Abstract: An apparatus and a method for predicting an amount of temperature change of a target zone are provided. The method includes collecting a plurality of base information, and calculating base relationship information between an indoor/outdoor temperature difference of the target zone and an amount of temperature change of the target zone on the basis of the plurality of base information. Each of the plurality of base information is information on the amount of temperature change of the target zone according to the indoor/outdoor temperature difference of the target zone during a late night time section, and the late night time section is set on the basis of at least one of activity schedule information, a sunrise time point, and a sunset time point of the target zone.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a laminated iron core includes preheating a laminated body in which a plurality of iron core pieces are laminated and which includes a resin filling hole, measuring a temperature of the laminated body after preheating the laminated body, determining whether or not the temperature measured is within a predetermined range, feeding the laminated body into a molding device in a case where it is determined that the temperature is within the predetermined range, and filling the resin filling hole of the laminated body with a resin material in the molding device.

Abstract: The detector of visible and near-infrared radiation comprises a near-infrared photosensitive element, a readout circuit for reading the near-infrared photosensitive element, four visible photosensitive elements, one of which being placed facing the near-infrared photosensitive element, and four pigmented resin filters to define a pixel quadruplet. A first pixel, including the near-infrared photosensitive element and one of the visible photosensitive elements, is provided with a resin filter opaque to visible radiation. The three other pixels, respectively including the three other visible photosensitive elements, are respectively provided with filters associated with the three primary colors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to directly and accurately detect a temperature of a semiconductor layer at the time of depositing and film-forming the semiconductor layer. First wavelength laser light having light transmissivity attenuated in a first temperature range and second wavelength laser light having light transmissivity attenuated in a second temperature range are applied to the semiconductor layer. A light receiving unit receives light passing through the semiconductor layer. An attenuation range of the laser light transmissivity is detected when the temperature of the semiconductor layer is increased and the detection light quantity of the first wavelength laser light is attenuated. As the temperature continues to increase and the detection light quantity of the second wavelength laser light exceeds an attenuation start point, the temperature of the semiconductor layer is calculated based on a detection light quantity at a predetermined measurement time and the attenuation range.

Abstract: A method for continuously monitoring the working condition of a heat recovery steam generator (“HRSG”) using infrared thermography, comprising the steps of identifying target locations inside the HRSG, positioning one or more infrared cameras to continuously monitor and record the temperature at each target location, generating continuous thermographic images corresponding to selected components and locations at each target locations, comparing the continuous thermographic images to corresponding, stored base line images and generating a set of comparative data reports in real time for each target location in order to predict the life span or potential failure of HRSG components.

Abstract: Disclosed is an air conditioner with spatial recognition and detection functions for deciding room shape by determining, based on temperature difference information between the floor and walls occurring during air conditioning operation, a human body detection position log, and a capacity zone of the air conditioner. In an embodiment, an infrared sensor detects a temperature of an area of the room by scanning the area and a control unit acquires thermal image data of the area scanned by the infrared sensor and then calculates a temperature of a wall of the room from the acquired thermal image data. The control unit detects a human body in the room from the thermal image data, calculates a distance between the body and the wall, and calculates a radiation temperature from the wall for the body based on the calculated temperature of the wall and the distance between the body and the wall.

Abstract: A temperature measurement apparatus for measuring a temperature profile of a substrate mounted on a rotating table, including a radiation temperature measurement unit configured to measure the temperature of plural temperature measurement areas on a surface of the rotating table in a radius direction of the rotating table by scanning the surface of the rotating table in the radius direction; a temperature map generating unit that specifies the address of the temperature measurement area based on the number of the temperature measurement areas measured by the radiation temperature measurement unit for each of the scanning operations in the radius direction of the rotating table, and the rotating speed of the rotating table, and stores the temperature in correspondence with the corresponding address in a storing unit; and a temperature data display processing unit that displays a temperature profile of the rotating table.

Abstract: A mobile apparatus and a process for adequately irrigating soil, wherein the apparatus has an irrigation unit for irrigating soil and a mobile microwave measurement unit for determining the water content of the soil along a measurement path. A control unit is used to irrigate the soil along the measurement path depending on the measured water content. The apparatus preferably also has a water tank and leaves an area of soil to be irrigated autonomously.

