Abstract: Provided is an electrical system including an intelligent learning terminal to analyze biometric information associated with a user and calculate an intensity of electrical stimulation for the user based on a result of the analyzing, and at least one wireless electrical stimulator to provide electrical stimulation to the user based on the calculated intensity of electrical stimulation, wherein the intelligent learning terminal is connected to the at least one wireless electrical stimulator based on wired or wireless communication.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods, devices, and systems for restoring or improving nervous system function of a subject. Provided is a method involving: (i) providing an operant conditioning protocol effective to produce targeted neural plasticity (TNP) in a primary targeted central nervous system (CNS) pathway of a subject; and (ii) administering the operant conditioning protocol to the subject to elicit TNP in the primary targeted CNS pathway and to elicit generalized neural plasticity (GNP) in one or more other CNS pathway. The elicitation of the GNP in the one or more other CNS pathway serves to restore or improve a nervous system function of the subject. Provided is a device comprising a nerve stimulation-electromyographic recording component and a controller for operating the nerve stimulation-electromyographic recording component in accordance with an operant conditioning protocol.

Abstract: A computer-implemented electrocardiographic data processor with time stamp correlation is provided. A monitoring circuit includes a persistent memory and power supply that powers an encoder that determines a differential voltage between a current discrete digital voltage value and a prior voltage value. The differential voltage is stored into the persistent memory in a digitized data stream representative of analog cardiac action potential signals. Digitally-encoded voltage values and time stamps are retrieved from the persistent memory. A post-processing application executes. A set of output voltages and voltage differences that each correspond to lower and upper bounds of voltage is stored. Each retrieved voltage value is compared to the voltage bounds and the voltage differences within which each retrieved voltage value falls is identified. The output voltages corresponding to the voltage differences is selected.

Abstract: A cochlear implant system has an implantable portion that includes a stimulator module for producing for the auditory system of a user an electrical stimulation signal representative of an acoustic signal. The implantable portion further includes a battery for supplying power to the stimulator module, a receiver module for receiving an electrical power signal across the skin of a user, and a recharge module that uses the electrical power signal to recharge the battery. The recharge module recharges the battery at less than the maximum recharge rate.

Abstract: An electrically powered device (160) including an insertion component (165) for insertion into the ear cavity of a user, the device (160) including at least one inductor (170) operatively connected to a control circuit (175), the control circuit (175) providing electrical energy to the at least one inductor (170) wherein the insertion component (165) includes the at least one inductor (170) such that when in use, the at least one inductor (170) is in close proximity to the inner ear of the user.

Abstract: Apparatus for applying a treatment (216) to at least one tissue of a subject is described, the apparatus comprising a transmitting unit (210) configured to transmit a wireless power signal (214), a first implant (202a), and a second implant (202b), each of the implants being configured to receive the power signal and to apply the treatment asynchronously to each other, in response to the power signal. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: In one example, a device includes a telemetry module configured to retrieve graphics processing data from a device that is not configured to perform a rendering process using the graphics processing data and that is associated with delivering therapy to a therapy target of a patient, and a control unit configured to apply the graphics processing data while performing the rendering process to generate an image of an anatomical feature of the patient, wherein the anatomical feature comprises the therapy target for an implantable medical device, and to cause a display unit of a user interface to display the image, wherein the image of the anatomical feature is specific to the patient. The graphics processing data may include a list of vertices or a transform to be applied to a non-patient-specific anatomical atlas. The data may also include a location of a therapy element of the implantable medical device.

Abstract: An external control device, neurostimulation system, and method of programming a neurostimulator. A volume of tissue activation for each of a first one or more candidate stimulation parameter sets is simulated without conveying electrical stimulation energy into the tissue. One of the first candidate stimulation parameter set(s) is selected based on each simulated volume of tissue activation. Electrical stimulation energy is conveyed into the tissue in accordance with a second one or more candidate stimulation parameter sets, wherein the initial one of the second candidate stimulation parameter set(s) is the selected one of the first candidate stimulation parameter set(s). One of the second candidate stimulation parameter set(s) is selected based on a therapeutic efficacy of the electrical stimulation energy conveyed into the tissue. The neurostimulator is programmed with the selected one of the second candidate stimulation parameter set(s).

