Abstract: An occupant detection system and method are provided. The system includes a capacitive sensor having an electrode arranged in a seat proximate to an expected location of an occupant for sensing an occupant presence approximate thereto. The capacitive sensor is configured to provide an output indicative of the sensed occupant presence. Occupant detection circuitry is included for processing the capacitive sensor output and determining a wet seat condition and generating a wet seat fault based on a determined wet seat condition. The occupant detection circuitry further detects a state of occupancy of the seat based on the capacitive sensor output and the wet seat fault.

Abstract: A system for measuring parameters in a container is disclosed. A system for measuring multiple parameters includes a container having a solution, at least one sensor in conjunction with a tag is in proximity to an impedance analyzer and a reader that constitute a measurement device. The at least one sensor is configured to determine at least one parameter of the solution. The tag is configured to provide a digital ID associated with the sensor, where the container is in proximity to the reader and an impedance analyzer. The impedance analyzer is configured to send and receive a given range of frequencies from the sensor, based on the parameter and calculate parameter changes based on the response.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an arrangement based on two-port network (TPN) theory that allows analytically estimating the loop transfer function from open and short-circuited input impedance measurements, e.g. single ended line transmission (SELT) measurements, by utilizing the fact that the line under test (LUT) can be considered reciprocal and by assuming that the LUT is symmetric. Hence, by using the present invention and an estimation of the noise on the line, the attainable bit rate at the customer premises can be determined by means of SELT measurements at the CO. The transfer function of a telephone copper-loop is estimated regardless of its topology by impedance measurements from the CO side. Specifically, such estimation is carried out from the calculation of the transmission parameters of loop, which are expressed only in terms of open and short-circuited input impedance measurements at the CO when reciprocity and symmetry is assumed.

Abstract: An apparatus has an input section arranged to receive values representative of the total instantaneous supply of electrical current as a function of time from an alternating voltage supply. Current waveforms comprising sets of values representative of the cyclic waveform of the electric current supply are obtained. A delta waveform generator calculates the difference between a current waveform and an earlier current waveform. An edge detector is arranged to detect an edge or edges in the delta waveform. An analysis section is arranged to identify at least one appliance load based at least on information on the edge or edges detected by the edge detector, and to determine the electrical energy consumed by said appliance load. Another apparatus has an input section arranged to receive values representative of the current supplied to an installation, such as a house. A store contains appliance data characteristic of the use of electricity by each of a plurality of appliances.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes non-volatile storage configured to secretly store a digital word, the value of which forms an identification code. The integrated circuit also includes control circuitry configured to receive the digital word and to generate transient electrical currents or transient voltages, the characteristics of which depend on the value of the digital word. There is an electrically conductive network configured to be passed through by the electrical currents or receive the transient voltages so as to generate an electromagnetic field that identifies the integrated circuit.

Abstract: An arrangement for digital measuring a capacitive sensor is provided with a charge balance frequency converter having an operational amplifier with an inverting input, a noninverting input and an output. Between the output and the inverting input an integrating capacitor is connected, and the noninverting input is connected with a reference potential. The arrangement provides a simple switched capacitor architecture for measuring the sensor capacitance, which tolerates grounded sensor capacitors, and which is not affected by the shunt resistance. The value of the shunt resistance is determined at the same time. The arrangement makes use of a two frequency measurement of the capacitor resistance combination by using the charge balancing procedure followed by a calculation based on the results of two conversions and the ratio of the clock frequencies of the first and second conversion.

Abstract: A data logger system utilizing a censor which obtain a plurality of measurements of an environmental parameter and generates a plurality of signals representing such measurements. A processor receives the plurality of signals and produces a table of counts in sequential format. An external prime converter receives the table of sequential counts and converts the same to human readable values representing the environmental parameter measurement.

Abstract: An electronic seal of the present invention includes a bolt. The bolt is used to mount on a door latch of a cargo and inserts into a shell. The shell is provided with a control circuit to actively send a warning signal as the bolt is moved. As such, the user of the electronic seal can be properly informed to prevent theft.

