Abstract: A method includes generating a first, second and third voltage output from a temperature sensing element of an integrated circuit using a respective, corresponding first, second and third, switched current source, for sequentially switching a respective first, second and third excitation current through the temperature sensing element. The third switched current source generates the corresponding third voltage output as a reference voltage between the first voltage and the second voltage. An error corrected difference is calculated between the first voltage and the second voltage using the reference voltage. In the method, the second excitation current is proportional to the first excitation current by a value n, and the third excitation current is proportional to the first excitation current by the square root of n.

Abstract: A system and method for determining the speed of an alternator, for example, a vehicle alternator. The method includes measuring the current or voltage of a vehicle battery for a predetermined period of time, and then notch filtering the measured current or voltage signal to remove known harmonics. A limited data point Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectrum analysis operation is performed to identify the frequency peaks in the filtered signal, where the highest peak represents a ripple current on the DC alternator signal. The highest peak in the FFT signal is identified, and an interpolation process is performed between that peak and an adjacent peak in the data to identify the actual frequency of the ripple current. The ripple current is then converted to the speed of the alternator.

Abstract: The described apparatus and methods use Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to determine the absolute volumetric moisture content of various media. The effects of dispersion caused by conductive and dielectric properties of the medium on the waveform are extrapolated by detecting the bulk propagation time and the slope of the distorted transition of the characteristic reflected waveform. Fast transitions are injected by a differential step function generator into a two-conductor waveguide, which is immersed in soil or other medium of interest. Unlike previous single-ended TDR systems, a differential digitizer senses the probes. Timing control between the two digitizers is critical. Use of an integrated fully differential system eliminates the need for a coaxial cable and an associated balancing transformer, or balun. This enables a two-conductor probe that is more easily inserted into soil, rather than requiring three conductors.

Abstract: A method of electrical device characterization comprises: providing an array of electrical devices arranged in rows and columns, wherein each electrical device has a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal; clamping a first voltage at a first terminal of a selected electrical device via a first buffer or an first external voltage source; clamping a second voltage at a second terminal of a selected electrical device via a second buffer or a second external voltage source; controlling a third buffer to couple the third terminal of the selected electrical device to a first terminal or a second terminal of at least one non-selected column of electrical devices; and deriving a characterization result via the third terminal of the selected electrical device; wherein the array of electrical devices, the first buffer, the second buffer and the third buffer are on a same die or a same module.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for remotely identifying and classifying materials based on their respective complex permittivity features. Materials of interest to be identified in later inspections are cataloged according to their respective complex permittivity features by applying electromagnetic fields to them and determining their complex permittivity features. That library of features is used to compare field measurements taken during an inspection to determine the presence of a material of interest and to identify it.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a battery tester having high precision, which has a casing having an input device and two detecting wires, a microprocessor, a variable loading unit and a battery power status detecting unit. The microprocessor builds a strategic decision process therein to determine a proper resistance of a load for a battery according to the battery capacity, initial voltage and detection requirements having 1/N CCA and loading time. When the resistance of the load is determined, the microprocessor adjusts a resistance of the variable loading unit equal to the resistance of the load for the battery. Therefore, the battery tester does not use the load with the fixed resistance to detect batteries with different capacities and has accurate detecting results.

Abstract: A motor control center comprises a plurality of bays in which switchgear components, circuit protective components, automation components and power electronic components are disposed for driving motors and other loads. Network optical conductors are routed through one or more wireways adjacent to the bays. Distribution nodes are coupled to the conductors and are interconnected with respective network terminals within the bays. Components within individual bays for which EtherNet and/or Internet connectivity is desired are coupled to the network terminals. The conductors may comprise plastic optical fibers and may be designed to operate in the relatively high voltage environment of the motor control center bays.

Abstract: Geometrically based system and method for receiving capacitive sensory input. User input may be received by a capacitive sensing pad. A signal may be generated by the capacitive sensing pad. The signal may indicate a size of an area in which the user input is received. The signal may be received by an input composed in processing circuitry and coupled to the capacitive sensing pad. A location of the user input may be determined by the processing circuitry based on the signal.