Abstract: The fabrication of the wafer may be analyzed starting from when the wafer is in a partially fabricated state. The value of a specified performance parameter may be determined at a plurality of locations on an active area of a die of the wafer. The specified performance parameter is known to be indicative of a particular fabrication process in the fabrication. Evaluation information may then be obtained based on a variance of the value of the performance parameter at the plurality of locations. This may be done without affecting a usability of a chip that is created from the die. The evaluation information may be used to evaluate how one or more processes that include the particular fabrication process that was indicated by the performance parameter value was performed.

Abstract: A method for evaluating dispersion of a light-to-heat conversion material in a thermal transfer film includes calculating optical densities OD1 and OD2 of the thermal transfer film according to Equations 2 and 3, and calculating a dispersion evaluation value ?OD according to Equation 1. The thermal transfer film has good dispersion of the light-to-heat conversion material when the dispersion evaluation value ?OD is 0.1 or less, and the thermal transfer film has poor dispersion of the light-to-heat conversion material when the dispersion evaluation value ?OD is greater than 0.1.

Abstract: A method for measuring a temperature of a film in a reaction chamber is provided. The method includes: obtaining reflectivity sampling data R of a sampling point set in a detection area of the film for light with a wavelength ?, and thermal radiation value sampling data E of the sampling point set; obtaining a first correction factor ? and a second correction factor ? according to values of at least two sampling data groups, wherein 0<??1, 0???1; obtaining a blackbody radiation value Lb of the detection area of the film for the light with the wavelength ? according to the first correction factor ?, the second correction factor ? and the values of the at least two sampling data groups; obtaining a temperature T of the detection area by looking up a table according to the blackbody radiation value Lb and the wavelength ?.

Abstract: A method and system for determining a rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation (TKED) in a turbulent fluid environment are provided. A light source provided at a first end of a predetermined path-length passes a beam of light through the turbulent fluid environment. An angle of arrival detection unit detects the angle of arrival of the at least one beam of light. The angle of arrival is then processed at a processing unit that calculates temperature dissipation spectra as a function of the autocorrelation of the angle of arrival. The peak of the temperature dissipation spectra represents the rate of TKED. A number of turbulent quantities can be determined by using the method and system.

Abstract: A temperature measuring method includes: transmitting a light to a measurement point of an object to be measured, the object being a substrate on which a thin film is formed; measuring a first interference wave caused by a reflected light from a surface of the substrate, and a second interference wave caused by reflected lights from an interface between the substrate and the thin film and from a rear surface of the thin film; calculating an optical path length from the first interference wave to the second interference wave; calculating a film thickness of the thin film; calculating an optical path difference between an optical path length of the substrate and the calculated optical path length; compensating for the optical path length from the first interference wave to the second interference wave; and calculating a temperature of the object at the measurement point.

Abstract: A method of testing an electrical circuit includes applying test vectors to a circuit, detecting thermal changes in portions of the circuit during application of the test vectors, and identifying unexpected activity corresponding to the thermal changes. The method supplements standard testing techniques to provide a new method of assessing operation of fabricated integrated circuits and programmed field programmable gate arrays.

Abstract: A calibration device, capable of calibrating a gain of a radiometer, includes an actuator and a micro-electromechanical-system (MEMS) unit. The actuator receives a calibration signal outputted from a control unit. The MEMS unit is coupled to the actuator, in which the actuator enables the MEMS unit to shield an antenna of the radiometer according to the calibration signal, such that the radiometer generates an environmental signal according to an equivalent radiant temperature received from the MEMS unit, and the control unit calibrates the gain of the radiometer according to the environmental signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus measuring temperature of a steel sheet. A reference plate including a temperature controller is disposed opposite to the steel sheet. The reference plate temperature of the reference plate is measured by a contact thermometer. A radiation pyrometer is trained on the steel sheet at an angle such that alternate reflection of radiation energy by the reference plate and the objective steel sheet occurs once or twice. The radiosity of the steel sheet is measured by the radiation pyrometer. A temperature obtained by converting the radiosity into a temperature of a blackbody that radiates energy equivalent to the radiosity is used as a radiosity temperature. The temperature controller executes a control operation to make the temperature of the reference plate coincide with the radiosity temperature. The radiosity temperature is used as the temperature of the steel sheet.

