a camera, one or more head images depicting the head; detecting, in the one or more head images, features of the head; creating, using the detected features of the head, a model of the head; computing, using the model of the head, an intended headset position on the head; and displaying, on a display, a representation of the headset as an overlay on an image of the head of the user. Also a kit includes a headset for transcranial brain stimulation, and a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium is disclosed, which configures an electronic device to perform the method of guiding positioning of a headset.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing a trial neurostimulation to a patient for assessing suitability of a permanently implanted neurostimulation are provided herein. In one aspect, a trial neurostimulation system includes an EPG affixation device that secures the EPG to the patient when connected to a lead extending through a percutaneous incision to a target tissue location, while allowing for ready removal of the EPG for charging or bathing. In another aspect, the system includes an EPG provided with a multi-purpose connector receptacle through which the EPG can deliver neurostimulation therapy to an implanted lead or the EPG can be charged. In yet another aspect, the EPG can include a multi-purpose connector receptacle that is alternatingly connectable with a plurality of differing connector to facilitate differing types of therapies with one or more neurostimulation devices, ground patches or various other devices, such as charging or testing devices.

Abstract: A computer-implemented system for a remote examination is disclosed. The computer-implemented system includes a treatment device, a master console, a user interface, and a control system. The treatment device comprises one or more slave sensors and a slave pressure system, the treatment device configured to be manipulated while a patient performs a treatment plan. The master console comprises a master device. The user interface comprises an output device configured to present telemedicine information associated with a telemedicine session. The control system comprises one or more processing devices operatively coupled to the master console and the treatment device.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are disclosed to generate programming parameters and modifications during closed-loop adjustment of an implantable neurostimulation device treatment programming, through the identification and application of weights determined from user input indications and rankings of therapy objectives.

Abstract: Universal switch modules, universal switches, and methods of using the same are disclosed, including haptic confirmation of commands generated by the user, methods of preparing an individual to interface with an electronic device or software.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatuses and methods for reducing or limiting blood loss and reducing bleed time in a subject by combined vagus and trigeminal stimulation. The apparatuses and methods may activate (e.g., electrically) one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve and may concurrently (at overlapping or near-overlapping time) independently activate the vagus nerve. This activation may be invasive or non-invasive.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a system and method for the treatment of brain cancer using a subdurally-implanted alternating electric field generation apparatus are disclosed herein.

Abstract: The motion data monitoring method includes: collecting, by an electronic device, an angular velocity signal and an acceleration signal of a user; obtaining, by the electronic device, a waveform feature of the angular velocity signal based on the angular velocity signal, and obtaining a waveform feature of the acceleration signal based on the acceleration signal; determining, by the electronic device, a gait feature of the user according to the waveform feature of the angular velocity signal and the waveform feature of the acceleration signal, where the gait feature includes a duration of flight from off-ground of a foot of the user to touching of the ground; and determining, by the electronic device, motion data according to the gait feature, where the motion data includes a jump height.

Abstract: Devices and methods are described to produce therapeutic effects in a patient by utilizing an energy source that transmits energy non-invasively to nervous tissue. A device for modulating a nerve within a body of a patient comprises a housing comprising a power supply and a signal generator for generating an electrical impulse. The electrical impulse comprises bursts of 2 to 20 pulses, wherein each of the bursts has a frequency of 15 to 50 Hz. The device further comprises first and second electrodes coupled to the housing and having a contact surface configured for contacting an outer skin surface of a neck of a user. The energy source is configured to transmit the electrical impulse from the first and second electrodes through the outer skin surface of the user to a vagus nerve.

Abstract: A sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) stimulating device for stimulating an SPG of a patient is provided. The SPG stimulating device includes a sheath having a proximal end portion and a distal end portion, the distal end portion shaped to define at least one electrode opening. A nasal stabilizer is disposed around the sheath and configured to stabilize the sheath with respect to a nostril of a nose of the patient when the sheath is disposed within the nose. An electrode mount is slidably disposed within the sheath, and at least one electrode is coupled to the electrode mount and deployable out of the sheath through the at least one electrode opening to position the at least one electrode to stimulate the SPG. Other applications are also described.

Abstract: A system for stimulation of a nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) of a patient includes an implantable electrical stimulation lead including electrodes and configured for implantation of at least one of the electrodes adjacent to or within the NBM of the patient; and an implantable pulse generator coupleable to the implantable electrical stimulation lead and configured for delivering electrical stimulation to the NBM through at least one of the electrodes of the implantable electrical stimulation lead, the implantable pulse generator including at least one processor configured to, upon user request, during an initial stimulation period, which is at least 1 month in duration and has a start and an end, increase over time at least one of a duration or an amplitude of the electrical stimulation from an initial value at the start of the initial stimulation period to a final value at the end of the initial stimulation period.

