Abstract: A biocompatible ligament repair implant or scaffold device is provided for use in repairing a variety of ligament tissue injuries. The repair procedures may be conducted with ligament repair implants that contain a biological component that assists in healing or tissue repair. The biocompatible ligament repair implants include a biocompatible scaffold and particles of viable tissue derived from ligament tissue or tendon tissue, such that the tissue and the scaffold become associated. The particles of living tissue contain one or more viable cells that can migrate from the tissue and populate the scaffold.

Abstract: A surgical implant for securing ligament grafts into a joint. The implant is formed entirely of allograft cortical bone, and has a tapered tip with a suture eye. A length of suture is knotted or looped through the eye. The suture is used to draw the implant transversely through a looped graft construct to fix the graft by spanning a bone socket, for example. In a preferred embodiment, the implant is used for knee ligament repair by forming a longitudinal socket in a bone. A flexible strand is drawn with the pin through the bone. A looped portion of the flexible strand is diverted so as to protrude out of the entrance to the longitudinal socket. The ends of the flexible strand remain accessible on either side of the bone. The ligament graft is captured within the strand loop protruding from the entrance to the socket. The strand is retracted into the socket, drawing the graft into the socket by pulling on the accessible ends of the flexible strand. The graft is fixed in the socket using the transverse implant.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the culture of cells, and particularly chondrocytes for purpose of tissue replacement. The cells are cultured on polymer constructs. Integren expression is used as a measure of chondrocyte viability. Chondrocytes are obtained from the knee, nose and ankle cartilage. Mechanical strain is used to propagate chondrocytes, chitosan and arabinogalactan-chitosan are used as scaffolds. Progenitor, pluripotential, stem and mesenchymal cells are operative in this invention.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of making repairs with graft ligaments. In one form, the method for graft ligament reconstruction comprises (i) harvesting a graft ligament consisting entirely of soft tissue; (ii) compacting the graft ligament through compression so as to significantly reduce the cross-sectional area and increase the density of the collagen material of the graft ligament; and (iii) deploying the compressed graft ligament in the human body. In another form, the apparatus for graft ligament reconstruction comprises a graft ligament having a given diameter and a given cross-sectional area; and a compacting instrument having at least one surface to contact the graft ligament and to decrease the given cross-sectional area of the graft ligament to a reduced cross-sectional area, whereby the graft ligament with the decreased cross-sectional area may be positioned within a bone tunnel having a cross-sectional area smaller than the given cross-sectional area of the graft ligament in its original state.

Abstract: An implant that contains a membrane and a polymeric matrix covered by the membrane. Both the matrix and the membrane are biocompatible and bioresorbable. Also disclosed is a method of preparing such an implant.

Abstract: The invention is directed toward a bone-tendon-bone assembly extended between two shaped cancellous bone blocks and a method of inserting same in a joint. Each substantially cylindrically shaped cancellous bone block has a central through going bore, a flat exterior longitudinal surface and a channel longitudinally cut in the exterior of the bone block body opposite the flat longitudinal surface. A tendon replacement member is inserted through the central through going bore around the end of each block and looped back along the flat longitudinal side with each block being in a reversed orientation position as to the other block. A channel cut in the exterior surface of each block is adapted to receive an interference screw to keep the block anchored in a bone tunnel previously cut in the respective bones of a joint.

Abstract: An improved segmentally demineralized bone implant, useful inter alia as a replacement ligament or tendon possesses at least one demineralized, flexible segment exhibiting reduced osteoinductive properties. The reduction in osteoinductive properties results in the suppression, inhibition or delay of new bone ingrowth in, and consequently remineralizing of, the demineralized segment thereby allowing the segment to retain or prolong its flexible character following insertion of the implant in the body.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for cultivating cartilage cells, methods for redifferentiating dedifferentiated cartilage cells, as well as cartilage transplants.

Abstract: An implant for orthopedic applications includes a quantity of flexible, elongated elements at least some of which possess connective tissue-healing activity, the elongated elements being arranged in substantially common alignment along their longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An implant for tissue repair includes a support member, a flexible member coupled to the support member, and a substrate coupled to the support member. The substrate includes a material capable of being seeded with and supporting the proliferation of cells. The support member is capable of distributing a load throughout the flexible member. The flexible member includes parallel elongate elements and the support member serves to maintain a spacing between the parallel elongate elements.