Abstract: The remote electrical treatment system contains an authentication server, a prescription server, a backup server, a prescription access device, and an electrical treatment device. A user can requests an electrical treatment prescription anywhere and anytime from the authentication server through the prescription access device, and conducts electrical treatment either when the user is on-lined or off-lined. The present invention therefore frees the user from time and space constraints, provides greater usage flexibility and application support, thereby achieving superior treatment density and enhanced medical quality.

Abstract: A method of providing stimulation therapy to a patient includes performing first and second calibration processes in first and second patient posture states, respectively. The first and second calibration processes respectively associates a sensation experienced by a patient, in the respective patient posture states, with first and second amounts of an evoked potential, respectively, and also with first and second values of a stimulation parameter to achieve the first and second amounts of evoked potential, respectively. Thereafter, a current patient posture state is detected. If the current patient posture state is detected as the first patient posture state, stimulation therapy is applied to the patient using the first value of the stimulation parameter as an initial value. If the current patient posture state is detected as the second patient posture state, stimulation therapy is applied to the patient using the second value of the stimulation parameter as the initial value.

Abstract: A medical device for providing a stimulation therapy includes a coil configured to receive both inductive charging and telemetry signals. The inductive charging signals are in a first frequency band. The telemetry signals are in a second frequency band higher than the first frequency band. The medical device includes inductive charging circuitry configured to provide electrical power to the medical device via the inductive charging signals. The medical device includes telemetry circuitry configured to conduct telecommunications with external device via the telemetry signals. The medical device includes a first component electrically coupled between the coil and the inductive charging circuitry. The first component is configured to allow the inductive charging signals to pass through. The medical device includes a second component electrically coupled between the coil and the telemetry circuitry.

Abstract: System and method for the non-invasive, wireless generation, delivery, and control of electrostimulation signals. The system contains a circuit board with a plurality of components protected by a silicone housing disposed in overlying relation to form a hollow interior therein. Collectively, this is one electrode. A plurality of electrodes are attached to an individual's body via leads on the underside of the electrodes. The electrodes are structured and adapted to transmit an electrical impulse into the individual's body, thereby performing a treatment (e.g., for pain relief). An electronic device can be used to activate or deactivate each electrode, along with control the length and strength of impulses, depending on the protocol used for the individual's treatment. Each impulse is made up of a plurality of bursts, and each burst is made up of a plurality of pulses, which are higher voltage signals transmitted from the circuit board through the leads.

Abstract: At least one of a plurality of disorders of a patient characterized at least in part by vagal activity innervating at least one of a plurality of organs of the patient is treated by a method that includes positioning an electrode on a vagus nerve. An electrical signal is applied to the electrode to modulate vagal activity by an amount selected to treat the disorder. In some embodiments, the disorder is obesity. The signal may be a blocking or a stimulation signal. In some embodiments, the signal is selected to, at least in part, downregulate neural activity on the vagus nerve.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a state machine framework for programming closed-loop algorithms that control the delivery of therapy to a patient by an implantable medical device (IMD). The state machine framework may use one or more programmable state parameters to define at least part of a structure of a state machine that generates one or more therapy decisions based on one or more sensed states of the patient. The state machine framework may include a state machine runtime environment that executes on an IMD and that is configurable to implement a variety of different state machines depending on programmable state parameters that are received from an external device. The techniques of this disclosure may, in some cases, allow IMD developers and/or users to program, change, and/or download new closed-loop control policy algorithms during the lifespan of the IMD without requiring new firmware code to be downloaded onto the IMD.

Abstract: A medical device for providing a stimulation therapy includes stimulation circuitry configured to provide a plurality of electrical pulses to be delivered to a patient. The stimulation circuitry contains a microcontroller configured to generate the electrical pulses. Each electrical pulse includes a primary phase, an interphase after the primary phase, and a recovery phase after the primary phase. Consecutive electrical pulses are separated by a standby period. The microcontroller is configured to operate in an active mode during at least one of: the primary phase and the interphase. The microcontroller is configured to operate in a power-conservation mode during a substantial majority of the standby period. The microcontroller consumes substantially less power when operating in the power-conservation mode than in the active mode.

