Abstract: The location of a terminal is estimated within an area of coverage of a wireless network comprising at least one fixed node by measuring a complex frequency response of a radio channel between the terminal and one of said fixed nodes and estimating the location of the terminal on the basis of at least a comparison between data representing a first metric of the measured complex frequency response and data representing a plurality of stored metrics, each of said plurality of stored metrics being related to one of a plurality of different locations within the network and each stored metric being of a complex frequency response measured between the said one of said fixed nodes and the location within the network to which the metric relates.

Abstract: A method of analysis wherein molecular interactions at one or more sensing surface areas are detected and respective response curves representing the progress of each interaction with time are produced, and wherein a resulting set of response curves is subjected to a quality assessment procedure which comprises representing the response curves with one or more quality descriptors, applying a quality classification method to the descriptors to find outliers, and removing the outliers. The invention also relates to an analytical system including means for classifying the response curves with regard to quality, a computer program for performing the classification, and a computer program product containing the program.

Abstract: Noise discrimination in signals from a plurality of sensors is conducted by enhancing the phase difference in the signals such that off-axis pick-up is suppressed while on-axis pick-up is enhanced. Alternatively, attenuation/expansion are applied to the signals in a phase difference dependent manner, consistent with suppression of off-axis pick-up and on-axis enhancement. Nulls between sensitivity lobes are widened, effectively narrowing the sensitivity lobes and improving directionality and noise discrimination.

Abstract: An energy detection method is provided. The method obtains an initial time point of an input signal with reference to a digital signal corresponding to the input signal. An ith sample value is obtained by sampling the digital signal. The (i?M?N+1)th to the (i?N)th sample values and the (i?N+1)th to the ith sample value are buffered. The weighting coefficient is set to with initial value. A first parameter is obtained according to the weighting coefficient and the (i?M?N+1)th to the (i?N)th sample values, and a second parameter is obtained according to the (i?N+1)th to the ith sample values. A comparison between the first parameter and the second parameter is made, and the sampling time point of the (i?N+1)th sample value is determined as the signal initial time point when the second parameter is greater than the first parameter.

Abstract: An electronic payment method for a retailer using an operator network and a financial organization. During a transaction two certificates are produced; one using an operator key and the other using a banking key. The first certificate is sent to the operator and the other certificate is securely placed under the control of the financial organization.

Abstract: A data analysis technique for a long data record in a memory uses a reference, either user-provided or calculated from the data in the long data record, as a representative event. Each event in the long data record is compared with the reference to determine whether there are significant deviations from the reference. Those events having significant deviations are identified as events of particular interest for a user. The reference may be either a waveform shape or a mean time interval between events. A tolerance value may be added to the waveform reference and varied for dynamic limit testing. Events that are outside the waveform reference as modified by the tolerance value are identified as outliers and may be reduced to iconic images for display simultaneously with the long data record and a selected one of the outliers.

Abstract: Apparatus for registering the spectral signature of a dynamic source event include an imaging-sensor array configured to register electromagnetic energy over a predetermined range of electromagnetic wavelengths and an optical system configured for imaging onto the imaging-sensor array a dispersion pattern of electromagnetic energy emitted from a source event external to the optical system. The optical system includes (i) a focusing element and (ii) a selected set of optical dispersion apparatus.

Abstract: A system including a turbine including a compressor having at least one row of a plurality of blades; a sensor for sensing a blade passing signal of at least one of the plurality of blades; an analog signal transmitter for transmitting an analog signal for the blade passing signal; a signal splitter for splitting the analog signal into at least two split analog signals; at least two analog-to-digital (AD) converters, each AD converter converting each split analog signal to at least two digital waveform samples; and a blade monitoring system that: calculates at least two interpolated threshold crossings, each interpolated threshold crossing calculated from at least two digital waveform samples from each AD converter; and calculates an average threshold crossing (ATC) of the at least two interpolated threshold crossings.

Abstract: A matched state detection unit (33) of a video matching device (100) detects a reference video frame, of the respective video frames of a reference video (1) and degraded video (2B), which is in a matched state in which it is spatially and temporally matched with each degraded video frame. A matching degree derivation unit (34) controls a degradation amount derivation unit (40) to acquire the first degradation amount indicating the degradation amount between a reference video frame and a degraded video frame in the matched state and the second degradation amount indicating the degradation amount between a reference video frame and a degraded video frame in a state shifted from the matched state by a predetermined number of pixels and calculate a matching degree on the basis of the ratio between the first degradation amount and the second degradation amount. A matching information output unit (35) outputs the matching degree between the reference video and the degraded video after matching.