Abstract: A method of using body tissue is disclosed. Pieces of body tissue are obtained, they are shaped to form an article having a desired configuration, and the article is implanted into a patient's body.

Abstract: The invention is directed toward a cancellous bone block assembly with at least one tendon replacement member being extended between two shaped cancellous bone blocks. Each substantially cylindrically shaped cancellous bone block has a central through going bore, a flat exterior longitudinal surface and a channel longitudinally cut in the exterior of the bone block body opposite the flat longitudinal surface. The tendon replacement member is inserted through the central through going bore around the end of the block and looped back along the flat longitudinal side where it is tied to the back of the tendon loop. A channel cut in the exterior surface is adapted to receive an interference screw to keep the block anchored in a bone tunnel previously cut in the respective bone.

Abstract: The invention is directed toward a bone block, a bone-tendon-bone assembly and method of tendon reconstruction in which at least one tendon replacement is extended between two bone blocks and fixed within each of two bone tunnels in the bones of a joint using interference screws. Each bone block has a central through going bore and at least one substantially parallel channel longitudinally cut in the exterior of the bone block body in which the ligament replacements are seated. One end of each bone block has a rounded recess leading from the central bore to the exterior parallel channel.

Abstract: Implantable devices useful for creating bony fusion particularly in intervetebral spinal fusion. The device is formed of bone and has a body portion with an upper flange member and an opposite lower flange member extending from the body portion. The upper and lower flange members are at least partially demineralized to create a flexible ligament extending from the body portion. In one application, the body portion is inserted into a disc space and the flexible ligament is secured to vertebrae on either side of the disc space. Techniques are also disclosed for making the implantable devices and for inserting the implantable device into an intervertebral disc space to promote interbody fusion.

Abstract: A muscle implant includes an extracellular matrix, tendon and muscle cells. The extracellular matrix is made of a matrix of electrospun polymer fibers. The tendon is made of extruded collagen fibers and the muscle cells are disposed on the extracellular matrix in such a manner that the combination of components will functionally and structurally act as normal muscle tissue. Cardiac and smooth muscles may be similarly formed without tendons but including the extracellular matrix and muscle cells.

Abstract: A matrix, including epithelial basement membrane, for inducing repair of mammalian tissue defects and in vitro cell propagation derived from epithelial tissues of a warm-blooded vertebrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to connective tissue substitute implant and method of preparation thereof. The implant is essentially composed of two bone anchors joined at the proximal ends by matrix layers and/or filaments coated by supplementary biocompatible matrix coating layer which can contain living stem cells isolated from injured connective tissue.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved Bone Tendon Bone graft for use in orthopedic surgical procedures. Specifically exemplified herein is a Bone Tendon Bone graft comprising one or more bone blocks having a groove cut into the surface thereof, wherein said groove is sufficient to accommodate a fixation screw. Also disclosed is a porcine bone tendon bone graft for use in orthopedic procedures. Additionally, Also a method of harvesting grafts that has improved efficiency, increases the quantity of extracted tissue and minimizes time required by surgeon for implantation is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of forming an elongated graft element includes procuring a tubular tissue from a mammal, with the tubular tissue having a longitudinal axis, and a distal edge and a proximal end on opposing ends of the longitudinal axis. Thereafter, the tubular tissue is split along a line that is parallel to the longitudinal axis to form a sheet, and the distal edge and the proximal edge are approximated towards each other to form an elongated graft element. The elongated graft element has a longitudinal axis that comprises the circumferential orientation of the tubular tissue, with the circumferential orientation being transverse to the longitudinal axis of the tubular tissue.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved Bone Tendon Bone graft for use in orthopedic surgical procedures. Specifically exemplified herein is a Bone Tendon Bone graft comprising one or more bone blocks having a groove cut into the surface thereof, wherein said groove is sufficient to accommodate a fixation screw. Also disclosed is a porcine bone tendon bone graft for use in orthopedic procedures. Also disclosed are multiple embodiments of assembled bone tendon bone blocks for use in orthopedic surgeries. Additionally, a method of harvesting grafts that has improved efficiency, increases the quantity of extracted tissue and minimizes time required by surgeon for implantation is disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved Bone Tendon Bone graft for use in orthopedic surgical procedures. Specifically exemplified herein is a Bone Tendon Bone graft comprising one or more bone blocks having a groove cut into the surface therefor, wherein said groove is sufficient to accommodate fixation screw. Also disclosed is a method of harvesting grafts that has improved efficiency and increases the quantity of extracted tissue and minimizes time required by surgeon for implantation.

