Abstract: Techniques are described to determine a location of at least one oscillatory signal source in a patient. Processing circuitry may determine expected electrical signal levels based on a hypothetical location of the at least one oscillatory signal source. Processing circuitry may determine the electrical signal levels and determine an error value based on the expected electrical signal levels and the determined electrical signal levels. Processing circuitry may adjust the hypothetical location of the at least one oscillatory signal source until the error value is less than or equal to a threshold value, including the example where the error value is minimized.

Abstract: A computer-implemented cognitive assessment tool is provided for assessing cognitive ability of an individual while multi-tasking. In one embodiment, a computer processing system on which the tool is implemented may receive form the individual first responses to a first task and second responses to a second task, where the first task and the second task are presented to the individual simultaneously. The system may determine that the first task and the second task are performed by the individual based on the first responses and the second responses, and compute a cognitive measure using one or both of the first responses and the second responses. Further, computing the cognitive measure may be based on performance measures of one or both of the first responses and the second responses. Based on the cognitive measure, the system may output a cognitive assessment to the individual.

Abstract: Electrical therapy applied to the brain with increased efficacy and/or decreased undesirable side effects, and associated systems and methods, are disclosed. A representative method includes applying a therapy signal to a patient, via at least one electrode at a subdural or epidural location at the patient's brain, to provide effective therapy that reduces or eliminates the effects of a patient disorder. The therapy signal does not induce any non-therapeutic side effects, and has a frequency in a frequency range of from 1.2 kHz to 500 kHz, an amplitude in an amplitude range from 0.1 to 20 mA, and a pulse width in a pulse width range from 1 microsecond to 400 microseconds.

Abstract: Systems and methods for treating neurodegenerative disorders with high frequency stimulation are disclosed. A representative method for treating a patient includes applying an electrical signal to the patient via a treatment system that includes a signal delivery element positioned at or within a white matter of the patient's brain, spinal cord, or both, the electrical signal having a frequency of from about 1.5 kHz to about 100 kHz.

Abstract: Methods and systems for electrical stimulation can include obtaining a biosignal of the patient; altering at least one stimulation parameter of an electrical stimulation system in response to the biosignal; and delivering an electrical stimulation current to one or more selected electrodes of the electrical stimulation system using the at least one stimulation parameter. In some embodiments, a power spectrum is determined from the biosignal. In some embodiments, the biosignal is at least two different biosignals measured at the same or different locations on the patient and a coherence, correlation, or association between the two biosignal is determined.

Abstract: Fitting a brain neurostimulator electrode array comprises positioning at least a first electrode in a desired target structure in a first cerebral hemisphere, and positioning at least a second electrode in a corresponding target structure in a contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Electrical stimuli are applied from the first electrode to the desired target structure. Neural responses observed at the second electrode in response to the electrical stimuli are recorded. The fitting of at least one of the first electrode and second electrode is assessed by reference to the recorded neural responses.

Abstract: A method is provided that includes providing an electrode, which includes a wire that has a wire diameter of between 75 and 125 microns. The wire includes a non-electrically-insulated current-application longitudinal segment, which, in the absence of any applied forces, is coiled and has a mean pitch of between 1.1 and 2 times the wire diameter, and an entire longitudinal length of between 5 and 35 mm. The wire also includes an electrically-insulated lead longitudinal segment has an entire longitudinal length of between 5 and 80 mm, in the absence of any applied forces. At least a portion of the electrode is implanted in a body of a subject. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A system for individualizing neuromodulation includes a neurostimulation device having a set of electrodes, and an application executing on a user device. Additionally or alternatively, the system can include any or all of: a sensor system, a head-securing mechanism, a remote server, storage, an accessory device, and any other suitable component. A method for individualizing neuromodulation includes determining a task of interest to a user; determining a user skill level associated with the task; determining a set of goals; determining an individualized neuromodulation program comprising a neurostimulation pattern; and delivering the neurostimulation pattern to the user. Additionally or alternatively, the method can include any or all of: determining user progress; displaying user progress; receiving user feedback; determining and/or adapting neuromodulation program based on user progress and/or user feedback; and any other suitable process.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method, system, and computer program product to optimize sleep quality by inducing sleep stages. The method includes: determining a total sleep time; calculating, using the total sleep time, a cycle duration for a sleep cycle, where the sleep cycle includes a first, second, third, fourth, and fifth sleep stage; calculating a first, second, third, fourth, and fifth stage time for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth sleep stages respectively; generating a first, second, third, fourth, and fifth external parameter for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth sleep stages respectively, where the external parameters are parameters to facilitate a transition between sleep stages; and executing the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth external parameters upon reaching the calculated stage time for the corresponding sleep stages.