Abstract: A system and method of diagnosing diseases from biological data is disclosed. A system for automated disease diagnostics prediction can be generated using a database of clinical test data. The diagnostics prediction can also be used to develop screening tests to screen for one or more inapparent diseases. The prediction method can be implemented with Bayesian probability estimation techniques. The system and method permit clinical test data to be analyzed and mined for improved disease diagnosis.

Abstract: A realtime display compression for a waveform image uses a priority basis for combining groups of pixels when producing a compressed waveform image in order to preserve intensity information. As an example successive lines of data for the waveform image are demultiplexed into line buffers in a circulating manner, the number of line buffers being a function of the maximum desired integer compression ratio. The outputs from the line buffers are aligned and the corresponding pixels are combined according to a desired compression ratio, one output line for each integer compression ratio. The appropriate compressed line is selected as the output line according to the desired compression ratio, with the totality of the output lines forming the compressed waveform image.

Abstract: One or more embodiments of the present invention relates to an iterative method for generating an almost-constant, nearly constant, or substantially-constant envelope time signal with prescribed Fourier transform magnitude in the frequency domain, and a constant envelope time signal whose Fourier transform magnitude closely matches the prescribed Fourier transform magnitude in the frequency domain. Different starting points for the iterative algorithm give rise to different solutions and their accuracy can be adjusted using a monotonic error criterion presented here.

Abstract: An approach is provided for digital triggering a recording of one or several signals sampled at individual sampling instants on a digital oscilloscope. The triggering is carried out when the interval between two recurrent triggering events is less or greater than a time threshold value.

Abstract: A method and a device for estimating a first value of a signal formed of a series of values corresponding either to the first value or to a second value equal to the opposite of the first value, where the signal can take values other than the first and second values due to noise.

Abstract: Described herein is the method and apparatus for determining frequency of an oscillator coupled with one or more analog devices, and for determining within-die or across-die variations in an analog property associated with the one or more analog devices, the determining based on the oscillator frequency. The analog property includes output signal swing, bandwidth, offset, gain, and delay line linearity and range. The one or more analog devices include input-output (I/O) buffer, analog amplifier, and delay line. The method further comprises updating a simulation model file based on the determining of the within-die and/or across-die variations of the analog property.

Abstract: A portable diagnostic apparatus is brought proximal to a device to be diagnosed. While the device to be diagnosed is operating, a radiofrequency interference signal emitted by the device is received at the portable apparatus and a data representation of it is stored. The data representation is submitted for matching to a diagnostic signal pattern stored in a database of predetermined signal patterns. From the matching is identified and output an indication of a fault in the device to be diagnosed. In one embodiment the submitting is to the database stored in the portable apparatus itself, and in another embodiment the submitting is outputting (data cable, wireless link) the stored data representation to a diagnostic computer such as a personal computer, a peer device, or a remote diagnostic center. The RF interference signal may be one stream and the portable apparatus receives at least a second stream and both streams are used for the matching.

Abstract: Acquired is the internal information of a scattering medium more accurately and easily, with the influence of an instrumental function taken into account, even where noise is contained in a measurement waveform.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus that measures a signal under measurement, including a strobe timing generator that sequentially generates strobes arranged at substantially even time intervals, a level comparing section that detects a signal level of the signal under measurement at a timing of each sequentially provided strobe, a capture memory that stores therein a data sequence of the signal levels sequentially detected by the level comparing section, a frequency domain converting section that converts the data sequence into a spectrum in the frequency domain, and a jitter calculating section that calculates jitter of the signal under measurement based on a value obtained by integrating levels of frequency components in a predetermined frequency range of the spectrum.

Abstract: An on die thermal sensor (ODTS) includes a thermal sensor for outputting a first comparing voltage by detecting a temperature of the semiconductor memory device; a comparing unit for outputting a trimming code by comparing the first comparing voltage with a second comparing voltage and increasing or decreasing a preset digital code in response to the comparing result; and a voltage level adjusting unit for adjusting a voltage level of the second comparing voltage by determining a maximum variation voltage and a minimum variation voltage based on the trimming code and a temperature control code.