Abstract: A blood glucose sensing system includes a sensor and a sensor electronics device. The sensor includes a plurality of electrodes. The sensor electronics device includes stabilization circuitry. The stabilization circuitry causes a first voltage to be applied to one of the electrodes for a first timeframe and causes a second voltage to be applied to one of the electrodes for a second timeframe. The stabilization circuitry repeats the application of the first voltage and the second voltage to continue the anodic-cathodic cycle. The sensor electronics device may include a power supply, a regulator, and a voltage application device, where the voltage application device receives a regulated voltage from the regulator, applies a first voltage to an electrode for the first timeframe, and applies a second voltage to an electrode for the second timeframe.

Abstract: A system and method for enhancing inspections using infrared cameras through in-field displays and operator-assisted performance calculations. A handheld infrared imaging system typically includes an infrared camera having a programmed computer and an interactive user interface suitable for displaying images and prompting response and accepting input from the infrared camera operator in the field during an inspection. An operator may designate at least one thing of interest on a displayed infrared image; and the programmed computer may uses a performance algorithm to estimate performance associated with the thing of interest. The programmed computer may extract information or parameters from previously measured data. The programmed computer may vary the way in which it displays new measurements based on the information extracted from the stored data. One or more of the parameters extracted from the IR image may be adapted to provide an automated alert to the user.

Abstract: In an instantaneous voltage drop compensating device, when an instantaneous drop occurs, an electric power transformer (8) performs an inverter action so that the electric power of a side-by-side placed capacitor (7) is DC/AC-converted and fed to a load (3). At this time, a capacitor's remaining lifetime diagnosing unit (100) introduces the DC voltage value, the DC current value, and the temperature value of the side-by-side placed capacitor (7) thereinto, and uses a prestored program for computing a remaining lifetime, thereby diagnosing the remaining lifetime, for which the side-by-side placed capacitor (7) can be used under the state where a capacitor discharge time period exceeds a rated compensation time period.

Abstract: A system is provided which comprises a signal generator for generating a periodic excitation signal and an analog to digital converter, wherein the system is configured to apply the periodic excitation signal to a network comprising a known first impedance and a second impedance and to take a first set of M digital samples of a first signal relating to the first impedance and a second set of M digital samples of a second signal relating to the second impedance with a sampling frequency that is an integer multiple of the frequency of the periodic signal. The system is further configured to determine the impedance value of the second impedance by calculating a relative phase difference between the first signal and the second signal using the first set of digital samples and the second set of digital samples.

Abstract: A cathodic protection monitor is disclosed to be electrically connected to a cathodic protection rectifier that is adapted to prevent rust, corrosion and possible leakage in an underground pipe or storage tank above which the rectifier is supported. The cathodic protection monitor includes a CPU that reads, digitizes and stores analog current and voltage signals which are supplied from the DC output of the rectifier and are indicative of the effectiveness thereof. The monitor includes an ISM band transceiver and antenna by which the CPU is polled and from which packets of stored data are transmitted to a data collector at an overhead airplane or nearby motor vehicle for retransmission and analysis by the pipe owner or maintenance crew. Synchronized timing signals are supplied (from the National Bureau of Standards) to a stable auxiliary clock by way of a WWVB transceiver and antenna.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses to perform calibration of imprecise sensors for power monitoring in a data-processing system are described. The system includes a load coupled to one or more sensors. An electronic load changes a first input signal through one or more sensors by a predetermined amount. A difference in an output signal from the one or more sensors in response to the changing is obtained. The output signal is measured and sampled. A distribution of samples of the output signal is determined. The estimated parameters of the distribution that most likely to explain actual data are determined. Next, a transfer function of the one or more sensors is determined based on the estimated parameters. The input signal through the load is accurately predicted using the transfer function of the one or more sensors to monitor the power usage by the load.

Abstract: A method and system of adaptive power control. Characteristics of a specific integrated circuit are used to adaptively control power of the integrated circuit.

Abstract: Electrical and visual test structures monitor the degree of removal of conductive sacrificial layers used in micromachining processes that fabricate micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS).

Abstract: The present invention generally provides methods and apparatus for monitoring and maintaining flatness of a substrate in a plasma reactor. Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a method for processing a substrate comprising positioning the substrate on an electrostatic chuck, applying an RF power between the an electrode in the electrostatic chuck and a counter electrode positioned parallel to the electrostatic chuck, applying a DC bias to the electrode in the electrostatic chuck to clamp the substrate on the electrostatic chuck, and measuring an imaginary impedance of the electrostatic chuck.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining an operating voltage lower bound for preventing photovoltaic (PV) cell reverse breakdown during power conversion. The method comprises determining a PV cell operating temperature; computing, at a controller, an operating voltage corresponding to a maximum power point (MPP) based on the PV cell operating temperature; and determining, at the controller, an operating voltage lower bound based on the operating voltage.