Abstract: A measuring device for measuring insulation resistance of an electric vehicle includes a measuring unit, a voltage detecting unit, and a control unit. The measuring unit includes a first tap, a second tap, a switch, and a measuring resistor. The first tap is to be electrically coupled to a high potential side of a high voltage system. The second tap is to be electrically coupled to a ground side of a low voltage system. The switch and the measuring resistor are connected in series between the first tap and the second tap. The voltage detecting unit is for detecting a voltage formed between the first tap and the second tap. The control unit is operable for controlling ON and OFF states of the switch, and is configured to determine the high potential insulation resistance and the low potential insulation resistance after operating the switch in the ON and OFF states.

Abstract: A reader device (104) for a contactless remote measurement system by inductive coupling provided with at least one RLC passive sensor (102) having a resistance and a capacitance or inductance provided for varying depending on one or more physical parameters, the measurement of which is desired, the reader including an inductive antenna (105), and means for iterative identification of at least the resistance and the capacitance or inductance of said sensor, provided for carrying out an iterative identification method comprising steps consisting of: emitting a test signal at the input of said antenna, achieving an estimation ?k of the time response of the sensor to said test signal with means forming a discrete filter (112) provided with coefficients which may be modulated, adapting the coefficients of the discrete filter, depending on a criterion J depending on said estimation and on a discrete signal sk formed from a real signal taken at the terminals of the antenna in response to the emission of said test

Abstract: A method of measuring ion current between a plasma and an electrode in communication with the plasma is disclosed. A time-varying voltage at the electrode and a time- varying current through the electrode are measured. The method comprise recording, for each of a plurality of voltage values, v?, a plurality, n, of current values I(v?); and obtaining from the current and voltage values a value of the ion current. The electrode is insulated from the plasma by an insulating layer, so that the current values lack a DC component.

Abstract: A non-contact sensor system is provided that comprises a first sensor element and a rotary member disposed proximate the first sensor element without physically contacting the first sensor element. The rotary member may he configured to be rotated about an axis Y by a shaft configured to pass through the rotary member along the axis Y at a value X. The non-contact sensor system further comprises a second sensor element disposed on the rotary member proximate the first sensor element without physically contacting the first sensor element, and the first sensor element and the second sensor element may be operatively coupled to facilitate sensing the value X.

Abstract: A method and device determine FET gate resistance based on both polysilicon resistance and the resistance values of wires and contacts connected to the gate node, plus the fraction of the electric current in each wire segment and in each contact and the path length of electric current in polysilicon. A new gate resistance expression (i.e., a master equation) is used for total gate resistance, which is the sum of core gate resistance and the resistance of wires and contacts connecting polysilicon and a gate node. When there are two or more paths for electric current going from polysilicon to the gate node, the total resistance also depends on the direction and path length of electric current in polysilicon, and the method and device next determine the fraction of electric current in each path by minimizing total resistance with respect to the fractions of the electric current in each path.

Abstract: In a method of determining interference in a capacitance sensor, a signal is transmitted on a transmitter sensor channel of the capacitive sensor. The signal is received on a receiver sensor channel of the capacitive sensor, the receiver sensor channel being coupled with an amplifier. Behavior of the amplifier is examined for non-linearity to determine if a level of interference has been received by the receiver sensor channel in conjunction with receipt of the signal.

Abstract: A charge amplifier for use in radiation sensing includes an amplifier, at least one switch, and at least one capacitor. The switch selectively couples the input of the switch to one of at least two voltages. The capacitor is electrically coupled in series between the input of the amplifier and the input of the switch. The capacitor is electrically coupled to the input of the amplifier without a switch coupled therebetween. A method of measuring charge in radiation sensing includes selectively diverting charge from an input of an amplifier to an input of at least one capacitor by selectively coupling an output of the at least one capacitor to one of at least two voltages. The input of the at least one capacitor is operatively coupled to the input of the amplifier without a switch coupled therebetween. The method also includes calculating a total charge based on a sum of the amplified charge and the diverted charge.

Abstract: A method and system is provided for determining leakage resistances in a bus system. The bus system has a floating DC bus connected to bus voltage source. The system also includes a pair of known resistors, each connected to the bus by a switch. The method includes with the first switch closed and the second switch open, measuring a voltage Vprtp between the bus and the ground and measuring a voltage Vnrtp between the ground and the second terminal. The method also includes, with the first switch open and the second switch closed, measuring a voltage Vprtn between the bus and the ground and measuring a voltage Vnrtn between the ground and the second terminal. The first and second leakage resistances are then calculated as a function of the known resistors and the measured voltages.

