Abstract: Disclosed is a novel system and method to develop computational models of membrane conductances through training a multi-layer perceptron to predict a channel's responses (conductances) to different conditions (voltage histories). Initially, at each time step of the dAPC protocol the current generated across the TCL1 cell membrane is determined by the history of voltages calculated in the model compartment. These data collected from dAPC are then used to train a perceptron, whose inputs are select time points in this history, and whose output predicts the channel conductances measured by the dAPC apparatus. The trained perceptron then becomes a model of the channel, comprising a specific set of historical voltage data points from compartment models provided as inputs to a specific combination of hidden units to produce an output that predicts channel conductance given a particular voltage history.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel system and method to develop computational models of membrane conductances through training a multi-layer perceptron to predict a channel's responses (conductances) to different conditions (voltage histories). Initially, at each time step of the dAPC protocol the current generated across the TCL1 cell membrane is determined by the history of voltages calculated in the model compartment. These data collected from dAPC are then used to train a perceptron, whose inputs are select time points in this history, and whose output predicts the channel conductances measured by the dAPC apparatus. The trained perceptron then becomes a model of the channel, comprising a specific set of historical voltage data points from compartment models provided as inputs to a specific combination of hidden units to produce an output that predicts channel conductance given a particular voltage history.

Abstract: In at least one embodiment, a method for diagnosing vascular disease is provided, the method comprising the steps of obtaining a vessel image showing a vasculature of a vessel, identifying at least two measurements from the vasculature of the vessel, the measurements relating to at least two parameters, calculating a relationship between the at least two parameters from the at least two measurements to generate one or more vasculature data points, and comparing the one or more vasculature data points to data relative to a model vasculature to determine the extent of vascular disease. In an another embodiment, a method for diagnosing vascular disease in a patient's vascular tree is provided, the method comprising the steps of generating a model vascular tree from a minimum energy hypothesis calculation, and comparing the patient's vascular tree with the model vascular tree to determine the extent of vascular disease.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for large-scale, high-throughput identification of protein-protein interactions and the topologies thereof under physiologically relevant conditions. In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for identifying one or a plurality of interacting peptides within a biological system comprising obtaining a population of proteins cross-linked with a cleavable protein interaction reporter (PIR) cross-linker, cleaving the PIR crosslinker to produce released peptides and cleaved reporter ions, and analyzing the population of released peptides to identify interacting peptides. Also disclosed are methods for identifying candidate drug compounds, as well as methods of data processing and visualization of protein-protein interactions.

Abstract: A method of simulating brain activity and neural pathways in a user includes providing a networked server for access by a user of the invention, using a general purpose computer. A database is provided in communication with the networked server. The general purpose computer carries out a step of detecting a movement of the user, the movement then being communicated to the networked server, which associates that movement with a certain set of data in the database relating to predetermined simulated neural activity. The simulated neural activity associated with the user's movement is communicated to the user.

Abstract: Method to process a set of tomosynthesis slices, comprising; acquiring images of an object of interest using a detector of a machine also comprising an X-ray emitter; reconstructing a set of tomosynthesis slices of the object using a calculator, in relation to the acquired images; displaying slices on a display monitor with a first display increment; selecting a region of interest in a slice of interest; and using a second display increment that is finer than the first display increment to display on the display monitor regions of interest belonging to slices in the set, the regions of interest corresponding to the selected region of interest.

Abstract: The invention concerns the generation of a three dimensional model of the six helix bundle (6HB) complexed with an inhibitor and the use of that model to identify, screen and/or develop inhibitors against viruses that use a class I fusion protein. Such inhibitors of viruses that use a class I fusion protein may be effective for treating, for example, respiratory infections by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).

Abstract: A system and method for converting static/still medical images of a particular patient into dynamic and interactive images interacting with medical tools including medical devices by coupling a model of tissue dynamics and tool characteristics to the patient specific imagery for simulating a medical procedure in an accurate and dynamic manner.

Abstract: Methods and systems for analyzing genetic variants are disclosed.