Abstract: Methods of detecting anomalies in ambient alternating current (AC) fields are provided. An exemplary embodiment of such a method includes the steps of placing an AC field sensor in an ambient AC field, generating a signal representative of the ambient AC field received by the sensor, and processing the signal to determine if the ambient AC field includes any anomalies. Various applications for the methods are also provided.

Abstract: A noncontact method for measuring currents flowing through superconductive wires connected in parallel is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed are embodiments of a system and of an associated method for estimating the leakage current of an electronic circuit. The embodiments analyze a layout of an electronic circuit in order to identify all driven and non-driven nets within the electronic circuit, to identify all of the driven net-bounded partitions within the electronic circuit (based on the driven and non-driven nets), and to identify, for each driven net-bounded partition, all possible states of the electronic circuit that can leak. Then, using this information, the embodiments estimate the leakage current of the electronic circuit. This is accomplished by first determining, for each state of each driven net-bounded partition, a leakage current of the driven net-bounded partition and a probability that the state will occur in the driven net-bounded partition during operation of the electronic circuit.

Abstract: A method for counting electrons from a power supply, comprising the following steps: measuring a current of a power supply forming a measured current; converting the measured current to a voltage; then into a monotonic uni-polar representation of an aggregate number of electrons having an amplitude; actuating a microprocessor in communication with a data storage just before an integrator in communication with the power supply reaches a preset limit of aggregate electrons; reading the amplitude forming a reading; transmitting the reading to an accumulator forming an accumulator value; resetting the integrator after the transmitting the reading, repeating the actuation, reading and transmission; comparing the summation of accumulator values to a calibration value; and recording the capacity when the summation of accumulator values meets or exceeds the calibration value.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and devices for control of an integrated thin-film device with a plurality of microfluidic channels. In one embodiment, a microfluidic device is provided that includes a microfluidic chip having a plurality of microfluidic channels and a plurality of multiplexed heater electrodes, wherein the heater electrodes are part of a multiplex circuit including a common lead connecting the heater electrodes to a power supply, each of the heater electrodes being associated with one of the microfluidic channels. The microfluidic device also includes a control system configured to regulate power applied to each heater electrode by varying a duty cycle, the control system being further configured to determine the temperature of each heater electrode by determining the resistance of each heater electrode.

Abstract: A measuring arrangement of the invention includes: At least one measuring device, which generates, repeatedly during operation, measured values, especially digital, measured values, representing the at least one measured variable to be registered; as well as an electronic data processing system superordinated to the at least one measuring device, especially a data processing system which is spatially distributed and/or spatially remote from the measuring device. Measuring device and data processing system are connected together by means of at least two line-pairs, through each of which an electrical current flows, at least at times, during operation. According to the invention, the measuring device transmits the internally generated, measured values to the data processing system via both line-pairs. In this way, it is then possible to transmit a plurality of measured values simultaneously, when each of the two line-pairs is embodied as part of a two-conductor current-loop.

Abstract: A controllable delay element is coupled in parallel with a calibration circuit. The calibration circuit receives a periodic reference signal and generates a series of sample voltages responsive to a time-varying analog voltage, the periodic reference signal, and the delayed periodic signal at the output of the controllable delay element. The calibration circuit distributes the series of sampled voltages for determining the components of a first vector. The first vector components are used to calculate the phase that results from a control signal applied to the controllable delay element. After the control signal is modified, a second vector is used to calculate the phase that results from the control signal. The delay can be determined by the product of the period of the reference signal and the difference in phase.

Abstract: A method of state estimation is provided, including: (a) acquiring a plurality of positive sequence voltage and current phasor measurements; (b) designating a reference positive sequence voltage phasor measurement from the acquired phasor measurements; (c) correcting the acquired phasor measurements to account for the reference phasor measurement; (d) calculating complex power having a real component and an imaginary component, using the corrected positive sequence voltage and current phasor measurement; (e) using the real component of said complex power as a calculated mega-watt and the imaginary component of the complex power as a calculated mega-volt-ampere; and (f) using the mega-watt and mega volt-ampere calculations in a state estimation algorithm.