Abstract: The light emission analyzing device includes: a first light intensity calculation unit that performs polynomial approximation on a spectroscopic spectrum indicating a light intensity for each wavelength in a container as measured by a spectrometer so as to calculate the light intensity; a second light intensity calculation unit that subtracts, for each wavelength, the light intensity calculated by the first light intensity calculation unit from the light intensity indicated by the spectroscopic spectrum measured by the spectrometer so as to calculate a light intensity corresponding to a bright-line spectrum of a molecule; and a ratio calculation unit that calculates, by using the light intensity calculated by the second light intensity calculation unit, a ratio between (a) a peak value of a molecular spectrum of a first molecule and (b) a peak value of a molecular spectrum of a second molecule.

Abstract: A photoluminescent temperature sensing device and method utilizing a semi-conductor optical device adapted to operate as both a light-emitting device and a light detection device. The optical device emits a pulse of incident light, producing photoluminescent light that is received at the optical device. Signal information associated with a temperature-dependent characteristic of the photoluminescent light is created and temperature information if obtained from the signal information.

Abstract: A self validating flame detection system (10) for a turbine engine (12) configured to determine whether a flame exists in a turbine engine combustor is disclosed. The self validating flame detection system (10) may include two different types of flame detection sensors to reduce the risk of false positive signals. In at least one embodiment, the flame detection system (10) may include one or more infrared sensors (20) that sense infrared radiation within the combustor of the turbine engine (12) and one or more ultraviolet light sensors (22) that sense ultraviolet light within the combustor of the turbine engine (12). The flame detection system (10) may include a processor (24) configured to ignore the steady state infrared signal generated and instead analyze the dynamic infrared signal. The processor (24) may be configured to determine whether both types of sensors indicate a flame out condition so that a false alarm does not occur.

Abstract: The present invention provides a drawing apparatus including a generation device configured to generate drawing data, a blanking device configured to blank a beam, and a blanking controller includes a first storage device, a second storage device, and a third storage device configured to respectively store the drawing data generated by the generation device, and being configured to control operations of the first storage device, the second storage device, and the third storage device so that an operation of storing the drawing data generated by the generation device in a selected one of the first storage device and the second storage device, and an operation of reading out the drawing data stored in the other of the first storage device and the second storage device, and storing the readout drawing data in the third storage device are executed in parallel.

Abstract: High resolution distributed temperature sensors using fiber optic distributed temperature sensing systems deployed on various carriers to significantly improve spatial resolution and provide high resolution temperature profile and detection of fluid or fluid interface levels.

Abstract: The present invention provides a drawing apparatus including a plurality of drawing units each of which is configured to perform drawing on a substrate with a charged particle beam, a plurality of first processors configured to be selectively connectable to each of the plurality of drawing units, an information processor configured to determine, from the plurality of first processors, a first processor to be connected to a first drawing unit among the plurality of drawing units, based on drawing data, and a connection unit configured to connect the determined first processor to the first drawing unit.

Abstract: A method and device for determining temperature of a substrate in a vacuum processing apparatus during a process of the substrate are disclosed, the substrate to be measured is placed on a susceptor in the vacuum processing apparatus for a manufacture process, and the method includes: selecting i wavelengths from radiance emitted from the susceptor through a substrate, where i is a natural number greater than 1; obtaining at least i pieces of radiance corresponding to the selected i wavelengths; and calculating the temperature of the substrate based on the i pieces of radiance and the i wavelengths, by using a mathematical equation: E(?i)=T(d)×M(?i,T), where E(?i) is the ith radiant quantity corresponding to the ith wavelength ?i, T(d) is transmittance of the substrate, which is a function of thickness d of a film grown on the substrate, and M(?i,T) is blackbody radiation equation, which is a function of the ith wavelength ?i and the substrate temperature T.

Abstract: An integrated circuit chip is defined by a stack of several interconnected layers. The integrated circuit chip includes at least two layers of dissimilar metal patterned to define an array of integrated bimetallic thermocouples.

Abstract: A method utilizing characteristic x-ray emission from a single thin film or multilayer thin film when an electron beam impinges at a grazing angle with respect to the surface of the sample to capture structural and physical properties of the layers such as layer thickness, interfacial roughness, and stoichiometry of the sample.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed that determines the emissivity and temperature of a target object. A compact emitter capable of sequentially emitting blackbody-like radiation at two different temperatures is used to determine the target object's emissivity and temperature.