Abstract: A non-transitory storage medium stores an assembled genetic sequence comprising aligned sequencing reads. An electronic processing device is configured to perform operations including: identifying a possible variant in the assembled genetic sequence; computing value of at least one read property for reads of the assembled genetic sequence; and calling the possible variant conditional upon the computed values of the at least one read property for sequencing reads of the assembled genetic sequence that include the possible variant satisfying an acceptance criterion. The electronic processing device may be further configured to select at least one region of the assembled genetic sequence for validation based on a non random selection criterion.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for simulating blood flow through a heart valve may first involve receiving patient-specific data, including imaging data related to the heart valve, an inflow tract of the heart valve and an outflow tract of the heart valve, and at least one clinically measured flow parameter. Next, the method may involve generating a digital model of the heart valve and the inflow and outflow tracts, based at least partially on the imaging data, discretizing the model, applying boundary conditions to a portion of the digital model that contains the heart valve and the inflow and outflow tracts, and initializing and solving mathematical equations of blood flow through the model to generate computerized flow parameters. Finally, the method may involve comparing the computerized flow parameters with the at least one clinically measured flow parameter.

Abstract: Systems and methods for modeling functional magnetic resonance image datasets using a multivariate auto-regressive model which captures temporal dynamics in the data, and creates a reduced representation of the dataset representative of functional connectivity of voxels with respect to brain activity. Raw spatio-temporal data is processed using a multivariate auto-regressive model, wherein coefficients in the model with high weights are retained as indices that best describe the full spatio-temporal data. When there are a relatively small number of temporal samples of the data, sparse regression techniques are used to build the model. The model coefficients are used to perform data processing functions such as indexing, prediction, and classification.

Abstract: Provided is a protein-ligand docking prediction method based on quantum mechanical scoring. The method includes evaluating a protein-ligand docking structure by using a molecular mechanical energy-based scoring function and reevaluating the protein-ligand docking structure by using a rescoring function obtained by combining a quantum mechanical factor with the molecular mechanical energy-based scoring function. In accordance with the method using the quantum mechanical scoring, it is possible to more accurately carry out modeling than conventional force field-based methods.

Abstract: The present invention is related to field of allergic (hypersensitivity) diseases and provides a method for producing modified allergenic polypeptides for use in immunotherapies. In the method of the invention, said allergenic polypeptides are modified so that they are not capable to form transient dimers. The invention also provides modified ?-lactoglobulins for use in immunotherapy of milk allergy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the characterization of human bone microstructure that is applicable to methods of characterizing and predicting fracture initiation, propagation, and arrest. These methods involve the collagen orientation in proximity of osteocyte lacunae, such as the lacunar-ECM interface and perilacunar region, and the role that collagen orientation plays in micro-biomechanics. In particular, collagen orientation at the lacuna-matrix interface optimizes the magnitude of stresses during the elastic phase. Further, the role of collagen-apatite orientation at the interface between matrix and osteocyte lacuna delays micro-crack initiation, propagation, and arrest.

Abstract: Three-dimensional visualization of biomedical datasets in an immersive visual environment includes creating a finite element mesh patient specific three-dimensional mode. Points from the finite element mesh are removed to produce a refined patient specific three-dimensional model. The three-dimensional model and simulation are interpolated onto a uniform rectilinear grid. The refined patient specific three-dimensional model and the simulation data are transformed to a scale of the IVE. The refined patient specific three-dimensional model and the simulation data are presented within the IVE with a three-dimensional visualization system.

Abstract: A device and method for automating the handling and testing of microbiological specimens are provided. A portable specimen collection vehicle (SCV) is provided which comprises a protective housing, a specimen chamber for receiving a biospecimen sample, a plurality of culturing chambers each for receiving a portion of the biospecimen sample and each containing a different culture medium, a system of fluid ducts connecting the specimen chamber to each of the culturing chambers, and an actuator that facilitates flow of portions of the biospecimen sample from the specimen chamber through the system of fluid ducts and into each of the culturing chambers, wherein biological organisms in the biospecimen begin to grow in one or more of the culturing chambers and cultured portions of the biospecimen sample can be withdrawn selectively from the apparatus.

Abstract: Methods for method for increasing genetic gain in a breeding process are provided. Also provided are methods for choosing breeding pairs predicted to produce progeny having desired phenotypes, methods for increasing the likelihood of producing progeny individual having desired phenotypes, methods for generating progeny individual having desired genotypes and/or phenotypes, progeny produced thereby, and cells, seeds, parts, and tissues cultures thereof.

Abstract: A computer-implemented system and method for facilitating accurate glycemic control by modeling blood glucose using cloud-based circadian profiles is provided. Anti-hyperglycemic medications are categorized based on similar glucose lowering effects. A circadian profile for a diabetic patient is built by storing online at least two recent typical measurements of pre-meal and post-meal blood glucose, a dose of an anti-hyperglycemic medication, and the class of the anti-hyperglycemic medication.