Abstract: A wind farm capacitance determination device for receiving a wind farm layout information of a wind farm and at least one optimization constraint is provided. An optimization unit optimizes a cost by providing an optimized capacitance related parameter value set, the cost being determined by a cost function which associates to each capacitance related parameter value set a cost value, the cost function being based on the wind farm layout information and the optimization taking the at least one optimization constraint into account. In an embodiment the optimized capacitance related parameter value set includes a location, a number and a size of capacitor banks to be electrically connected to the wind farm.

Abstract: Method and arrangement in a telecommunication system for estimating frequency dependent resistance of a transmission line. Insertion loss per length unit of the transmission line at a first frequency is determined. Thereupon a first resistance per length unit based on the determined insertion loss per length unit of the transmission line is calculated. Effective resistance per length unit at a second frequency based on the calculated first resistance is calculated. The calculated effective resistance could be used when estimating the insertion loss for the second frequency and all frequencies of interest.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electronic device includes a circuit board with an electronic component mounted thereon. The device, includes a measuring unit, a first database, a determination unit, and a presentation unit. The measuring unit measures an value of state of the electronic component. The first database stores data indicating correlation. The determination unit determines one of ways of applying a load to a junction, based on the value of state of the electronic component measured by the measuring unit, and referring to the first database. The presentation unit presents the determined way of applying the load to the junction.

Abstract: There is provided a fuel cell system in which a constantly accurate impedance measurement is made possible regardless of a response characteristic of the voltage converting device. A superimposed signal analysis section analyzes an impedance measuring signal after passing through a DC/DC converter to thereby notify a superimposed signal amplitude control section of an analysis result. A superimposed signal amplitude control section controls an amplitude value of the impedance measuring signal generated by a superimposed signal generating section based on the result notified from the superimposed signal analysis section.

Abstract: The present invention relates to devices and methods for inspecting filters for extracorporeal blood treatment devices, e.g., filters for filtering dialysis fluid. The inspection of the filter according to the present invention is based on the measurement of the flow potential before and after changing the fluid flow of an electrolytic fluid between a transversal flow through the semi-permeable membrane of the filter and a longitudinal flow along the semi-permeable membrane of the filter, or vice versa. Changing the flow direction of the electrolytic fluid results in a change to the conductivity proceeding from a base value P to a higher value P2 or a lower value P1, wherein the conductivity readjusts to the base value P after a certain time interval T1, T2. An improper state of the filter is determined on the basis of the change in conductivity after changing the flow direction of the electrolytic fluid.

Abstract: Due to their exposure to extreme environments, it is expected that parts or all of a solar power system will experience degradation in performance. The degradation may be due to temporary environmental factors, such as cloud cover; damage or localized soiling; a general dirty condition; or ageing of the components. A method is disclosed wherein a remote system may detect degraded performance and determine the cause, thereby enabling a decision as to the appropriate corrective action to be taken, if any.

Abstract: A lightning detection and damage estimation system for a structure is disclosed herein. The system includes a lightning receptor coupled to a lightning conductor configured to receive multiple lightning strikes and induce lightning current in a pick-up coil coupled to the lightning conductor. An integrated circuit coupled to the lightning conductor via the pick-up coil includes a non-volatile memory for successively storing one or more samples of the lightning induced current for the multiple lightning strikes. A damage estimation unit is configured to estimate a condition of the structure based on analyzing a history of stored samples of the lightning induced current of the multiple lightning strikes from the non-volatile memory.

Abstract: A scaling factor for scaling an output of a first electrochemical cell, is determined in order to compensate for the effect on the output caused by an variation in value of a property of a working electrode of the first cell from a reference value of that property. A measured value for the property is obtained from a portion of material formed so as to have substantially the same value of the property as does the working electrode and the measured value is processed to generate the scaling factor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for monitoring photovoltaic modules (1, 2), which are used in an arrangement comprising several photovoltaic modules, which are connected in particular in series by means of electrical conducting means (3), wherein a separate microcontroller (5) is associated with the respective photovoltaic module (1, 2), an in particular continual determination of at least one status parameter of the respective photovoltaic module (1, 2) is performed by the microcontroller (5), the data concerning the status parameter are transmitted to an evaluating unit (10), the data intended to be transmitted to the evaluating unit (10) are designed in the form of data blocks (7, 8), the electrical conducting means (3) present for connecting the individual photovoltaic modules (1) are used to transmit the data blocks (7, 8), and the data blocks (7, 8) are transmitted independently of each other so that the probability of data blocks (7, 8) colliding with each other is greater than 0.