Abstract: During rain, including a light source (5) for radiating light such that the light is transmitted through a vehicle window (2), a light receiving element (6) for sensing an optical signal when the light radiated from the light source (5) is reflected from the raindrop fallen on the vehicle window (2) and performing a photoelectric transduction, and a receiver (9) for receiving the photoelectrically transduced signal from the light receiving element (6) and judging the level of rainfall. The light source (5) and the light receiving element (6) are inclined with respect to the surface of the vehicle window (2) such that the light of the light source (5) directly reflected from the vehicle window (2) exits to the outside of the light receiving element (6) and the light reflected from a raindrop (8) on the vehicle window (2) is received by the light receiving element (6) to operate a vehicle wiper.

Abstract: A method for determining heat and/or energy loss from a building using a thermographic image of the building, the image of the building being captured at a pre-determined angle, preferably perpendicular to the building, the method comprising analyzing automatically the image to determine the temperature of areas of the image, determining the real size of the scene associated with the image areas that are above a pre-determined temperature and using this to determine heat and/or energy loss from the building.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a PMV estimating device calculates a PMV value from an average room radiation temperature, room temperature, room humidity, room air velocity, an amount of cloth worn by a person in the room, and an amount of activity of the person in the room. The PMV estimating device includes: indoor solar radiation calculator; solar radiated article temperature estimator; and average radiation temperature estimator. The indoor solar radiation calculator calculates an amount of solar radiation entered into the room. The solar radiated article temperature estimator estimates a temperature of a solar radiated article receiving the solar radiation entered into the room, by using the amount of solar radiation entered into the room calculated by the indoor solar radiation calculator. The average radiation temperature estimator estimates the average room radiation temperature by using the temperature of the solar radiated article estimated by the solar radiated article temperature estimator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for identifying information about objects. Radiant intensity measurements for an object are identified from sensor data for a plurality of bands of electromagnetic radiation. The object has parts. A system of equations that includes the radiant intensity measurements is generated. The system of equations is solved to identify information about each part in the parts of the object.

Abstract: A system for controlling the uniformity of combustion over a range of operating conditions in a combustor with a plurality of fuel nozzles. The system includes a number of optical sensors, each sensor comprising an optical probe that collects naturally occurring optical radiation emanating from a segment of the combustor or combustor exhaust, and at least one transducer that receives the radiation collected by the probes, compares the intensity of collected radiation from each sensor in a plurality of spectral pass-bands that are indicative of the fuel/air ratio in the combustor segments, and produces output signals that are indicative of the state of combustion in the combustor segments. A control system receives the output signals from the transducers and in response controls the fuel flow to the fuel nozzles to achieve an output from each of the sensors that has been determined to be indicative of a predetermined state of combustion.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to acquire direct thermal measurements, for example, from a LiDAR collecting vehicle or air vessel, of an overhead electrical conductor substantially simultaneous with collection of 3-dimensional location data of the conductor, and utilize temperature information derived from the direct thermal measurements in line modeling, line rating, thermal line analysis, clearance analysis, and/or vegetation management.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining a temperature of an object without contacting the object. An etalon filter may be used to receive spectral radiation of the object over a plurality of wavelengths and to generate a spectral output signal. A linear array detector may be used that is responsive to the spectral output signal from the etalon filter and adapted to generate an output indicative of the spectral radiation at each of one of the plurality of wavelengths. An actuator may be used that controls movement of one element of the etalon filter to assist in generating the output. A processor may be used which is responsive to the output of the linear array detector and which analyzes a known characteristic of a black body at a plurality of test temperatures, against the output of the linear array detector, to determine a specific temperature of the object.

Abstract: The invention is a process for finding the accurate masses of subfragments comprising an unknown compound from the accurate-mass mass spectral data of the unknown compound obtained on a mass spectrometer. This process generates these accurate masses of subfragments using mass differences of fragment ions and a listing of plausible masses. In this way, the accurate masses of subfragments, useful for generating modular structures, can be obtained very rapidly.