Abstract: An apparatus having a complex sine wave generating circuit (3) that generates a complex sine wave, a multiplying circuit (4) that multiplies an input signal by the complex sine wave, a first integrating circuit (5) that integrates the product obtained by the multiplying circuit (4) in the time direction, a first squaring circuit (6) that takes the square of the absolute value of a complex signal output by the first integrating circuit (5), a second squaring circuit (7) that takes the square of the absolute value of the instantaneous amplitude of the input signal, a second integrating circuit (8) that integrates the results obtained by the second squaring circuit (7) in the time direction, and a frequency difference calculating circuit (9) that finds the difference between the frequency of the input signal and the oscillation frequency of the complex sine wave on the basis of the ratio between the output signal level of the first squaring circuit (6) and the output signal level of the second integrating circui

Abstract: The present invention recognises and eliminates from a biomagnetic measurement signal interferences whose source is disposed in the direct vicinity of an object being measured. The invention utilises the SSS method that can be used to separate from one another the signals associated with the internal and external sources of a set of measurement sensors by calculating two series developments. The sources to be examined in the invention and disposed in the so-called intermediate space produce a component to both of the developments, and can, therefore, be detected by means of an analysis to be performed in a time domain. This division into components can be made using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) or the Singular Value Decomposition. Finally, the clarified interferences in the intermediate space can be eliminated from the measured signal using, for example, the linear algebraic orthogonal projection.

Abstract: A timing lock detection apparatus and method for digital broadcasting receiver are provided. The apparatus includes: a discrete value generator for cyclically selecting a discrete signal value from a continuous timing error signal; a differential calculator for obtaining a difference between the currently selected timing error signal value and a previously selected timing error signal that is a timing jitter signal; a sign variation detector for detecting variation in a sign of the timing jitter signal; a lock control signal generator for discriminating a period based on the detected sign changing time, and controlling a lock step of the loop filter according to a convergence mode of the timing jitter signal at each period; and a lock detection signal generator for generating a lock signal or an unlock signal according to whether the timing jitter signal reaches a steady state and using the current lock step signal.

Abstract: Provided is a skew measurement apparatus, including sampling sections that each sample one of a plurality of signals under measurement having a cycle T, a waveform reconfiguring section that shapes a reconfigured waveform having the cycle T by rearranging ordinal ranks of sample values of the signal under measurement sampled by each sampling section, a distribution generating section that generates a timing distribution of edges in the reconfigured waveform of the corresponding signal under measurement, and a skew calculating section that calculates skew between the signals under measurement being compared based on the timing distribution of each signal under measurement.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for reducing the response time along with increasing the probability of ranging of optical rangefinders that digitize the signal waveforms obtained from the pulse echoes returned from various types of objects to be ranged, the pulse echoes being too weak to allow successful ranging from a single waveform or the objects being possibly in motion during the capture of the pulse echoes. In a first embodiment of the invention, the response time at close range of a digital optical rangefinder is reduced by using a signal averaging process wherein the number of data to be averaged varies with the distance according to a predetermined function. In a second embodiment of the invention, the probability of ranging objects in motion along the line of sight of a digital optical rangefinder is increased and the object velocity measured by performing a range shift of each acquired signal waveform prior to averaging.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for reducing the response time along with increasing the probability of ranging of optical rangefinders that digitize the signal waveforms obtained from the pulse echoes returned from various types of objects to be ranged, the pulse echoes being too weak to allow successful ranging from a single waveform or the objects being possibly in motion during the capture of the pulse echoes. In a first embodiment of the invention, the response time at close range of a digital optical rangefinder is reduced by using a signal averaging process wherein the number of data to be averaged varies with the distance according to a predetermined function. In a second embodiment of the invention, the probability of ranging objects in motion along the line of sight of a digital optical rangefinder is increased and the object velocity measured by performing a range shift of each acquired signal waveform prior to averaging.

Abstract: A method of measuring the contents of a search volume.