Abstract: A tissue composition includes the subendothelial layer, the elastica interna, and at least a portion of the tunica media of a blood vessel harvested from a mammal, with the endothelial cells removed from the blood vessel. The tissue composition can also include a portion of the tunica adventitia of a blood vessel harvested from a mammal. The tissue composition can be formed into a graft, a patch, a connective tissue for surgical repair, an orthopedic graft, and a substrate for cell growth, among other applications. The tissue composition can also be fluidized, or made into powdered form.

Abstract: An implant material in the form of a natural animal tissue crosslinked into a pre-formed shape, the tissue being adapted to substantially retain its shape when implanted into a body. Suitable tissues include fibro-serous membranes such as pericardium. Suitable crosslinking agents include aldehydes (e.g., glutaraldehyde), epoxides, isocyanates, carbodiimides, isothiocyanates, glycidalethers, and acyl azides. The implant material can be processed in either the supple or non-supple form, by the judicious use of ethanol and/or other dehydrating solutions in the course of its processing.

Abstract: Degradable, polymeric fiber-based, three-dimensional braided scaffolds for use as graft materials in ligament and tendon repair, reconstruction and replacement are provided. Also provided are methods for preparing these scaffolds.

Abstract: The invention provides composition and methods for repairing a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament.

Abstract: Methods of repairing a joint formed by at least two bone sections are provided wherein a biocompatible osteogenic band fabricated from an osteogenic biological material such as bone, tendon, ligament and collagen is affixed to two or more bone sections.

Abstract: A tissue composition includes the subendothelial layer, the elastica interna, and at least a portion of the tunica media of a blood vessel harvested from a mammal, with the endothelial cells removed from the blood vessel. The tissue composition can also include a portion of the tunica adventitia of a blood vessel harvested from a mammal. The tissue composition can be formed into a graft, a patch, a connective tissue for surgical repair, an orthopedic graft, and a substrate for cell growth, among other applications. The tissue composition can also be fluidized, or made into powdered form.

Abstract: A method for promoting autogenous ingrowth of damaged or diseased tissue selected from a group consisting of ligaments, tendons, muscle and cartilage, the method comprising a step of surgically repairing the damaged or diseased tissue by attachment of a tissue graft, wherein the tissue graft is formed from a segment of connective tissue protein after an acellularization process, the segment being crosslinked with genipin, its analog or derivatives. The genipin-fixed acellular tissue provides a microenvironment for tissue regeneration adapted for use as a biological implant device due to its low cytotoxicity.

Abstract: The invention provides an article of manufacture comprising a substantially non-immunogenic ligament or tendon xenograft for implantation into humans. The invention further provides a method for preparing a ligament xenograft by removing at least a portion of a ligament from a non-human animal to provide a xenograft; washing the xenograft in saline and alcohol; subjecting the xenograft to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, immersion in alcohol, ozonation, freeze/thaw cycling, and optionally chemical crosslinking. In addition to or in lieu of the above treatments, the methods include a cellular disruption treatment and either digestion of the carbohydrate moieties of the xenograft with a glycosidase in a range of about 1 mU/ml to about 1000 U/ml or glycosidase digestion followed by treatment for sialylation. The invention also provides articles of manufacture produced by one or more of the above-identified methods of the invention.

Abstract: The invention provides an article of manufacture comprising a substantially non-immunogenic ligament or tendon xenograft for implantation into humans. The invention further provides a method for preparing a ligament xenograft by removing at least a portion of an ligament from a non-human animal to provide a xenograft; washing the xenograft in saline and alcohol; subjecting the xenograft to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, immersion in alcohol, ozonation, freeze/thaw cycling, and optionally chemical crosslinking. In addition to or in lieu of the above treatments, the methods include a cellular disruption treatment and glycosidase digestion of carbohydrate moieties of the xenograft followed by treatment of carbohydrate moieties of the xenograft with capping molecules. The invention also provides articles of manufacture produced by one or more of the above-identified methods of the invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing an anterior cruciate ligament ex vivo. The method comprises seeding pluripotent stem cells in a three dimensional matrix, anchoring the seeded matrix by attachment to two anchors, and culturing the cells within the matrix under conditions appropriate for cell growth and regeneration, while subjecting the matrix to one or more mechanical forces via movement of one or both of the attached anchors. Bone marrow stromal cells are preferably used as the pluripotent cells in the method. Suitable matrix materials are materials to which cells can adhere, such as a gel made from collagen type I. Suitable anchor materials are materials to which the matrix can attach, such as Goinopra coral and also demineralized bone. Some examples of tissue which can be produced include other ligaments in the body (hand, wrist, elbow, knee), tendon, cartilage, bone, muscle, and blood vessels.