Abstract: The invention relates to a charge transfer-type sensor, including a measuring device (Cx), for, during a succession of periodic time intervals (DT1), storing a quantity of electrical charges that is a function of a parameter to be measured, an accumulation device (Cs) for discharging, between two intervals (DT1), the charges contained in the measuring device (Cx), a switching device (M1) for, during the intervals (DT1), electrically connecting the measuring device (Cs) to a source (VCC) of electrical charges and for, outside the intervals (DT1), electrically connecting the measuring device (Cx) to the accumulation device (Cs), a comparator (COMP) for comparing an electrical signal (VS) at the terminals of the accumulation device with a reference signal (VREF) and supplying an end-of-measurement signal (SD), a microcontroller (MP) for, when it receives the end-of-measurement signal (SD), determining a value of the parameter to be measured, a generator (GEN) of periodic command signals external to the microc

Abstract: A method for use in performing impedance measurements on a subject. The method includes, in a processing system, determining at least one first impedance value, measured at a site using a first electrode configuration, determining at least one second impedance value, measured at the site using a second electrode configuration, and determining the presence, absence or degree of an anomaly using the first and second impedance values.

Abstract: A method of inspecting a stack body of at least a porous layer and a dense layer comprises the first step of measuring the length of the stack body before the stack body is fired, the second step of measuring the length of the stack body after the stack body is fired, the third step of calculating a shrinkage rate of the stack body based on a first measured value from the first step and a second measured value from the second step, the fourth step of determining whether the calculated shrinkage rate of the stack body is acceptable or not based on the calculated shrinkage rate, the fifth step of calculating an S/N ratio of the stack body based on the first measured value and the second measured value, and the sixth step of determining whether the current-voltage characteristics of the stack body are acceptable or not based on the calculated S/N ratio.

Abstract: A field device for determining or monitoring a process variable in process automation. The field device includes: a sensor, which works according to a defined measuring principle; and a control/evaluation unit, which conditions and evaluates the measurement data delivered by the sensor; wherein the control/evaluation unit is embodied at least partially as a reconfigurable logic chip FPGA having a plurality of dynamically reconfigurable function modules; wherein an interface is provided, via which the control/evaluation unit receives sensor- and application-specific information concerning a defined sensor type in a defined process application; and wherein the control/evaluation unit so configures the function modules corresponding to the sensor- and application-specific information, that the field device is optimally adapted to the process variable to be ascertained, or to be monitored, and to the current process application of the field device.

Abstract: A method, device and computer program product for determining the change in insulating ability of the insulation provided around a conductor of an inductively operating element, which conductor is wound a number of turns. The device includes a signal generating unit that applies a signal of varying frequency to the conductor and an analyzing unit, which receives a frequency response to the signal from the conductor, compares the received frequency response with a reference frequency response and determines the change in insulating ability based on the comparison.

Abstract: A sensor system includes a sensor and a sensor electronics device. The sensor includes a plurality of electrodes. The sensor electronics device includes a connection detection device, a power source, and a delay circuit. The connection detection device determines if the sensor electronics device is connected to the sensor and transmits a connection signal. The delay circuit receives the connection signal, waits a preset hydration time, and couples the regulated voltage from the power source to an electrode in the sensor after the preset hydration time has elapsed. Alternatively, the sensor electronics device may include an electrical detection circuit and a microcontroller. The electrical detection circuit determines if the plurality of electrodes are hydrated and generates an interrupt if the electrodes are hydrated. A microcontroller receives the interrupt and transmits a signal representative of a voltage to an electrode of the plurality of electrodes.

Abstract: A two-wire process variable transmitter for use in an industrial process, including a process variable sensor configured to sense a process variable of a fluid of the industrial process. Output circuitry is configured to provide an output on a two-wire process control loop which is related to the sensed process variable. Loop current measurement circuitry measures a loop current flowing through the two-wire process control loop and terminal voltage measurement circuitry measures a voltage related to a terminal voltage of the process variable transmitter. The terminal voltage can be a voltage measured across an electrical connection of the two-wire process variable transmitter to the two-wire process control loop. Input circuitry is configured to receive a diagnostic command from the two-wire process control loop.