Abstract: A system that includes a wearable monitor for monitoring movement of a user. The wearable monitor includes at least one movement sensor configured to generate at least one measurement signal in response to movement of the user, and a wireless transmitter configured to wirelessly transmit measurement data generated based on the at least one measurement signal. The system includes a portable electronic device configured to wirelessly receive the measurement data transmitted by the wireless transmitter, and generate movement classification data comprising a movement classification for each of a plurality of time windows of the measurement data, wherein the movement classification data is generated based on a machine learned model of human movement.

Abstract: Closed-loop transcranial stimulation and monitoring is disclosed that includes generating a stimulation signal having a set of first oscillation parameters; applying the stimulation signal transcranially to a patient; monitoring the stimulation signal as applied to the patient; receiving a brain activity signal from the patient; generating a feedback signal based on the monitored stimulation signal as applied to the patient; and generating a modified activity signal by subtracting the feedback signal from the brain activity signal; determining one or more second oscillation parameters of the modified activity signal; and adjusting the set of first oscillation parameters of the stimulation signal based on the one or more second oscillation parameters of the modified activity signal. Closed-loop transcranial stimulation and monitoring is also disclosed in which the patient is engaged in a cognitive task.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders that include an implantable microstimulator and an external charger/controller wherein the microstimulator is configured to operate using closed-loop feedback. The feedback for the microstimulator can be electrical activity of the vagus nerve and/or heart sensed by the microstimulator. The feedback can be used to modulate the stimulation duration, intensity, frequency, on-time and off-time.

Abstract: A brain computer interface (BCI) system includes an electroencephalogram (EEG) headset and a computing device communicatively coupled to the EEG headset. The computing device includes a memory, a processor and a display device. The memory stores instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to monitor, using the EEG headset, current extrinsic network activity and current intrinsic network activity of a patient, generate a current depression index based on the relationship between the current extrinsic network activity and the current intrinsic network activity, and display, on the display device, a representation of the relationship between the current depression index and a baseline depression index previously generated for the patient.

Abstract: A transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) apparatus includes a stimulation unit, a control unit, and an input/output (I/O) unit. The stimulation unit includes a power-supply unit to supply power for electrical stimulation corresponding to a control signal received from the control unit, and a plurality of stimulation electrodes, each of which has a hydrogel patch, to provide electrical stimulation to a living body upon receiving the power from the power-supply unit. The control unit is configured to control an on/off function of the power-supply unit such that the power-supply unit is turned on or off according to the amount of power applied to the stimulation electrodes and a time period during which the power is supplied or not supplied.

Abstract: A neurostimulation system configured for providing neurostimulation therapy to a patient. A user customizes a pulse pattern on a pulse-by-pulse basis. Electrical stimulation energy is delivered to at least one electrode in accordance with the customized pulse pattern.

Abstract: An example of a system for modulating neuroinflammation at a tissue site in a patient includes a neuromodulation output circuit, a memory, and a control circuit. The neuromodulation output circuit may be configured to deliver the neuromodulation. The memory may be configured to store a neuromodulation parameter set selected to modulate neural activity at the tissue site and a sensed biomarker parameter. The biomarker parameter may include a measure of a biomarker or a measure of a derivative of the biomarker. The biomarker may be indicative of the neuroinflammation at the tissue site. The control circuit may be configured to control the delivery of the neuromodulation using the neuromodulation parameter set and adjust one or more parameters of the neuromodulation parameter set using the biomarker parameter.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods for treating medical disorders, such as migraine or other primary headaches, or fibromyalgia, by noninvasive electrical stimulation of a vagus nerve, used in conjunction with the measurement of evoked potentials (EPs). The system comprises a stimulator that is applied to the surface of the patient's neck to apply electrical impulses sufficient to stimulate a cervical vagus nerve, scalp electrodes that are used to measure EPs that are evoked by that stimulation, feedback or biofeedback circuits to vary the stimulation based upon EP characteristics, and other sensory stimulation modalities that produce EPs. The system is preferably used to optimize the placement of the stimulator, to test whether a patient is a suitable candidate for treatment using vagus nerve stimulation, and to select the stimulation parameters that optimized acute or chronic treatment, e.g., by correcting an EP habituation deficit.