Abstract: A self check-type flame detector includes a casing provided with a monitoring window formed therein. A wavelength generation unit is disposed inside the casing and generates a wavelength in a direction of the monitoring window. A wavelength detection element is disposed inside the casing and detects the wavelength. A comparison unit is provided with a wavelength DB for storing intensity of a reference wavelength and determines whether the monitoring window has been contaminated. A display unit is located outside the casing and displays a state of the monitoring window. A communication unit is disposed inside the casing and configured to receive operation information for the wavelength generation unit, to provide the operation information to the wavelength generation unit, and to transmit the intensity of the wavelength, or a normal signal or a contamination signal of the monitoring window.

Abstract: A method analyzes a model of a balanced power distribution system by transforming a model of the balanced distribution system with zero impedance branches to an equivalent model of the balanced power distribution system with non-zero impedance branches. Decoupled power mismatch equations with second orders are generated for each bus in the equivalent model. Power mismatches are determined using the bus power flow equations. The power mismatches are compared to a predetermined threshold. Then, for each bus, solving iteratively, if the comparing is true, the power mismatch equations to obtain a bus voltage magnitude correction and a bus phase angle correction until the comparing is false.

Abstract: A temperature measurement apparatus for measuring a temperature profile of a substrate mounted on a rotating table, including a radiation temperature measurement unit configured to measure the temperature of plural temperature measurement areas on a surface of the rotating table in a radius direction of the rotating table by scanning the surface of the rotating table in the radius direction; a temperature map generating unit that specifies the address of the temperature measurement area based on the number of the temperature measurement areas measured by the radiation temperature measurement unit for each of the scanning operations in the radius direction of the rotating table, and the rotating speed of the rotating table, and stores the temperature in correspondence with the corresponding address in a storing unit; and a temperature data display processing unit that displays a temperature profile of the rotating table.

Abstract: A temperature estimating apparatus, which is provided for a backlight having a plurality of light source blocks each having one light source or a plurality of light sources so that light emission of the light source of each of the light source blocks can be regulated independently, comprises an acquiring unit which acquires a luminance of the light source for each of the light source blocks; a temperature sensor which measures a temperature of at least any one of an internal and external temperature of a casing of the image display apparatus having the backlight; and an estimating unit which estimates a temperature of the light source for each of the light source blocks on the basis of a measured value obtained by the temperature sensor and a luminance value of the light source of each of the light source blocks acquired by the acquiring unit.

Abstract: To analyze an electric component in depth, provision is made to submit the aforementioned component to focused laser radiation. It is shown that by modifying the altitude of the focus in the component, some internal parts of the aforementioned component can be characterized more easily.

Abstract: An object is heated to a preheating temperature in an atmosphere of a reducing gas under the atmospheric pressure while adjusting the setting of the emissivity of a non-contact temperature measuring part and regulating the temperature of the object according to the measured value measured by a contact temperature measuring part. The pressure of the atmosphere is reduced. The object is further heated to a heating temperature under a lowered pressure while regulating the temperature of the object according to the measured value measured by the non-contact temperature measuring part whose setting of the emissivity is adjusted during the heating process to the preheating temperature. The pressure of the atmosphere is increased back to the atmospheric pressure while maintaining the heating temperature of the object. The temperature of the object is decreased under the atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A subsea riser integrity diagnosis system comprising: one or more fibres deployed along a riser, preferably along the whole length subject to any potential failure, or alternatively deployed over the interval most subject to failure, a fibre optic sensor interrogation apparatus optically coupled to the fibre(s) and operable to detect changes in temperature (DTS), vibration (CRN), or strain (FBG) sensed by the fibre optic strain sensor, and a central processor means adapted to receive multiple measurement data from the interrogation apparatus and operable to determine from the received data the current status of temperature, pressure, vibration, strain or other parameters along the riser and to determine if the status is within safe limits or whether any number of potentially damaging events has occurred and to inform the operator(s) for possible action to be taken to safeguard the integrity of the riser.