Abstract: Cells grown on a microcarrier are separated from the microcarrier by enzymatically digesting the microcarrier. More specifically, chondrocytes may be grown on dextran microcarrier beadlets and then the beadlets digested using dextranase to separate the chondrocytes from the carrier. Cells can also be grown on chitosan microcarriers to be used for implantation. In addition, cells can be grown on polysaccharide polymers to be used as implant devices. Various polymers serve as scaffolds for cells to be used for implantation. The polymers can be used for cell culture as well as for preparing scaffolds useful for tissue replacement such as cartilage tissue.

Abstract: The present invention provide a biomaterial comprising an extirpated piece from a tissue selected from the group consisting of the cornea, muscle, tendon, cartilage, alimentary canal, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, heart, blood vessel, nerve and brain of Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes or Cyclostomata.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for making repairs with graft ligaments. In one form of the invention, the method for graft ligament reconstruction comprises (i) harvesting a graft ligament consisting entirely of soft tissue; (ii) compacting the graft ligament through compression, so as to significantly reduce the cross-sectional area and increase the density of the collagen material of the graft ligament; and (iii) deploying the compressed tendon in the human body. In another form of the invention, the apparatus for graft ligament reconstruction comprises a graft ligament having a given diameter and a given cross-sectional area; and a compacting instrument having at least one surface to contact the graft ligament and to decrease the given cross-sectional area of the graft ligament to a reduced cross-sectional area, whereby the graft ligament with the decreased cross-sectional area may be positioned within a bone tunnel having a cross-sectional area smaller than the given cross-sectional area of the graft ligament.

Abstract: A surgical implant for securing ligament grafts into a joint. The implant is formed entirely of allograft cortical bone, and has a tapered tip with a suture eye. A length of suture is knotted or looped through the eye. The suture is used to draw the implant transversely through a looped graft construct to fix the graft by spanning a bone socket, for example. In a preferred embodiment, the implant is used for knee ligament repair by forming a longitudinal socket in a bone. A flexible strand is drawn with the pin through the bone. A looped portion of the flexible strand is diverted so as to protrude out of the entrance to the longitudinal socket. The ends of the flexible strand remain accessible on either side of the bone. The ligament graft is captured within the strand loop protruding from the entrance to the socket. The strand is retracted into the socket, drawing the graft into the socket by pulling on the accessible ends of the flexible strand. The graft is fixed in the socket using the transverse implant.

Abstract: The invention provides an article of manufacture comprising a substantially non-immunogenic ligament or tendon xenograft for implantation into humans. The invention further provides a method for preparing a ligament xenograft by removing at least a portion of a ligament from a non-human animal to provide a xenograft; washing the xenograft in saline and alcohol; subjecting the xenograft to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, immersion in alcohol, ozonation, freeze/thaw cycling, and optionally chemical crosslinking. In addition to or in lieu of the above treatments, the methods include a cellular disruption treatment and either digestion of the carbohydrate moieties of the xenograft with a glycosidase in a range of about 1 mU/ml to about 1000 U/ml or glycosidase digestion followed by treatment for sialylation. The invention also provides articles of manufacture produced by one or more of the above-identified methods of the invention.

Abstract: The invention describes a graft suspension device 2 for suspending a ligament in a bone hole. The suspension device 2 comprises a first loop 4 and second loop 6 suspended from an anchor 8 and has a cradle 10 at the opposite end of the loop to the anchor. Ligament grafts (not shown) are looped over the cradle 10 and loose ends 30,32 may be pulled by finger loops 22, 24 whereby the surgeon can adjust the distance of the cradle 10 from the anchor 8 thereby tensioning the grafts as desired.