Abstract: A medical device for providing an electrical stimulation therapy for a patient includes a microcontroller configured to generate a plurality of electrical pulses and a control signal. The medical device includes a stimulation driver coupled to the microcontroller. The stimulation driver is configured to amplify the electrical pulses into amplified electrical pulses to be delivered to the patient as a part of the electrical stimulation therapy. The medical device includes a battery configured to supply a first voltage. The medical device includes a voltage up-converter coupled between the battery and the stimulation driver. The voltage up-converter is configured to convert, in response to the control signal from the microcontroller, the first voltage to a compliance voltage for the stimulation driver. The compliance voltage is a fraction of the first voltage, and the fraction is greater than 1.

Abstract: A medical system configured for performing a medical function in a patient comprises a medical lead configured for being implanted adjacent a tissue region of the patient, and an electrode configured for being implanted adjacent the tissue region. The medical system further comprises analog output circuitry configured for delivering one or more electrical signals having a plurality of different sinusoidal frequency components to the tissue region via the electrode, monitoring circuitry configured for measuring a plurality of different frequency-dependent or other basis function electrical parameter values in response to the delivery of the one or more electrical signals to the tissue region, and at least one controller/processor configured for analyzing the different electrical parameter values, and performing a function based on the different analyzed electrical parameter values.

Abstract: A system and method using a plurality of electrodes. An immediate virtual multipole is defined, an immediate electrode configuration emulating the immediate virtual multipole is defined, electrical energy is conveyed to the electrodes in accordance with the immediate electrode configuration, a new virtual multipole is defined by changing a parameter of the immediate virtual multipole by a step size, a new electrode configuration that emulates the new virtual multipole is defined, a difference value as a function of the immediate virtual multipole and the new virtual multipole is computed, the different value is compared to a limit value, electrical energy is conveyed to the electrodes in accordance with the new electrode configuration if the difference value does not exceed the limit value, and the absolute value of the step size is decreased to create a new step size if the difference value does exceed the limit value.

Abstract: A system for an electrical neurostimulator coupled to a plurality of electrodes. The system comprises a user-controlled input device configured for generating directional control signals. The system further comprises control circuitry configured for sequentially defining a plurality of different ideal bipole/tripole configurations relative to the plurality of electrodes in response to the directional control signals, generating a plurality of stimulation parameter sets respectively corresponding to the plurality of ideal bipole/tripole configurations, each stimulation parameter set defining relative amplitude values for the plurality of electrodes that emulate the respective ideal bipole/tripole configuration, and instructing the electrical neurostimulator to convey electrical energy to the plurality of electrodes in accordance with the plurality of stimulation parameter sets.

Abstract: A neuromodulation system and method of providing sub-threshold therapy to a patient. An anodic perception threshold of super-threshold electrical energy and a cathodic perception threshold of super-threshold electrical energy are determined for a plurality of electrode sets. A ratio between the anodic perception threshold and the cathodic perception threshold is calculated for each of the electrode sets. An effective electrode set is selected based on the ratio between the anodic perception threshold and the cathodic perception threshold.

Abstract: A system for an neurostimulator coupled to electrodes. The system comprises a input device configured for generating directional control signals, and memory storing ideal multipole configurations.

Abstract: A system for treating soft tissue of a patient. The system includes a treatment head and a computer portion. The treatment head includes a probe and an electrode operably coupled to the probe. The probe and electrode are configured to respectively deliver a mechanical force impulse and an electrical stimulation to the soft tissue when placed in operable contact with the soft tissue. The computer portion includes a CPU and is configured to coordinate the delivery of the mechanical force impulse and electrical stimulation relative to each other. The system is configured to sense a shockwave in the soft tissue of the patient, the shockwave resulting from the mechanical force impulse delivered to the soft tissue via the probe. The system is also configured to analyze a characteristic of the sensed shockwave and configure the electrical stimulation to be delivered to the soft tissue via the electrode based on the characteristic analysis of the sensed shockwave.

Abstract: A method for evaluating dosing from an implanted infusion system that includes receiving input regarding the identity of a therapeutic agent into an external device. The method further includes displaying on the external device a predetermined set of symptoms associated with the therapeutic agent; receiving input into the external device regarding with which of the symptoms the patient presents; and determining whether the therapeutic agent is being delivered, or has been delivered, at an appropriate dose based on the input identity of the therapeutic agent and the input symptoms.