Abstract: A method of measuring Raman signals comprises: an analyte placing step of placing an analyte on a detection surface of a microstructure plate which generates an enhanced electric field when irradiated with excitation light; an irradiating step of irradiating the detection surface with the excitation light so that the enhanced electric field is generated around the detection surface and light is emitted from the analyte and the detection surface to be enhanced by the generated enhanced electric field; a Raman signal obtaining step of detecting the enhanced light to obtain a Raman signal emitted from the analyte and a background signal for use as a reference, the Raman signal and the background signal having respective intensities; and a normalizing step of normalizing the Raman signal from the analyte by dividing the intensity of the Raman signal from the analyte by the intensity of the background signal obtained as the reference.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention relate generally to diagnostic methods and systems for determining the operating condition and performance of a cooling element in a metallurgical reactor during operation of the reactor. In a system aspect, the system comprises sensing means, processing means and display means. The sensing means is located in or approximate the cooling element for sensing operating conditions of the cooling element. The processing means is in communication with the sensing means for receiving data corresponding to the sensed operating conditions and for processing the data to determine a relative condition indicator of the cooling element. The display means is in communication with the processing means and displays the relative condition indicator to a user of the diagnostic system. The display means can display a first, second or third state representative of the relative health indicator.

Abstract: Changes, increase or decrease, in the body fluid are passively detected by using a single pixel, non-linear blind de-mixing procedure, which can be extended to general biomedical measurement and diagnosis instruments. More specifically, the single pixel, non-linear blind de-mixing procedure in applied on the hot spots of rheumatic arthritis or breast cancer detection problem using passive two-color infrared imaging, as well as to passively detect blockages in the body fluid circulatory system that might be of importance for coronary artery bypass surgery, diabetes and deep vein thrombosis. Other applications of the mentioned algorithm include a pair of cameras for video, a pair of antennas for cell phones, and in situ data gathering or imaging using multiple mode fiber-optical sensing, as well as selective amplification hearing aids through two-ear binaural processing for de-noise echo cancellation and signal classification.

Abstract: Provided is a temperature measuring method which can accurately measure a temperature of an object to be measured compared to a conventional method, even if a thin film is formed on the object.

Abstract: A method and system using fiber optic sensors are provided for the distributed monitoring of the condition of machinery having multiple elements. A sensor including an optical fiber is mechanically coupled to, or in the proximity of, multiple elements of machinery in order to monitor vibration, temperature, and/or strain of such elements. Data are collected in a form suitable for storage, transmission, and analysis, and may be used to control alarms, machinery, or may be displayed to convey condition of machinery. One embodiment is the monitoring of elements of conveyor systems, such as rollers, bearings, idler wheels, power components, and the belt. The detection of condition and changes in condition, as well as the display of information, is enhanced by using information from a plurality of related or similar elements.

Abstract: A combustion gas measurement apparatus mounted in a gas turbine including: a tunable laser generating a radiation beam passing through a combustion gas path; a controller tuning the laser to emit radiation having at least a first selected wavelength and a second selected wavelength which both correspond to temperature-dependent transitions of a combustion species of the gas, wherein the first selected wavelength and the second selected wavelength are not near absorption peaks of neighboring wavelengths; a detector sensing the radiation beam passing through the combustion gas and generating an absorption signal indicative of an absorption of the beam by the combustion gas at each of the first wavelength and the second wavelength, and a processor executing a program stored on a non-transitory storage medium determining a combustion gas temperature based on a ratio of the adoption signals for the first wavelength and the second wavelength.

Abstract: A photoluminescent temperature sensing device and method utilizing a semi-conductor optical device adapted to operate as both a light-emitting device and a light detection device. The optical device emits a pulse of incident light, producing photoluminescent light that is received at the optical device. Signal information associated with a temperature-dependent characteristic of the photoluminescent light is created and temperature information if obtained from the signal information.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to acquire direct thermal measurements, for example, from a LiDAR collecting vehicle or air vessel, of an overhead electrical conductor substantially simultaneous with collection of 3-dimensional location data of the conductor, and utilize temperature information derived from the direct thermal measurements in line modeling, line rating, thermal line analysis, clearance analysis, and/or vegetation management.

Abstract: The invention is an apparatus and method including hardware and software, which allows collecting and analyzing data to obtain information about mechanical properties of soft materials in a much faster way. The apparatus can be used as a stand-alone deice or an add-on to the existing AFM device. The apparatus allows collecting dynamical measurements using a set of multiple frequencies of interest at once, in one measurement instead of sequential, one frequency in a time; measurements.