Abstract: We report a method of determining an occurrence of an epileptic convulsive seizure in a patient, comprising: receiving body data from a patient during a first time period, determining a work level relating to said first time period at least based partially upon said body data; determining whether said work level exceeds an extreme work level threshold; performing a responsive action, in response to a determination that said work level exceeds said extreme work level threshold. We also report a medical device system configured to implement the method. We also report a non-transitory computer readable program storage unit encoded with instructions that, when executed by a computer, perform the method.

Abstract: The method allows controlling the quality of an initial RR series made up of a plurality of (RRi) samples which are respectively a function of time intervals (?ti) which separate two successive heartbeats. During this method, one resamples the RR series so as to obtain a resampled RR series, and one automatically controls the quality of the RR series by automatically calculating at least the mathematical norm value (NORME), in a sliding window, of the resampled RR series, said mathematical norm value being given by the following formula: NORME = ? i = 1 N ? ( RR i - 1 N ? ? i = 1 N ? ( RR i ) ) 2 where N is the number of RRi samples in said window.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus provide electro stimulation to a test subject. A number of electrodes are connected to the brain of a test subject, wherein the voltages present on the individual electrodes are measured and analyzed after the delivery of a stimulus. During a preselection based on the analysis, individual electrodes are selected for the delivery of a stimulus, wherein one electrode is selected from the individual preselected electrodes and the stimulus is delivered to the brain by the electrode. Accordingly, in the analysis using the measurement signals during the preselection, the signals present on the electrodes are examined, in particular exclusively examined, for the presence of signal power or signal energies in the range from 60 Hz to 1 kHz, in particular between 60 Hz and 180 Hz.

Abstract: Systems and methods for stimulation of neurological tissue generate stimulation trains with temporal patterns of stimulation, in which the interval between electrical pulses (the inter-pulse intervals) changes or varies over time. Compared to conventional continuous, high rate pulse trains having regular (i.e., constant) inter-pulse intervals, the non-regular (i.e., not constant) pulse patterns or trains that embody features of the invention provide a lower average frequency.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling brain activity are provided. In some aspects, a method for controlling a synchrony in brain activity of a subject is provided. The method includes positioning stimulators to stimulate a first region and a second region of a subject's brain, and selecting a pulsed stimulation sequence comprising a first stimulation to the first region and a second stimulation to the second region, wherein the stimulations are timed to be substantially concurrent and separated by a phase lag. The method also includes delivering the pulsed stimulation sequence, using the stimulators, to control a synchrony between the first region and the second region at a predetermined frequency.

Abstract: A device and method is provided for stimulation of neurons. The device includes a stimulation unit that can be implanted into a body of a patient and has stimulation elements that apply a stimulation signal to tissue of the patient to stimulate neurons in the brain and/or the spinal cord of the patient. Moreover, a measuring unit receive a measurement signal that reflects a neuronal activity of the stimulated neurons. Further, a control unit generate a modulation signal from the measurement signal, and modulates an amplitude of a pulse train with the modulation signal. Individual pulses of the pulse train include a first and second pulse portions that introduce and remove charge from the tissue. Moreover, the control unit varies a pause between the pulse portions until the synchronization of the stimulated neurons is minimized or falls below a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A system for detecting strokes includes a sensor device configured to obtain physiological data from a patient, for example brain activity data. A computing device communicatively coupled to the sensor device is configured to receive the physiological data and compare it with reference data. The reference data can be patient data from an opposite brain hemisphere to the hemisphere being interrogated or the reference data can be non-patient data from stroke and normal patient populations. Based on comparison of the physiological data and the reference data, the system indicates whether the patient has suffered a stroke.