Abstract: A method and system for measuring the input (loading) impedance of measurement systems using a test fixture. This is done by first measuring the characteristics of an unloaded test fixture to obtain scattering parameters of the test fixture and using a splitting algorithm to calculate the scattering parameters of each transmission line leg of the test fixture. The test fixture is then measured with a measurement system attached. The test fixture effects defined by the scattering parameters are then removed from the measurement to yield the scattering parameters of the measurement system alone (measurement system effects).

Abstract: Methods for detecting electrical arcing on an electrical power system are provided, as well as systems and computer program products for carrying out the method. The method includes the steps of: a) obtaining data indicative of the temporal behavior of a signal which is indicative of a first periodic property of the electrical power system; and b) determining whether an arcing event is present on the electrical power system based on the shape observed in the first data.

Abstract: Due to their exposure to extreme environments, it is expected that parts or all of a solar power system will experience degradation in performance. The degradation may be due to temporary environmental factors, such as cloud cover; damage or localized soiling; a general dirty condition; or ageing of the components. A method is disclosed wherein a remote system may detect degraded performance and determine the cause, thereby enabling a decision as to the appropriate corrective action to be taken, if any.

Abstract: A method for testing a characteristic impedance of a signal path routing of a printed circuit board (PCB) controls the test device to test a characteristic impedance of the signal path routing of the PCB to get test data of the signal path routing of the PCB. The method further analyzes the test data of the signal path routing of the PCB get analysis results, generate a test report for storing the test data of each signal path routing of the PCB and the analysis results if all signal path routings of the PCB have been tested.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a novel sensing technique, termed Multiple Excitation Capacitance Polling (MECaP), that improves the efficiency of Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). Unlike traditional alternating current techniques, where excitation signal is applied to an electrode one at a time, MECaP involves simultaneously applying multiple excitation signals, in a progressively increasing fashion, to multiple electrodes on an ECT sensor. The received signals are filtered or otherwise decomposed (e.g., Fourier transformed) into different components, and the individual components are used to generate an image of the article or substance disposed between the electrodes. Because multiple capacitances can be simultaneously measured as a consequence, scanning with MECaP can significantly increase the image scanning speed. For example, scanning with MECaP may enable frames rates of tens of kHz for imaging dynamic processes such as engine combustion.

Abstract: A test system for facilitating determining whether a plasma processing system (which includes a plasma processing chamber) is ready for processing wafers. The test system may include a computer-readable medium storing at least a test program. The test program may include code for receiving electric parameter values derived from signals detected by at least one sensor when no plasma is present in the plasma processing chamber. The test program may also include code for generating electric model parameter values using the electric parameter values and a mathematical model. The test program may also include code for comparing the electric model parameter values with baseline model parameter value information. The test program may also include code for determining readiness of the plasma processing system based on the comparison. The test system may also include circuit hardware for performing one or more tasks associated with the test program.

Abstract: The field-device electronics includes an electric current adjuster, through which a supply current flows, driven by a supply voltage provided by the external energy supply and adjusted by the current adjuster. Additionally, the field-device electronics includes an internal operating and evaluating circuit for controlling the field device, as well as an internal supply circuit feeding the internal operating and evaluating circuit. Provided in the supply circuit is a first useful-voltage controller flowed-through by a first component of the supply current, and a second useful-voltage controller flowed through, at least at times, by a second current component of the supply current, and providing in the field-device electronics a second internal, useful voltage. Further, the two useful-voltage controllers are galvanically separated from one another.

Abstract: Packet formats and associated metering infrastructure for filtering meter reading data that is being transmitted by utility meters are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method suitable for being implemented in a metering environment is provided that filters meter reading data being received by multiple collectors. Specifically, the method includes ranking the relative ability of the plurality of collectors to capture transmissions from the same utility meter. Based on the relative ranking, at least one collector from the plurality of collectors is identified that will be configured to disregard transmissions that originate from the utility meter. Then, the method provides the collector with a read list for differentiating between transmissions containing meter reading data that will be forwarded to a utility service provider from transmissions that originate from the utility meter.

Abstract: An exemplary multi-function portable electronic device includes a housing, a measurement processing unit, a microprocessor unit electrically connected to the measurement processing unit and a command unit. The measurement processing unit and the microprocessor unit are located in the housing, and the command unit is located in the housing and electrically connected to microprocessor unit. The command unit is used to start a multimeter mode of the portable electronic device, select a measurement project and measurement range of the measurement project. Under the control of the microprocessor, the measurement processing unit receives and processes the measurement project in accordance with the measurement range, and sends measurement results to the microprocessor.