Abstract: An intravascularly-deliverable electrode assembly can be used to provide electrostimulation. The electrode assembly can include an electrostimulation circuit located in a housing, two or more elongate members coupled to the housing and configured to anchor the housing to a heart, the two or more elongate members including two or more electrodes electrically coupled to the electrostimulation circuit and controllably addressable by the electrostimulation circuit for delivery of an electrostimulation to the heart. The two or more elongate members can be sized and shaped for intravascular delivery to the heart in a first configuration, and in response to a user actuation, the two or more elongate members can move to a second configuration that is expanded relative to the first configuration to securely anchor the intravascularly-deliverable electrode assembly to the heart. Circuitry within the electrode assembly can coordinate electrostimulation, such as for delivery to sites near each electrode.

Abstract: One or more efficacious electrode combinations for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient may be selected based on the delivery of electrical stimulation to the patient via a predefined set of test electrode combinations in a predetermined order. In some examples, the electrode combinations of the set are arranged in the predetermined order such that adjacent electrode combinations in the order include at least one shared anode electrode or cathode electrode. In addition, the electrode combinations in the predetermined order may define a predetermined sequence of electrode patterns, each electrode pattern defining a relative arrangement between one or more anodes and one or more cathodes of the respective electrode pattern. In some examples, the transition between electrode combinations in the predefined set is achieved by incrementally adjusting at least one of anodic amplitudes assigned to active anode electrodes or cathodic amplitudes assigned to active cathode electrodes.

Abstract: A computer implemented system and method facilitates a cycle of generation, sharing, and refinement of volumes related to stimulation of anatomical tissue, such as brain or spinal cord stimulation. Such volumes can include target stimulation volumes, side effect volumes, and volumes of estimated activation. A computer system and method also facilitates analysis of groups of volumes, including analysis of differences and/or commonalities between different groups of volumes.

Abstract: A system and method using a plurality of electrodes. An immediate electrode configuration is defined, electrical energy is conveyed to the electrodes in accordance with the immediate electrode configuration, a final electrode configuration is defined, a series of intermediate electrode configurations is defined using a heuristic set of rules based on the immediate electrode configuration and the final electrode configuration, electrical energy is conveyed to the electrodes in accordance with the series of intermediate electrode configurations, and electrical energy is conveyed to the electrodes in accordance with the subsequent electrode configuration.

Abstract: Described here are devices, systems, and methods for treating one or more conditions (such as dry eye) or improving ocular health by providing stimulation to nasal or sinus tissue. Generally, the devices may be handheld or implantable. In some variations, the handheld devices may have a stimulator body and a stimulator probe having one or more nasal insertion prongs. When the devices and systems are used to treat dry eye, nasal or sinus tissue may be stimulated to increase tear production, reduce the symptoms of dry eye, and/or improve ocular surface health.

Abstract: In general, the disclosure is related to characterization of implanted electrical stimulation electrode arrays using post-implant imaging. The electrode arrays may be carried by implanted leads. Characterization of implanted electrode arrays may include identification of the type or types of leads implanted within a patient and/or determination of positions of the implanted leads or electrodes carried by the leads relative to one another or relative to anatomical structures within the patient. In addition, the disclosure relates to techniques for specifying or modifying patient therapy parameters based on the characterization of the implanted electrode arrays.

Abstract: A dynamically adjustable multiphasic pulse system and method are provided. The dynamically adjustable multiphasic pulse system may be used as pulse system for a defibrillator or cardioverter.

Abstract: Various techniques are described for periodically performing a calibration routine to calibrate a low-power system clock within an implantable medical device (IMD) based on a high accuracy reference clock also included in the IMD. The system clock is powered continuously, and the reference clock is only powered on during the calibration routine. The techniques include determining a clock error of the system clock based on a difference between frequencies of the system clock and the reference clock over a fixed number of clock cycles, and adjusting a trim value of the system clock to compensate for the clock error. Calibrating the system clock with a delta-sigma loop, for example, reduces the clock error over time. This allows accurate adjustment of the system clock to compensate for errors due to trim resolution, circuit noise and temperature.

Abstract: A medical device control unit is provided. The control unit may include a communications interface, a memory, and at least one processing device. The processing device may be configured to cause application of a control signal to a primary antenna associated with a unit external to a subject's body. The processing device may further be configured to monitor a feedback signal indicative of the subject's breathing and store, in the memory, information associated with the feedback signal. The processing device may also cause transmission of the stored information, via the communications interface, to a location remote from the control unit. The processing device may further be configured to receive an update signal, from the location remote from the control unit, and cause application of an updated control signal to the primary antenna based on the update signal.