Abstract: An implantable medical device (IMD) includes a housing that is configured to enclose internal components including at least a processor and a power source. The housing defines two major surfaces that are generally parallel to each other and one or more channels that are each configured to receive a lead and electrically couple the respective lead to the internal components, where each of the channels extend substantially straight in to the housing along an axis generally parallel to the two major surfaces. The housing may be configured to be mounted to a cranium of a patient such that at least one of the two major surfaces approximates a curvature of the cranium. The IMD may include one or more funneling walls that define a rounded and smooth transition from a sidewall of the housing to a surface that defines one or more mouths to the channels.

Abstract: This document discusses, among other things, systems and methods for providing pain relief to a patient. Recording circuitry may receive electrical signals corresponding to evoked compound action potentials in the patient that may be produced in response to external stimulation of a location where the patient is experiencing pain. The received electrical signals may be stored in a memory. Internal stimulation may then be applied to the patient and control circuitry may receive electrical signals corresponding to evoked compound action potentials in the patient that may be produced in response to the internal stimulation. The control circuitry may then adjust electrical parameters of the internal stimulation, such as to reduce a difference between the electrical signals corresponding to evoked compound action potentials produced in response to the internal stimulation and electrical signals corresponding to evoked compound action potentials produced in response to the external stimulation.

Abstract: A dual-sided electrode pad assembly is configured to be placed upon a patient's skin and includes an upper conductive gel layer, a middle conductive layer comprising a highly conductive foil, a highly conductive plastic film or a gel with suspended highly conductive particles, and a lower conductive gel layer. The upper and lower conductive gel layer comprise hydrogel, silicone or hydrocolloid. A removable upper and lower protective liner are disposed on the upper and lower conductive gel layers, wherein the upper and lower protective liners are larger in surface area in comparison to the upper conductive gel layer, the middle highly conductive layer and the lower conductive gel layer. The middle highly conductive layer may be smaller in surface area in comparison to the upper and lower conductive gel layers allowing a perimeter edge of the upper and lower conductive gel layers to be disposed past a perimeter edge of the middle highly conductive layer.

Abstract: System and methods that cancel artifacts of stimulation signals from neural signals are disclosed. In several embodiments, the systems and methods determine a threshold value for the neural signal in the absence of artifacts. The threshold value can then be used to detect an artifact in received neural signals. In a number of embodiments, a template can be used to cancel an artifact from a neural signal in response to the neural signal being greater than the threshold value.

Abstract: The present disclosure refers to systems for electrical neurostimulation of a spinal cord of a subject in need of nervous system function support. In one example, a system comprises a signal processing device configured to receive signals from the subject and operate signal-processing algorithms to elaborate stimulation parameter settings; one or more multi-electrode arrays suitable to cover a portion of the spinal cord of the subject; and an Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) configured to receive the stimulation parameter settings from the signal processing device and simultaneously deliver independent current or voltage pulses to the one or more multiple electrode arrays, wherein the independent current or voltage pulses provide multipolar spatiotemporal stimulation of spinal circuits and/or dorsal roots. Such system advantageously enables effective control of nervous system functions in the subject by stimulating the spinal cord, such as the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, with spatiotemporal selectivity.

Abstract: An electronic programmer is used to program a pulse generator to generate electrical stimulation to be delivered to a patient via an implantable lead. The electronic programmer simultaneously displays, via an user interface, a first control mechanism and a second control mechanism that is separate and different from the first control mechanism. A first user input is received via the first control mechanism, and a second user input is received via the second control mechanism. In response to the received first user input and the second user input, the electronic programmer sends instructions to the pulse generator to cause a migration of the electrical stimulation from a first set of electrodes on the implantable lead to a second set of electrodes on the implantable lead. The first user input defines a stimulation amplitude change for the migration, and the second user input defines a direction for the migration.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient. In one example, a medical system delivers electrical stimulation therapy to a tissue of the patient via electrodes. The medical system determines a first change of a first sensed signal of the patient to movement by the patient and a second change of a second sensed signal of the patient to the movement by the patient. Based on the first change and the second change, the medical system selects one of the first sensed signal and the second sensed signal of the patient for controlling the electrical stimulation therapy. The medical system adjusts a level of at least one parameter of the electrical stimulation therapy based on the selected one of the first sensed signal and the second sensed signal.