Abstract: An electrical stimulation system includes a control module that provides electrical stimulation signals to an electrical stimulation lead coupled to the control module for stimulation of patient tissue. The system also includes a sensor to be disposed on or within the body of the patient and to measure a biosignal; and a processor to communicate with the sensor to receive the biosignal and to generate an adjustment to one or more of the stimulation parameters based on the biosignal. The adjustment can be configured and arranged to steer the electrical stimulation signals to stimulate a region of the patient tissue that is different, at least in part, from a region of the patient tissue stimulated prior to the adjustment. Alternatively or additionally, the biosignal is indicative of a particular patient activity and the adjustment is a pre-determined adjustment selected for the particular patient activity.

Abstract: A manufacturing process for electrode of neuromodulation probe includes the steps of: preparing a plurality of the manufacturing fixtures for electrode of neuromodulation probe; preparing a plurality of the manufacturing fixtures for electrode in a surrounding manner by having the first-layer frames to be externally disposed side by side with the bevels of the two neighboring first-layer frames close to each other, so that the second-layer frames, the plurality of electrodes and the plurality of wires are enclosed thereinside; placing a cylinder amid the plurality of manufacturing fixtures for electrode to have the plurality of wires to surround the cylinder; having a fluid plastic to surround the cylinder by filling all the spaces between the plurality of wires and the plurality of electrodes, and waiting the fluid plastic to cure; removing the plurality of first-layer frames and the plurality of second-layer frames; and, pulling off the cylinder.

Abstract: Portable transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) applicators for modifying a subject's cognitive state by applying stimulation to the subject's skin. One or more electrode may be on the subject's mastoid, and/or on or near the back of the subject's neck. The portable applicators are configured and adapted to be lightweight and may be wearable, and to deliver a high-intensity TES able to evoke or enhance a predetermined cognitive effect to stimulate either the trigeminal, facial and/or cervical plexus. These TES applicators may include a pair of electrodes and a TES control module comprising a processor, a timer and a waveform generator.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and systems for treating epilepsy by stimulating a main trunk of a vagus nerve, or a left vagus nerve, when the patient has had no seizure or a seizure that is not characterized by cardiac changes such as an increase in heart rate, and stimulating a cardiac branch of a vagus nerve, or a right vagus nerve, when the patient has had a seizure characterized by cardiac changes such as a heart rate increase.

Abstract: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) can be used to treat many neurological conditions beyond traditional movement disorders. When patients do not suffer from traditional movement disorders, medical professionals cannot use traditional observation-based methods to configure the DBS system. A new method for selecting stimulation configurations can include recording internal data and external data as the patient performs (or attempts to perform) a motor task. The internal data is electrophysiology data recorded by a plurality of DBS electrodes, used to identify at least one of the plurality of electrodes closest to a neuronal population involved in control of the at least one motor task. The external data is electroencephalogram (EEG) data recorded by scalp electrodes, which is used to select at least one of the potential stimulation electrodes to deliver the DBS. When the electrode(s) delivering the DBS are selected, optimal parameters for the DBS are then chosen.

Abstract: Multiscale brain electrodes can be used for spatiotemporal mapping, probing, and therapeutic modulation of the human brain. The applications for such functional mapping and electrical stimulation modulation span, for example, neurological and psychiatric diseases, and brain rehabilitation.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for treating a patient having a brain lesion (e.g., a stroke patient) by applying a charge-balanced, low-frequency alternating current stimulation (ACS) to a region of the patient's brain immediately before and/or during a directed movement. The charge-balanced, low-frequency ACS may have a depolarizing phase that is slower than the hyperpolarizing phase (e.g., the depolarizing phase may have a frequency of 15 Hz or less and the hyperpolarizing phase with a frequency greater than 15 Hz). The ACS stimulation field may be greater than 1.5 V/m. The ACS may be applied during a preferred excitation phase.

Abstract: An example of a system may include an electrode arrangement and a neuromodulation device configured to use electrodes in the electrode arrangement to generate a neuromodulation field. The neuromodulation device may include a neuromodulation generator, a neuromodulation control circuit and a storage. The storage may include a stochastically-modulated neuromodulation parameter set and the stochastically-modulated neuromodulation parameter set may include at least one stochastically-modulated parameter. The controller may be configured to control the neuromodulation generator using the stochastically-modulation parameter set to generate the neuromodulation field.

Abstract: A sleep induction device includes a headband, multiple transcranial stimulation electrodes, and control electronics to drive the electrodes. The sleep induction device may be worn by an awake user prior to attempting sleep. The control electronics are configured to cause the stimulation electrodes to emit a sequence of stimulation waveforms separated by interstimulus periods. The stimulation waveforms may have the characteristics of low-delta waveforms that may characterize non-REM stage 3 sleep. The stimulation period may last from about 4-8 seconds and the interstimulus period may last from about 10 to 30 seconds. A sleep induction session may include multiple alternating stimulation and non-stimulation periods. The sleep induction session may last for about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes.