Abstract: Medical monitoring and treatment apparatus, which is controlled by a plurality of control sources, includes a “personal medical device” (PMD) or an “implantable medical device” (IMD), respectively carried by, or implanted in, a patient. The PMD/IMD is alternatively self-controlled or controlled by one or more local external control stations, at or near the location of the patient, and/or one or more remote external control stations, remote from the patient. Either or both of the local and remote stations may be operated by a person, such as the patient, a patient facilitator and/or a medical professional, or the stations may operate automatically. Since the device is controlled by multiple sources, hierarchies are used to select the source of control.

Abstract: Methods, devices and systems are provided to efficiently identify, from among a plurality of possible neurostimulation parameter sets, one or more preferred neurostimulation parameter sets that treat a targeted pain of a patient. A plurality of different neurostimulation parameter sets are tested on the patient to thereby identify those tested neurostimulation parameter sets that treat the targeted pain. Each of the tested neurostimulation parameter sets defines an electrode configuration that differs from the other tested neurostimulation parameter sets.

Abstract: A neuromodulation system and method of providing therapy to a patient. Electrical energy is delivered to the patient in accordance with a modulation parameter, thereby providing therapy to the patient, and the modulation parameter of the delivered electrical energy is varied over a period of time, such that the delivered electrical energy is continually maintained at a sub-threshold level throughout the period of time. The sub-threshold level may be referred to as a patient-perception threshold, which may be referred to as a boundary below which a patient does not sense delivery of the electrical energy. For example, in a spinal cord modulation system, the patient-perception threshold may be a boundary below which a patient does not experience paresthesia.

Abstract: A neuromodulation system includes modulation output circuitry and control circuitry. The modulation output circuitry may be configured to deliver therapeutic electrical energy including therapeutic sub-threshold electrical energy and therapeutic a super-threshold electrical energy. The sub-threshold electrical energy is below a patient-perception threshold and the super-threshold electrical energy is above the patient-perception threshold. The patient-perception threshold is a boundary below which a patient does not sense delivery of the electrical energy and above which the patient does sense delivery of the electrical energy. The control circuitry is configured to control the modulation output circuitry to deliver the therapeutic electrical energy using alternating cycles of the sub-threshold electrical energy below the patient-perception threshold and the super-threshold electrical energy above the patient-perception-threshold.

Abstract: A system for a neurostimulator coupled to electrodes. The system comprises an input device configured for generating control signals. The system further comprising memory storing a first set of variable values defining a first spatial relationship between a central ideal pole of a first polarity and the plurality of electrodes, a second set of variable values defining a second spatial relationship respectively between four ideal poles of a second polarity and the first ideal pole, and a third set of variable values defining relative intensities between the four ideal poles. The system further comprises control circuitry configured for modifying the first variable values, the second variable values, and/or the third variable values, and generating stimulation parameter values defining relative amplitude values for the electrodes that emulate the ideal poles, and instructing the neurostimulator to convey electrical energy to the electrodes in accordance with the stimulation parameter values.

Abstract: An external controller is disclosed for communicating with an external trial stimulator (ETS) for an implantable medical device. The external controller is programmed with a battery algorithm able to assist a clinician in choosing a suitable implant for the patient based on battery performance parameters estimated for a number of implants during an external trial stimulation phase that precedes implantation of the implant. The algorithm is particularly useful in assisting the clinician in choosing between a rechargeable-battery implant or a primary-battery implant for the patient.

Abstract: A clinician programming system operable to control an implantable medical device includes a clinician programmer and a secondary unit. The clinician programmer has a housing, and includes a first display configured to display information indicative of the inputs by the clinician or display information indicative of status of an implantable pulse generator, the first display having a first display size. The secondary unit is separate from the housing of the clinician programmer and includes a secondary display. The secondary display is configured to communicate with the clinician programmer via the secondary display communication interface and configured to display information received via the secondary display communication interface.

Abstract: A neurostimulation system is shown and described. The neurostimulation system may include a stimulation device implantable into a patient, a lead operatively coupled with the stimulation device, a first power cell providing power to the stimulation device where the first power cell is charged by an externally applied AC (High HF) magnetic field.