Abstract: A system and methods including a direct ramp measurement method and a free running oscillator method is used to measure electrical properties of a material in contact with a sensor. Digital control of signal generation and switching cover a wider measurement range, but still maintain the relaxation oscillator running in an optimal frequency range. A variable amplitude voltage generator and independently controlled switching levels depend on measurement range and voltage generator level.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for measuring net charge density of membrane and apparatus thereof. The method measures the net charge density of a membrane by utilizing the relation between the mechanical pressure difference applied across the membrane and the generated streaming potential or the relation between the applied electric field and the generated electroosmotic flow. The present invention also provides a method and an apparatus for measuring the resistance of a membrane.

Abstract: There is provided an oscillation circuit using a crystal vibrator including means A for obtaining an oscillation activation time Ts (Ts0) from an oscillation margin M by using a relational equation between the oscillation activation time Ts and the oscillation margin M or a relational graph thereof; means B for obtaining a relational equation between the oscillation activation time Ts and a load capacitance CL in an arbitrary driving current value Ios from the relational equation between the oscillation activation time Ts and the load capacitance CL, and the driving current value Ios; and means C for determining the load capacitance CL corresponding to the oscillation activation time Ts0 obtained by the means A, by using the relational equation between the oscillation activation time Ts and the load capacitance CL, which is obtained by the means B.

Abstract: Various embodiments herein include one or more of systems, methods, software, and/or data structures to extract models of components (e.g., vias and traces) for PCB channels from measurements (or simulations) taken from physical PCB channels. By applying stochastic optimization to measurements of two PCB channels having different channel lengths, s-matrices (e.g., two-port, four-port, and the like) of the components of a PCB channel may be accurately determined by searching the multi-dimensional parameter space for parameters that comply with the measured values. Once the models for the components have been accurately determined, they may be utilized in constructing a model library that includes component models and is based on physical measurement data.

Abstract: A method for analyzing correlations among electrical characteristics of an electronic device and a method for optimizing a structure of the electronic device are disclosed. The electronic device may comprises a plurality of electrical characteristics v1, v2, v3, . . . , vm, wherein the electrical characteristics v2, v3, . . . . , vm constitute a (m?1) dimensional space. For a plurality of discrete measurement points (v2k, v3k, . . . , vmk) in the (m?1) dimensional space, a plurality of corresponding measurement values of the electrical characteristic v1 has already been obtained. The method comprises: performing a Delaunay triangulation operation on the plurality of measurement points (v2k, v3k, . . . , vmk) in the (m?1) dimensional space; calculating a plurality of interpolation values of the electrical characteristic v1 corresponding to a plurality of interpolation points (v2i, v3i, . . .

Abstract: A method is provided for measuring a resistance value of a resistive component, which provides for connecting a pull up resistance, in series to the component and supplying a first voltage value to a free end of the pull up resistance and a second lower voltage value to a free end of the component, monitoring a signal indicative of a voltage value between the component and the pull up resistance, determining the difference between the monitored signal and a generated PWM signal having a high voltage value and low voltage value, integrating the difference, obtaining an output signal, varying a duty cycle of the PWM signal based on the variation over time of the output signal, acquiring a duty cycle of the PWM signal, and determining the resistance value of the resistive component based on the duty cycle value and of the pull up resistance value.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an element coupled between a first power supply line and a second power supply line, and a capacitor coupled between the first power supply line and the second power supply line. A capacitance value of the capacitor is estimated based on a first value that depends on a period of a change in an input signal input to the element and a change in an output signal output from the element, and a second value that depends on a voltage between the first power supply line and the second power supply line.

Abstract: A method of monitoring deterioration of lubricating oil and a device therefore capable of judging deterioration of the oil with high accuracy suppressing measurement error due to mixing of foreign matter in the oil. Correlation between relative permittivity and TBN (total base number) of the lubricating oil is obtained beforehand (step S1), electric current and voltage are measured (step S2) when high-frequency voltage is applied between a pair of electrodes located in an oil path in a gas engine, permittivity of the oil is detected (step S3) based on the measurement of current and voltage, TBN of the oil is obtained (step S4) from the correlation between relative permittivity and TBN, and deterioration of the oil is judged by the obtained value of TBN.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for compensating for hysteresis in a system, the method comprising: determining a first estimate of a system parameter using the Preisach model; measuring a value of a system parameter; and determining an updated estimate of the estimated system parameter using the measured value of a system parameter. The measured system parameter may be the same system parameter as the system parameter for which the first estimate is determined using the Preisach model, or it may be a further system parameter that is a different system parameter to the system parameter for which the first estimate is determined using the Preisach model. Determining the updated estimate of the estimated system parameter may further use the first estimate of the estimated system parameter, or it may further use a corresponding determined value of the further system parameter.