Abstract: A tension/speed measuring device comprises a laser driver for driving the oscillation of a semiconductor laser, and a counter for counting interference waveforms included in the output of a photodiode for converting the output of the semiconductor laser into an electrical signal. The counter measures the periods of interference waveforms during a measuring interval, where a frequency distribution for the periods of the interference waveforms during the measuring interval is generated from the measuring results, where a class value wherein the product of the class value and the frequency is a maximum is used as a representative value D0 at the periods of the interference waveform, to calculate a total Ns of the frequencies of the classes that are less than 0.5 times the representative value T0 and to calculate a total Nwn of the frequencies of the classes that are equal to or greater than (n+0.5) times the representative value T0 and less than (n+1.

Abstract: An approach is provided for digital triggering a recording of one or more digitized signals on a digital oscilloscope by means of carrying out a level comparison for determining a triggering instant in each case between two successive sample values of a reference signal and a threshold values. According to the approach, at least one additional sample value of the reference signal is determined between two sequential samples of the reference signals by means of interpolation.

Abstract: A method of processing data acquired by under-sampling a chirped, sinusoidal waveform comprises complex-heterodyning the under-sampled data with a chirped signal having characteristics similar to the sinusoidal waveform to generate a demodulated signal and analyzing the demodulated signal to determine characteristics of the sinusoidal waveform.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting forward/reverse speeds of a continuously variable transmission for vehicles determines whether a vehicle is in a forward speed state or in a reverse speed state by using one speed detector having two sensors. The method for detecting forward/reverse speeds of the continuously variable transmission for vehicles includes detecting first and second rotational speeds of an output shaft modulating the first and second rotational speeds of the output shaft into a pulse width modulation signal, comparing the pulse width of the pulse width modulation signal with predetermined values, and determining whether a vehicle is in a forward speed state or in a reverse speed state.

Abstract: The present invention relates to verification of a transmission margin of various transmission lines transmitting a signal such as a high-speed digital signal and ensures improved verification accuracy. A transmission margin verification apparatus according to the present invention is configured with a measurement unit (e.g., LSI tester 4, network analyzer 6, pulse generator 8, oscilloscope 10) operable to measure a transmission loss and a leading edge waveform of pseudo transmission lines (e.g., transmission lines 56, 62, 66) corresponding to a target device 44 to be verified, and a calculation unit (tester controller 12) operable to reference the transmission line loss and the leading edge waveform measured by the measurement unit, calculate a transmission waveform of the target device, and associate the transmission waveform with a mask of the target device to calculate a transmission margin of the target device.

Abstract: A test and measurement apparatus, system, and method for synchronizing an acquisition or triggering system to a specific burst of interest. The subject apparatus and method triggers on varying energy content of a signal qualified by time in the presence of high-frequency input signal bursts, by using an adjustable pulse width envelope detector, disposed in the signal path of the trigger circuitry, as a digital rectifier or to otherwise process and extract an envelope signal. An RF envelope probe having an analog envelope detector among other suitable components is disclosed. A method is implemented for isolating an interval of interest in a signal under test. An envelope detector circuit produces an envelope signal from the signal. Trigger circuitry receives the envelope signal from the envelope detector, and isolates the interval of interesting in the signal under test using the envelope signal.

Abstract: Noise discrimination in signals from a plurality of sensors is conducted by enhancing the phase difference in the signals such that off-axis pick-up is suppressed while on-axis pick-up is enhanced. Alternatively, attenuation/expansion are applied to the signals in a phase difference dependent manner, consistent with suppression of off-axis pick-up and on-axis enhancement. Nulls between sensitivity lobes are widened, effectively narrowing the sensitivity lobes and improving directionality and noise discrimination.

Abstract: A parallel dynamical system for computing sparse representations of data, i.e., where the data can be fully represented in terms of a small number of non-zero code elements, and for reconstructing compressively sensed images. The system is based on the principles of thresholding and local competition that solves a family of sparse approximation problems corresponding to various sparsity metrics. The system utilizes Locally Competitive Algorithms (LCAs), nodes in a population continually compete with neighboring units using (usually one-way) lateral inhibition to calculate coefficients representing an input in an over complete dictionary.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a test signal generation unit supplying test signals to an orthogonal modulator and a control unit that based on a result of decision by comparison and decision of detection results of a detector detecting envelopes of modulated signals output from the orthogonal modulator responsive to the test signals, derives adjustment values and a compensation value. An estimation means estimates a DC offset and an IQ mismatch of the orthogonal modulator, based on the derived compensation value. The test signals includes a first set including a first test signal (I1, Q1) and a second test signal (I2, Q2) having a predetermined relationship with the first test signal, and a second set of which in-phase and quadrature components have predetermined relationships respectively with in-phase and quadrature components of the first set.