Abstract: An electrical stimulation system for use with a plurality of electrodes implanted within a tissue region comprises a neurostimulator configured for delivering electrical stimulation energy to the plurality of electrodes in accordance with a set of stimulation parameters, thereby injecting a charge into the tissue region, a control device configured for receiving user input to modify the set of stimulation parameters, and controller/processor circuitry configured for, in response to the user input computing a charge injection metric value as a function of a physical electrode parameter and an electrical source parameter for a first set of the electrodes, wherein the electrode set comprises at least two electrodes, comparing the computed charge injection metric value to a safety threshold value, and performing a corrective action based on the comparison.

Abstract: Methods, systems and apparatus that provide for perceptual, cognitive, and motor behaviors in an integrated system implemented using neural architectures. Components of the system communicate using artificial neurons that implement neural networks. The connections between these networks form representations—referred to as semantic pointers—which model the various firing patterns of biological neural network connections. Semantic pointers can be thought of as elements of a neural vector space, and can implement a form of abstraction level filtering or compression, in which high-dimensional structures can be abstracted one or more times thereby reducing the number of dimensions needed to represent a particular structure.

Abstract: Methods and devices are described which allow sound waves to be safely be applied to the eyelid of an eye of a patient or through the eyelid to other structures in the eye or to or through structures in the facial region to effect changes to one or more structures in and around the eye or directly through the cornea or sclera to regions of the eye to treat one or more diseases of the eye.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient. In one example, a medical system delivers electrical stimulation therapy to a tissue of the patient via electrodes. The medical system determines a first response of a first sensed signal of the patient to the electrical stimulation therapy and a second response of a second sensed signal of the patient to the electrical stimulation therapy. Based on the first response and the second response for controlling the electrical stimulation therapy, the medical system selects one of the first sensed signal and the second sensed signal of the patient. The medical system adjusts a level of at least one parameter of the electrical stimulation therapy based on the selected one of the first sensed signal and the second sensed signal.

Abstract: A preferred frequency is identified, being usable to stimulate a neurological target within a mammalian body using at least one microelectrode positioned at or near the target. To establish efficient and effective stimulation, an impedance analyzer is provided for measuring electrical impedance values indicative of a microelectrode-tissue interface across a range of different frequencies. A preferred one of the measured electrical impedance values is identified as being closest to a pure resistance. The neurological target can then be stimulated at or near the frequency associated with the preferred impedance value (peak resistance frequency), thereby promoting desirable traits, such as optimum charge transfer, minimum signal distortion, increased stimulation efficiency, and prevention of microelectrode corrosion. The peak resistance frequency can be used to determine an preferred pulse shape.

Abstract: A dementia determination device in a dementia information output system includes an obtainer which obtains, on a per unit period basis, the result of measuring body motion of a user in a sleep time period; and an outputter which outputs dementia information indicating the likelihood that the user is developing a mild cognitive disorder based on the occurrence frequency of a unit period in which the magnitude of a difference between reference data on body motion of a healthy subject in a sleep time period and the result of measuring obtained by the obtainer exceeds a predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: A method of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) may include delivering an electrical signal via transdermal electrical stimulation using a plurality of electrodes connected to a patient. The electrical signal may include an amplitude and a carrier frequency. The method may include modulating at least one of the amplitude and the carrier frequency based on a modulation waveform to modulate the electrical signal, the modulation waveform may include a modulation frequency that is less than the carrier frequency.

Abstract: Examples described herein may provide for pre-triggering imaging scans (e.g. fMRI scans) using an electronic timer synchronized to a stimulation system.

Abstract: A rehabilitation system includes: a brain activity measuring device which measures brain activity of a patient who carries out training based on a set amount of training; a motion measuring device which measures a motion state of a paralyzed site of the patient; a spasticity state determiner which determines a spasticity state based on the brain activity and the motion state; an updater which updates the amount of training based on a result of determination by the spasticity state determiner; and a presentation device which presents the updated amount of training to the patient.

Abstract: Methods and devices for determining a head movement are provided. A method comprises: acquiring, in response to a head movement performed by a user, a piece of electrooculographic information of the user; and determining information related to the head movement according to the piece of electrooculographic information and at least one piece of reference information. The head movement can be identified according to electrooculographic information. For some devices integrated with electrooculographic sensors, the electrooculographic sensor can be reused to collect the electrooculographic information, and thereby reduce implementation costs.