Abstract: A point of sale terminal includes a microcontroller integrated circuit. In one aspect, a regulator within the IC receives power from a supply voltage terminal and/or a battery terminal. If the regulator does not receive adequate power from either terminal, then energy stored on-chip in a capacitor is used to erase secure memory. In another aspect, pulses of current are made to pulse through conductors of a conductive mesh. A tamper condition is detected if an improper voltage is detected on the IC terminal through which the pulse is conducted. In another aspect, each vendor signs his/her firmware with his own vendor ID. A bootloader uses the vendor ID to lookup a public key that is then used to verify a private key supplied by the firmware to be executed. In another aspect, a magnetic card reader includes a digital peak detector circuit involving programmable positive and negative thresholds.

Abstract: A capacitive sensor device comprises a first sensor electrode, a second sensor electrode, and a processing system coupled to the first sensor electrode and the second sensor electrode. The processing system is configured to acquire a first capacitive measurement by emitting and receiving a first electrical signal with the first sensor electrode. The processing system is configured to acquire a second capacitive measurement by emitting and receiving a second electrical signal, wherein one of the first and second sensor electrodes performs the emitting and the other of the first and second sensor electrodes performs the receiving, and wherein the first and second capacitive measurements are non-degenerate. The processing system is configured to determine positional information using the first and second capacitive measurements.

Abstract: A conductivity sensor is described in which electrodes are held in a desired position within a housing of the sensor by a number of slots accurately positioned within the housing. In one embodiment the slots are integrally formed within the housing. Once the electrodes have been inserted into the slots a thermoset resin is poured into the housing and cured. A through bore is then drilled through the housing, the electrodes and the cured resin to form a flow conduit through the sensor. A dual frequency excitation technique is also described that allows a measurement tote obtained of a polarisation resistance of the electrodes. In one embodiment this measurement is stored and used to correct subsequent conductivity measurements.

Abstract: The invention is a method for measuring and processing a plurality of electrical parameters of a common alternating current (AC) service that supplies multiple different electrical devices such that the power use and total power used by each of multiple devices is determined. Sensors provide high resolution signals corresponding to the current and voltage of the AC power supplied to the service panel typical of those used in residential construction. Analog-to-digital conversion and processing circuits produce multiple electrical parameters with 16- to 24-bit resolution at a sampling rate sufficient to characterize rapid transitions. The electrical parameters change rapidly when electrical devices transition between on and off. These transitions are detected, measured, characterized, and stored. The transition characterizations of multiple on-off cycles are grouped and analyzed to produce unique transition characterizations for each device or set of devices that are essentially electrically identical.

Abstract: Provided are method and apparatus for diagnosing the deterioration of a fuel cell. The method includes: controlling a frequency of current drawn from the fuel cell; calculating an AC impedance of the fuel cell by using a pulse component of output current of the fuel cell that is generated by the control of the frequency; and diagnosing the deterioration of the fuel cell based on the calculated AC impedance.

Abstract: In Internal Analysis Space analysis, assuming that no structural body and the like are placed outside of a conversion surface, an electromagnetic field distribution u0 inside of a conversion surface, on a conversion surface, and close to the outside of the conversion surface is found. In External Analysis Space analysis, on the assumption that there exists a structural body and the like outside of the conversion surface, an entire electromagnetic field distribution u is found. At this time, for the inside of the closed surface, an electric field distribution, where a differential electromagnetic field distribution e between electromagnetic field distribution u0 and electromagnetic field distribution u on the closed surface is a wave source, is found. Also at this time, for the outside of the closed surface, an electromagnetic field distribution, obtained by synthesizing electromagnetic field distribution u0 and electromagnetic field distribution e on the closed surface is found.

Abstract: A portable system having a function of measurement includes a conductive structure and a mobile communication device. The conductive structure is plugged into a earphone socket of the mobile communication device for measuring a electric signal of an object. Next, the result of the measurement can be shown on a display or broadcasted on a speaker of the mobile communication device.

Abstract: A determination of an equivalent series resistance (ESR) effect for high frequency filtering performance of a filtered feed-through assembly is described. A low frequency signal is introduced to a filtered feed-through assembly. ESR limit of the filtered feed-through is determined based on the low frequency signal.