Abstract: A signal analyzer repetitively memorizes waveform data of a signal under test to detect peaks P1-P6 of the waveform data. Waveform widths of the waveform data at a mask reference level, or a predetermined level down from the respective peaks, are evaluated as mask reference widths and then masks of the respective peaks are set using the mask reference level and mask reference widths. Hence the masks are automatically set, so a user can easily obtain time domain data and/or frequency domain data including characterizing portions in the signal under test.

Abstract: A kernel-based method determines the similarity of a first spectrum and a second spectrum. Each spectrum represents a result of spectral analysis of a material or chemical and comprises a set of spectral attributes distributed across a spectral range. The method calculates a kernel function which makes use of the shape of the spectral response surrounding a spectral point. This is achieved by comparing the value of an spectral attribute in a spectrum and each of a set of neighbouring spectral attributes within a window around the spectral attribute. Weighting values can be applied to calculations when deriving the kernel function. The weighting values can assign different degrees of importance to different regions of the spectrum. The method can be used to: classify unknown spectra; predict the concentration of an analyte within a mixture; database searching for the closest match using a kernel-derived distance metric; visualisation of high-dimensional spectral data in two or three dimensions.

Abstract: A novel method and device for measuring electrical parameters in an energy meter in an electrical system is described. The novel method samples an electrical energy signal and determines a relevant portion of the sampled electrical energy signal. The relevant portion of the electrical energy signal is then separately multiplied by a first and second reference waveform. The relevant portion may be reflective of a particular line cycle at a particular frequency of interest. In addition, other samples in the line cycle may be accumulated. The samples whose portions may be determined may be the first and/or last signal, while other sampled signals may be evaluated in whole.

Abstract: A D/U ratio is measured for desired and undesired signals in a wireless video transmission system at a shared channel frequency based on a received signal at a geographic location in proximity to regions within respective service areas for the desired and undesired signals. A video tuner demodulates the received signal to generate a baseband video signal. A leveling circuit normalizes the baseband signal. A video processor identifies horizontal sync pulses within the baseband signal, generates a sampled signal comprising the horizontal sync pulses, and removes components of the desired signal from the sampled signal to generate an undesired signal component. A D/U analyzer determines a Fourier transform having a plurality of bins in response to the undesired signal component, identifies at least one of the bins having a spectral peak corresponding to an undesired signal, and calculates the D/U ratio in response to a magnitude of the identified peak.

Abstract: A monitoring method for Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) of a three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) is provided, wherein the 3D IC includes a plurality of TSVs, and the method includes: providing a plurality of inverters; connecting the inverters with the TSVs as a circuit; enabling the circuit to oscillate; measuring an output signal on an output end of one of the inverters; and determining the characteristic of TSVs of the 3D IC based on the output signal.

Abstract: A method of characterizing the overlap of two media segments is provided. In an instance where there is some amount of overlap of a file and a data sample, the file could be an excerpt of an original file and begin and end within the data sample. By matching identified features of the file with identified features of the data sample, a beginning and ending time of a portion of the file that is within the data sample can be determined. Using these times, a length of the file within the data sample can also be determined.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a machine implemented method for spectral analysis that determines a measure of cross coherence between application of two spectral estimation filters to data; and identifies a spectral feature of the measure of cross coherence. One example embodiment of the present invention provides a complete statistical summary of the joint dependence of the Bartlett and Capon power spectral statistics, showing that the coupling is expressible via a 2×2 complex Wishart matrix, where the degree coupling is determined by a single measure of cross coherence defined herein. This measure of coherence leads to a new two-dimensional algorithm capable of yielding significantly better resolution than the Capon algorithm, often commensurate with but at times exceeding finite sample based MUSIC.