Abstract: There is provided a system and method for generating visual category reconstruction from electroencephalography (EEG) signals.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for neuromodulation with simultaneous stimulation and reception of neuronal response. A closed-loop control system provides the ability to modulate any combination of at least five parameters of stimulation (magnitude, frequency, amplitude, time, and phase) based on any combination of at least five parameters of received signals. The neuromodulation is well-suited for deep brain stimulation (DBS) applications.

Abstract: A low-profile intercranial device including a low-profile static cranial implant and a functional neurosurgical implant. The low-profile static cranial implant and the functional neurosurgical implant are virtually designed and interdigitated prior to physical assembly of the low-profile intercranial device.

Abstract: A method is provided that includes implanting a first electrode at a first site in a brain of a subject suffering from hydrocephalus, and a second electrode at a second site in the subject. The hydrocephalus is treated by electroosmotically driving fluid out of the first site, by applying a treatment voltage between the first and the second electrodes.

Abstract: A system and method for optimizing parameters of a DBS pulse signal for treatment of a patient is provided. In predicting optimal DBS parameters, functional brain data is input into a predictor system, the functional brain data acquired responsive to a sweeping across a multi-dimensional parameter space of one or more DBS parameters. Statistical metrics of brain response are extracted from the functional brain data for one or more ROIs or voxels of the brain via the predictor system, and a DBS functional atlas is accessed, via the predictor system, that comprises disease-specific brain response maps derived from DBS treatment at optimal DBS parameter settings for a plurality of diseases or neurological conditions. One or more optimal DBS parameters are predicted for the patient based on the statistical metrics of brain response and the DBS functional atlas via the predictor system.

Abstract: An example of a system for delivering neurostimulation may include a programming control circuit and a stimulation control circuit. The programming control circuit may be configured to generate stimulation parameters controlling delivery of the neurostimulation according to a stimulation configuration. The stimulation control circuit may be configured to specify the stimulation configuration, and may include volume definition circuitry and stimulation configuration circuitry. The volume definition circuitry may be configured to determine one or more test volumes, determine a clinical effect resulting from the one or more test volumes each being activated by the neurostimulation, and determine a target volume using the determined clinical effect. The stimulation configuration circuitry may be configured to generate the specified stimulation configuration for activating the target volume.

Abstract: A sound processor assembly included within a cochlear implant system includes a sound processor and a battery assembly. The sound processor includes a physical computing device configured to direct operation of a cochlear implant in accordance with a sound processing program associated with a cochlear implant implanted within a patient. The battery assembly includes an electric battery configured to provide electrical power to the sound processor, as well as a storage facility configured to store the sound processing program associated with the cochlear implant. The storage facility is integrated with the electric battery within the battery assembly. The sound processor assembly also includes a bidirectional communication interface communicatively coupling the battery assembly to the sound processor to allow the sound processor to store data to, and to retrieve stored data from, the storage facility of the battery assembly by way of the bidirectional communication interface.

Abstract: Provided are systems, methods, and devices for brain stimulation and monitoring. Brain stimulation may be provided to enhance slow wave and spindle synchrony. Such stimulation may provide increased memory consolidation. Furthermore, brain stimulation modalities may provide enhanced sleep and awakening. For example, transcranial direct current stimulation of the brain stimulation may enhance sleep quality. Moreover, one or more markers characterizing unconsciousness are may be identified based on changes in measured power densities or spectra. Further still, the above described modalities of brain stimulation may be implemented in an open-loop or closed loop manner. Brain state parameters may be generated for building models of the brain based on determined synchrony patterns between slow waves and spindles. The models may be used to determine a mediation procedure for adjusting the intensity of slow wave oscillations to enhance slow wave and spindle synchrony.

Abstract: A system and method for secure wireless control of a device including, but not limited to, replay attack protection, man-in-the-middle protection, data obfuscation, and challenge-response authentication. The system includes a control device, a controlled device interface, a controlled device, a control device interface, and a wireless link. The controlled device interface and the control device interface manage secure communications between the control device and the controlled device over the wireless link. The controlled device can include a medical device such as, for example, but not limited to, an insulin pump and a wheelchair.