Abstract: A method of reducing cortical spreading depolarization in an animal having a brain injury includes: affixing to the animal one or more electrodes that are electrically connected to a neurostimulation device; and providing to the animal, by the neurostimulation device, via the one or more electrodes, electrical stimulation of the animal's trigeminal nerve, thereby reducing cortical spreading depolarization in the animal. The method may reduce at least one detrimental effect of cortical spreading depolarization on the injured animal brain.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hybrid intracerebral electrode comprising a narrow, elongated body intended to be implanted in the brain of a patient in order to carry out at least one multi-scale electroencephalographic exploration. Said hybrid intracerebral electrode comprises, in its active part, a plurality of first electrical contact elements forming stationary macro-contacts, and a plurality of second electrical contact elements forming movable micro-contacts. The hybrid intracerebral electrode is characterised by control means which are built into the electrode in a coupling tip integral with the body. The control means are designed to move the second electrical contact elements between a passive position in which same are retracted inside the body and an active position in which same protrude outside the body, and simultaneously to adjust the controlled projection length thereof with respect to the body of the electrode.

Abstract: A method of locating an implantation site in the brain includes inserting a plurality of multi-contact electrodes into a region of a target structure in an individual's brain. High Frequency Stimulation (HFS) is applied to a contact of a multi-contact electrode of the plurality of multi-contact electrodes. High Frequency Oscillations (HFO) evoked in the region of the target structure by the HFS are measured. Evoked Compound Activity (ECA) evoked in the region of the target structure by the HFS is measured. It is determined if at least one of the HFO and the ECA is above a predetermined threshold. If at least one of the HFO and the ECA is above the predetermined threshold, a location of the contact of the multi-contact electrode is identified as a site for electrode implantation in the individual's brain.

Abstract: Stimulation lead includes an elongated lead body having distal and proximal ends and wire conductors extending therebetween. The stimulation lead also includes a lead paddle having a multi-dimensional array of electrodes positioned along a contact side of the lead paddle. The electrodes are electrically coupled to the wire conductors. The lead paddle includes a paddle body and a conductor organizer disposed within the paddle body. The conductor organizer has multiple channels extending along the lead paddle. The channels receive the wire conductors and retain the wire conductors in a designated arrangement with respect to the lead paddle. The conductor organizer has openings to the channels. The wire conductors extend through the openings and are terminated to the respective electrodes.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods are disclosed for treating or preventing a developmental disorder, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), an autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, overactive disorder, pervasive developmental disorder. A device comprises an electrode having a contact surface for contacting an outer skin surface of a patient and a power source coupled the electrode. The power source generates and transmits an electrical impulse having a frequency of about 1 kHz to about 20 kHz through the contact surface and the outer skin surface to a nerve within the patient. The electrical impulse is sufficient to modify the behavioral disorder in the patient.

Abstract: Autism (ASD) symptoms of aggression-toward others or self, and paranoia with social isolation, are presently treated with antipsychotic medications such as haloperidol, Thorazine, and newer generation antipsychotics risperidone and aripiprazole (latter two are the only FDA approved drugs for treating autism irritability/aggression). But these antipsychotics including the newer generation, after a two or more years of use, often lead to irreversible tardive dyskinesia, other dystonias, loss of effectiveness, and brain volume loss. The present invention overcomes the irreversible tardive dyskinesia and dystonias and loss of effectiveness with long term-use of antipsychotics, by replacing the antipsychotic completely with a three (3) drug novel composition consisting of fluoxetine or sertraline with guanfacine and oxcarbazepine.

Abstract: A system and method for scoring movement disorder symptoms comprises a movement measurement data acquisition system and processing comprising kinematic feature extraction and an algorithm trained using Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores from skilled clinicians. The movement data acquisition system, or “movement measuring apparatus,” may comprise sensors such as accelerometers or gyroscopes or may utilize motion capture and/or machine vision technology or various other methods to measure tremor, bradykinesia, dyskinesia, or other movement disorders in a subject afflicted with Parkinson's disease, essential tremor or the like. The method outputs, and system displays, a score that uses the same scale as the UPDRS but has greater resolution and lower variability.

Abstract: An augmented reality-assisted method for performing surgery comprises: disposing a position sensing element at a facial positioning point of a patient before craniotomy to obtain skull space and intracranial space information for defining a coordinate space; obtaining a brain anatomical image for constructing a three-dimensional graphic, the graphic comprising a graphic positioning point and a feature associated with a gyrus feature; defining a relative positional relationship between the graphic and the space, aligning the facial positioning point with the graphic positioning point; using a probe to obtain a spatial position of the gyrus feature after craniotomy, using the gyrus feature as a calibration reference point; generating a displacement and rotation parameter based on a coordinate difference of the feature relative to the reference point; adjusting a position and/or an angle of the graphic on a display according to the parameter, and the display displaying the calibrated three-dimensional graphic.

Abstract: Systems and methods are contemplated for monitoring and analyzing the glymphatic system and brain to predict, prognose, diagnose, treat, modify or improve treatment, and track progression of neurological diseases. A first and second MRI image are taken of an extracellular space in a region of interest in a patient's brain, with one image taken while the patient is awake and the other image taken while the patient is asleep. The first and second images are compared to detect changes in the extracellular space, and the comparison is used to predict, prognose, diagnose, treat, modify or improve treatment, and track progression of neurological diseases associated with the extracellular space.