Abstract: A technique detects an abnormal signal in a compound sampled signal recorded in the time domain. The technique involves dividing the sampled signal recorded in the time domain into sample segments; transforming each of the sample segments from the time domain into the frequency domain to determine transformed segments, each transformed segment having frequency points, each frequency point having an amplitude associated with a certain frequency; for a frequency point in a given transformed segment, determining a ratio by dividing the amplitude of the frequency point by a value indicative of an average of the amplitudes of the frequency points at the same frequency across transformed segments; repeating the determination of a ratio for frequency points in each transformed segment to determine ratios for each transformed segment; repeating the determination of ratios for transformed segments; and using the ratios to detect the abnormal signal in the compound sampled signal.

Abstract: A data alignment algorithm that automatically aligns data from multiple monitoring devices to the same zero-crossings at the same point in time. Cycle-by-cycle frequency data is received from each monitoring device and a cross-correlation algorithm is performed to determine a correlation coefficient between a reference monitoring device and another monitoring device. The data of the other monitoring device is shifted by one cycle and another correlation coefficient is calculated by the cross-correlation algorithm. The data of the two monitoring devices is aligned at the point at which the maximum correlation coefficient is calculated or the point at which the correlation coefficient exceeds a threshold value. The clocks of the monitoring devices can also be synchronized at the same point of alignment.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for reducing the response time along with increasing the probability of ranging of optical rangefinders that digitize the signal waveforms obtained from the pulse echoes returned from various types of objects to be ranged, the pulse echoes being too weak to allow successful ranging from a single waveform or the objects being possibly in motion during the capture of the pulse echoes. In a first embodiment of the invention, the response time at close range of a digital optical rangefinder is reduced by using a signal averaging process wherein the number of data to be averaged varies with the distance according to a predetermined function. In a second embodiment of the invention, the probability of ranging objects in motion along the line of sight of a digital optical rangefinder is increased and the object velocity measured by performing a range shift of each acquired signal waveform prior to averaging.

Abstract: A technique for generating and detecting an EM signal in the THz range involves generating EM energy having multiple modes, selecting at least two of the modes of the EM energy to provide a multi-mode EM signal, subjecting the multi-mode EM signal to mixing, and isolating a beat signal component that results from the mixing. The spacing between adjacent ones of the selected modes, i.e., the frequency difference between the modes, is in the radio frequency (RF) or microwave frequency ranges. Signals in these ranges are commonly processed using electronic circuits at room temperature.

Abstract: A frequency hopping pattern of a frequency hopping signal is detected by use of spectrogram-generating software in a digital storage oscilloscope. By using a spectrogram, a hopping pattern can be determined without having to demodulate the signal, recover the phase or frequency of the carrier, determine optimal sample timing, or determine system timing. A block of data that contains at least one repetition of the hopping pattern in analyzed with respect to known hopping patterns as well as with respect to the duration in time of the relevant symbols of that data.

Abstract: Provided is a skew measurement apparatus, including sampling sections that each sample one of a plurality of signals under measurement having a cycle T, a waveform reconfiguring section that shapes a reconfigured waveform having the cycle T by rearranging ordinal ranks of sample values of the signal under measurement sampled by each sampling section, a distribution generating section that generates a timing distribution of edges in the reconfigured waveform of the corresponding signal under measurement, and a skew calculating section that calculates skew between the signals under measurement being compared based on the timing distribution of each signal under measurement.

Abstract: A system and method for characterizing the jitter of a periodic signal. Samples of the signal are taken with a sampling device. A set of samples representing a particular value of the signal in multiple cycles of the periodic signal is collected. Those values are formed into a histogram. The histogram is matched to a probability distribution function. By identifying parameters that shape the probability distribution function to match the histogram of actual samples, characteristics of the jitter are determined. This technique may be employed as part of the calibration or verification of the jitter injection instrument such as might be used for testing semiconductor devices. Measurements may be made with a sampling device that is calibrated to NIST standards. In this way, the jitter measurements become NIST traceable.

Abstract: A peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus test system and method therefor, that is applied in a PCI test card. The PCI test card includes a static random-access-memory (SRAM). In the method, the data transaction of the PCI bus signal is disintegrated into a separate data operation, while eliminating the waveform interfering transaction. Through comparing the waveform of the data operation as separated from a PCI bus signal with the standard PCI bus waveform, the quality of the PCI bus signals can be precisely analyzed, thus realizing the hardware test of PCI bus.