Abstract: An object is to improve the precision of estimating a blockage ratio or a deposited-scale thickness. In a deposit measurement apparatus that estimates a blockage ratio of a gap between a wall surface of a through-hole and an outer surface of a heat-conducting pipe or the thickness of a deposit deposited at the gap, an eddy-current flaw detection probe (61) acquires an eddy-current flaw detection signal by scanning inside the heat-conducting pipe with a sensor; and a processing device (62) estimates the blockage ratio at the gap or the thickness of the deposit deposited at the gap by using the eddy-current flaw detection signal for the gap of the pipe-supporting-plate protrusion in the through-hole.

Abstract: Electromagnetic field distribution is measured by considering time variations of a measured electric and/or magnetic field value. In response to scanning performed with a probe at an arbitrary set of measurement coordinates in a predetermined measurement plane in the vicinity of an object to be measured, a signal is detected at each of plural sets of coordinates in a measurement plane. Electric and magnetic fields are computed during a measurement time period at each set of measurement coordinates in the measurement plane based on measurement coordinates where the probe is positioned and the signal is detected with the probe. Amplitude probability distribution during the time period at each set of measurement coordinates in the vicinity of the object is computed based on the computed intensity, then mapped and displayed.

Abstract: In order to determine the operational parameters of a high-frequency power amplifier (1) (for example, complex forward and return voltage or power, complex load impedance, reflection or voltage standing wave ratio) on the connecting line (3) between the output of the high-frequency power amplifier (1) and a complex load, in particular, an antenna (4), an analog measured voltage Uu proportional to the complex voltage {right arrow over (U)} on the connecting line and an analog measured voltage Ui proportional to the complex current {right arrow over (I)} on the line (3) is determined by a Buschbeck coupling device. These measured voltages are digitized, and the required operational parameters can then be calculated in a computing unit (7) from these digital values.

Abstract: An occupant detection system with noise reduction, a controller having noise reduction for an occupant detection system and a method for reducing noise in an occupant detection system. A high order digital filter is used to filter harmonics of a noise signal from an electrode signal used to determine an occupant presence or absence of the occupant. A way of sampling the electrode signal and the implementation of the high order digital filter cooperate such that the signal processing can be performed by a lower cost general purpose microprocessor as opposed to using a higher cost digital signal processor.

Abstract: In order to determine various operational parameters of a power amplifier (for example, a complex load impedance or a complex forward and return power or a reflection factor or a voltage standing wave ratio) on a connecting line between an output of the power amplifier and a complex load, complex analog forward and return voltages on the connecting line are determined by an analog coupling device. These analog voltages are digitized and converted down into a baseband by one or more digital down-converters. From these digital values corresponding in absolute value and phase to the complex forward and return voltages and present in the baseband, desired operational parameters may then be calculated by a computer.

Abstract: A method and system for obtaining the characteristic impedance of an electrical winding by measuring the input and output voltages and the currents within a winding across a low frequency range, and applying transmission line properties to model the winding. The characteristic impedance (Zc) is directly proportional to the capacitance of the winding, and is independent of external circuits. Thus any changes to Zc will reflect movements of the winding that would affect the capacitance. Because Zc has a smooth and robust monotonical relationship with frequency of the applied signal, the resulting curve is exponential in shape. A relative comparison between Zc curves will provide a clear indication of the overall axial or radial winding movements, or winding faults, which can be used to assess the overall health of the winding.

Abstract: Provided are a method and an apparatus for evaluating health of a tab changer, wherein the method for measuring health of a tab changer mounted in a transformer includes measuring a discharge signal (a first discharge signal) generated in the transformer, separating a discharge signal (a second discharge signal) generated in the tab changer from the first discharge signal, and evaluating the health of the tab changer by comparing the second discharge signal and a first initial value.