Abstract: A tissue press for shaping or compressing a piece of tissue comprises first and second members movable relative to each other. A first forming element of a predetermined shape is selectively engageable on the first member. A second forming element of predetermined shape is selectively engageable on the second member. The first and second forming elements are positionable on opposite sides of the piece of tissue. The first and second members are relatively movable between a first spaced apart condition and a second condition in which the piece of tissue is held between the first and second forming elements. Means are preferably provided for monitoring and controlling the amount of pressure applied to the piece of tissue, in order to maintain the tissue in a viable living condition. Means may also be provided for draining off fluid from compressed tissue, so that the tissue can be implanted in a compressed state and imbibe fluid from the host site.

Abstract: A reconstructive structure for a cartilaginous element having a plurality of superimposed layers of intestinal submucosa tissue compressed and secured together and shaped to provide a reconstructive structure having the anatomical shape of the cartilaginous element to be reconstructed is described. The method of forming the reconstructive structure includes superimposing the planar layers of the intestinal submucosa tissue, securing the layers to form a multi-layered structure and cutting the resulting multi-layered structure to the desired shape.

Abstract: Methods are provided for replacing a damaged ligament. The methods include choosing a prepared graft of appropriated size, the prepared graft having a length of graft material including proximal and distal sutures and wherein the graft material is provided in sterile packaging.

Abstract: Methods are provided for preparing a replacement graft for use in repairing a damaged ligament. The methods include harvesting the graft material, shaping it accordingly, assembling the graft by attaching sutures to the ends, and packaging the graft in a sterile container.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for attaching a ligament graft to the inside of a bone passage from a proximal location, the device including (1) a non-expansible ring having an interior passage through which the ligament graft may extend, the ring sized to fit within the bone passage; (2) a radially expansible gripping member sized to enter the ring and to press the ligament outwardly against the interior surface of the ring; and (3) an expander coupled to the expansible gripping member, constructed to expand the expansible gripping member to grip the ligament against the ring.

Abstract: The invention provides an article of manufacture comprising a substantially non-immunogenic soft tissue xenograft for implantation into humans. The invention further provides methods for preparing a soft tissue xenograft by removing at least a portion of a soft tissue from a non-human animal to provide a xenograft; washing the xenograft in saline and alcohol; subjecting the xenograft to cellular disruption treatment; and digesting the xenograft with a proteoglycan-depleting factor and/or glycosidase and optionally following with a capping treatment. The invention also provides an article of manufacture produced by the above-identified method of the invention. The invention further provides a soft tissue xenograft for implantation into a human including a portion of a soft tissue from a non-human animal, wherein the portion has extracellular components and substantially only dead cells. The extracellular components have reduced proteoglycan molecules.

Abstract: A tissue press for shaping or compressing a piece of tissue comprises first and second members movable relative to each other. A first forming element of a predetermined shape is selectively engageable on the first member. A second forming element of predetermined shape is selectively engageable on the second member. The first and second forming elements are positionable on opposite sides of the piece of tissue. The first and second members are relatively movable between a first spaced apart condition and a second condition in which the piece of tissue is held between the first and second forming elements. Means are preferably provided for monitoring and controlling the amount of pressure applied to the piece of tissue, in order to maintain the tissue in a viable living condition. Means may also be provided for draining off fluid from compressed tissue, so that the tissue can be implanted in a compressed state and imbibe fluid from the host site.

Abstract: A method for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament of a patient is described.

Abstract: The invention provides a substantially non-immunogenic ligament or tendon xenograft for implantation into humans. The invention further provides a method for preparing a ligament xenograft by removing at least a portion of a ligament from a non-human animal to provide a xenograft; washing the xenograft in saline and alcohol; subjecting the xenograft cellular disruption treatment, such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation, immersion in alcohol, ozonation, freeze/thaw cycling, and optionally chemical crosslinking. In addition to or in lieu of the above treatments, the methods include digestion of the carbohydrate moieties of the xenograft with a glycosidase, preferably in a range of about 1 mU/ml to about 1000 U/ml, followed by treatment for sialylation. The invention also provides articles of manufacture produced by one or more of the above-identified methods of the invention.

Abstract: A reconstructive structure for a cartilaginous element having a plurality of superimposed layers of intestinal submucosa tissue compressed and secured together and shaped to provide a reconstructive structure having the anatomical shape of the cartilaginous element to be reconstructed is described. The method of forming the reconstructive structure includes superimposing the planar layers of the intestinal submucosa tissue, securing the layers to form a multi-layered structure and cutting the resulting multi-layered structure to the desired shape.