Abstract: Provided herein are a device and method for attenuating posttraumatic stress syndrome, menopause symptoms, dysautonomia and pain by interfering with sympathetic chain signaling, particularly by blocking stellate ganglion conduction.

Abstract: A method, device and/or system for generating arbitrary waveforms of a desired shape that can be used for generating a stimulation pulse for medical purposes such as for spinal cord stimulation therapy.

Abstract: Electrode structures for transvascular nerve stimulation combine electrodes with an electrically-insulating backing layer. The backing layer increases the electrical impedance of electrical paths through blood in a lumen of a blood vessel and consequently increases the flow of electrical current through surrounding tissues. The electrode structures may be applied to stimulate nerves such as the phrenic, vagus, trigeminal, obturator or other nerves.

Abstract: Exemplary systems include a stimulator configured to be implanted within a patient, the stimulator having a body defined by at least one side surface disposed in between distal and proximal end surfaces, and a connector assembly configured to be coupled to the stimulator and extend parallel to the at least one side surface of the stimulator. The connector assembly is further configured to facilitate removable coupling of a lead having one or more electrodes disposed thereon to the stimulator.

Abstract: A method of displaying impedance information of an implantable medical device is provided. One or more impedance values are received over a period of time for a plurality of channels. The channels may each include an electrode contact on an implantable lead. A graph is displayed that illustrates a variation of the impedance values over at least a portion of the period of time for one or more of the channels. A visual landscape that is representative of the impedance values for the plurality of channels is also displayed.

Abstract: Medical implants can comprise various instrumentation to impart desirable functionality to the implant. In some embodiments, the implants comprise functional structures, such as sensors, energy propagating transducers, drug delivery systems and the like. Additional instrumentation to facilitate the functionality of these devices can include, for example, microprocessors, communication systems, power sources or the like. Drug delivery systems can comprise, for example, an isolated reservoir with a control system to control the delivery of a biological agent from the reservoir. The implants can be orthopedic implants that are designed to interface with a patient's skeletal system wherein the orthopedic implant may itself embody sensors, processors, power supplies, memory and/or communication capability.

Abstract: A method of programming electrodes includes automatic current balancing and lock control. A virtual representation of a lead is displayed. The lead includes a plurality of electrodes. A subset of the electrodes is selected for programming. Each of the electrodes in the subset has one of two polarities. The two polarities are anode and cathode. A first percentage of a total stimulation current is assigned to a first one of the electrodes in the subset. In response to a user input, the first percentage is fixed to the first electrode. A plurality of second electrodes in the subset that have the same polarity as the first electrode is identified. Thereafter, a respective second percentage of the total stimulation current is automatically assigned to each of the second electrodes. A sum of the first percentage and the respective second percentages is equal to 100%.

Abstract: Approaches are described for fitting an implanted cochlear implant having electrode array contacts to the implanted patient. A normal electrode stimulation arrangement is used to deliver electrode stimulation signals to the active electrode channel electrode contacts at an initial common charge level. The common charge level is increased until a desired common percept criteria is met to establish a common baseline charge level for the stimulation electrode contacts. For each individual electrode contact, a fitting stimulation signal is delivered to the electrode starting from the common baseline charge level and the charge level is increased until an individual electrode percept criteria is met.

Abstract: A method for configuring stimulation pulses in an implantable stimulator device having a plurality of electrodes is disclosed, which method is particularly useful in adjusting the electrodes by current steering during initialization of the device. In one aspect, a set of ideal pulses for patient therapy is determined, in which at least two of the ideal pulses are of the same polarity and are intended to be simultaneous applied to corresponding electrodes on the implantable stimulator device during an initial duration. These pulses are reconstructed into fractionalized pulses, each comprised of pulse portions. The fractionalized pulses are applied to the corresponding electrodes on the device during a final duration, but the pulse portions of the fractionalized pulses are not simultaneously applied during the final duration.

Abstract: A system includes a controller module, which includes a storage device, a controller, a modulator, and one or more antennas. The storage device is stored with parameters defining a stimulation waveform. The controller is configured to generate, based on the stored parameters, an output signal that includes the stimulation waveform, wherein the output signal additionally includes polarity assignments for electrodes in an implantable, passive stimulation device. The modulator modulates a stimulus carrier signal with the output signal to generate a transmission signal.