Abstract: A method for non-intrusively monitoring a load including a plurality of appliances includes retrieving a plurality of mathematical models for modeling operation of a respective subset of the appliances. A value of a respective operational parameter is predicted for each of the subsets of appliances. An output of the load is measured. A respective value of each of the operational parameters is calculated based on the mathematical models and the outputs of the load. The predicting, measuring and calculating steps are repeated until a metric pertaining to a difference error between the measured output and the predicted output calculated from the operational parameter and the mathematical models is equal to or below a threshold for one of the subsets of appliances. It is decided that the one subset of appliances is currently operating whose metric pertaining to a difference error is equal to or below the threshold.

Abstract: A capacitance evaluation circuit includes a capacitive voltage divider, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a processing module. The capacitive voltage divider includes a switch circuit, a known capacitor and a capacitor under test. The switch circuit is controlled by first and second clock signals. A voltage variation at a first terminal of the known capacitor is coupled to a first terminal of the capacitor under test based on a conduction state of the switch circuit. The ADC converts a voltage on the first terminal of the capacitor under test into a digital signal. The processing module detects a capacitance and a capacitance variation of the capacitor under test according to the digital signal from the ADC and a parameter of the ADC.

Abstract: Measurement of the impedance and complex resistivity of a sample is used for measuring parameters resulting from a change in physical or chemical state. A variable frequency signal is provided by a transformer primary coil. A secondary coil of the transformer with a closed loop and electrically coupled said sample is monitored along with a leakage current sensor. Sampling at multiple signal frequencies is performed at the multiple signal frequencies.

Abstract: A disclosed input apparatus includes an operating part pressed by a user; a first resistance film and a second resistance film facing each other; a measuring unit configured to measure a difference between a first electric potential of a first end of a contact resistance and a second electric potential of a second end of the contact resistance; and a detecting unit configured to obtain pressure information indicative of a pressure load caused by the pressing of the operating part based on the difference in electric potential.

Abstract: A circuit protection device includes a trip mechanism and at least one capacitor configured to store electrical energy and to provide the electrical energy to the trip mechanism. The circuit protection device also includes a controller communicatively coupled to the at least one capacitor and configured to measure a charge property of the at least one capacitor, compare the measured charge property to a threshold, and output a signal indicative of the comparison.

Abstract: A test structure for precise characterization of an MOS stack has two semiconductor devices DT1 and DT2 comprising MOS transistors. The dimensions (length Li, width Wi) of the transistors of the first device Ti and the dimensions (length L?i, width W?i) of the transistors T?i of the second device are selected so that the sum of the lengths of the transistors on the one hand, and the sum of the widths of the transistors on the other hand, are respectively equal in the two devices, and so that the surface area difference Sequiv between the two devices is nonzero. An associated measurement method is used to calculate the curve of the difference capacitance between the two devices as a function of the voltage by means of a capacimeter. By placing each of the devices as the load of a suitably controlled CMOS inverter, this curve can be recorded by a dynamic measurement method based on measuring the current in each inverter.

Abstract: An apparatus for evaluating layers, including interlayer gaps, in a multi-layer structure; the multi-layer structure presenting a plurality of edges generally aligned athwart an axis; the apparatus includes: (a) a sensing unit configured for sensing at least one parameter; (b) a positioning unit coupled with the sensing unit; the positioning unit being configured to effect moving the sensing unit generally along the axis; and (c) a control unit coupled with at least one of the positioning unit and the sensing unit. The control unit provides an electrical signal to the sensing unit. The control unit monitors changes in the at least one parameter as the sensing unit moves past the plurality of edges. The control unit employs the changes in the at least one parameter to effect the evaluating.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a system for preventing and detecting fuel theft from a fuel tank, the system comprising: a perforated casing (18), to be installed into the fuel inlet (28) of the fuel tank, the casing adapted to prevent a pipe from passing therethrough into the tank; a door (14), disposed at the opening (30) of the perforated casing, for blocking in the closed state thereof the inlet (30) to the fuel tank; a safety-catch mechanism, for retaining the door closed when the tank comprises more than a predefined quantity of fuel or to allow opening of the door just when the net is uplifted to the height of the top of the tank.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided related to testing electrical connectivity. A sequence of distinct test data signal patterns is issued. The test data signals are propagated by way of respective pathways and electrical connectors. A feedback signal is generated in accordance with a test function for each of the test data signal patterns. A test results message is generated in accordance with the feedback signals, which can include specific diagnostic or identifying information.