Abstract: Methods for generating a normalized expression signal for microarray data based on a theoretical distribution at the unit level to produce a normalized expression signal for the single microarray that is independent of other microarrays. The method typically includes receiving microarray data representing a plurality of probe pairs for a single microarray, determining, for each probe pair, differences between intensities of perfect match (PM) probes and intensities of mismatched (MM) probes, determining a difference signal, D, based on the determined differences, and scaling the difference signal, D, to produce an expression signal, DS. The method also typically includes normalizing the expression signal based on a theoretical distribution at the unit level to produce a normalized expression signal for the single microarray that is independent of other microarrays.

Abstract: A method of combinatorial optimization includes: (1) defining an objective function to optimize a combination of N input parameters of a complex system, wherein the objective function includes a weighted sum of n different optimization criteria, N?2, and n?2; (2) applying an initial combination of the N input parameters to the complex system to yield an initial output response; (3) executing an optimization procedure to generate an updated combination of the N input parameters, wherein executing the optimization procedure includes calculating an initial value of the objective function based on at least one of (a) the initial combination of the N input parameters and (b) the initial output response; and (4) applying the updated combination of the N input parameters to the complex system to yield an updated output response.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for assessing the condition of a cartilage in a joint, particularly a human knee. The methods include converting an image such as an MRI to a three dimensional map of the cartilage. The cartilage map can be correlated to a movement pattern of the joint to assess the affect of movement on cartilage wear. Changes in the thickness of cartilage over time can be determined so that therapies can be provided. Information on thickness of cartilage and curvature of cartilage or subchondral bone can be used to plan therapy. Information on movement pattern can be used to plan therapy.

Abstract: A programmer device includes an interface that communicates with an implantable fluid delivery device and a user interface that displays a representation of a portion of the implantable fluid delivery device and displays an indication of a location of fluid within the implantable fluid delivery device during a delivery phase, e.g., a priming or bridging phase. The user interface may display a representation of progress of the delivery phase. The user interface may display the indication of the location of the fluid within internal tubing of the implantable fluid delivery device or within a catheter of the implantable fluid delivery device. The programmer device may display the representation of the progress of the delivery phase as a simulation of the delivery phase or during the actual delivery phase of the implantable fluid delivery device. A user may therefore observe a location of fluid corresponding to progress of the delivery phase.

Abstract: The present invention provides an integrated health care surveillance and monitoring system that provides real-time sampling, modeling, analysis, and recommended interventions. The system can be used to monitor infectious and chronic diseases. When faced with outbreak of an infectious disease agent, e.g., influenza virus, the system can identify active cases through pro-active sampling in high risk locations, such as schools or crowded commercial areas. The system can notify appropriate entities, e.g., local, regional and national governments, when an event is detected, thereby allowing for proactive management of a possible outbreak. The system also predicts the best response for deployment of scarce resources.

Abstract: In the past decade a great deal of structural information for class A-GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors) has emerged. However, the structural and electronic basis of ligand selectivity for closely related receptor subtypes such as the angiotensin receptors AT1aR and AT2R, which present completely diverse biological functions in response to the same ligand, is poorly understood. In order to monitor complex responses in biosystems it is useful to have ligands that present a gradient in terms of selectivity. In this study we present an efficient method to tune ligand selectivity for the two angiotensin II receptor subtypes, AT1aR and AT2R, by controlling aromatic-prolyl interactions in angiotensin II, through alternation of aromatic electronics. On the basis of this strategy, an AT2R selective and high affinity agonist analogue (Ki=3 nM) was obtained.

Abstract: Prediction of a preferred position and orientation of a ligand bound to a macromolecule is described. The ligand and the macromolecule can form a stable complex based on matching of physico-chemical properties and probabilistic relaxation labeling. The macromolecule can be a protein and a physico-chemical property can be hydrogen bonding. A potential docking location for the ligand on the surface of the protein is determined. Then, on the potential docking location and the ligand, the donor and acceptor atoms are identified. Probabilistic relaxation labeling is utilized to facilitate identification of the potential matching pairs of donors and acceptors, according to local shape complementarity and a geometric constraint for the conformation of hydrogen bond. A scoring function can rank the potential matching pairs to obtain the preferred ligand position.

Abstract: Certain embodiments provide a GPCR fusion protein. In particular embodiments, the GPCR fusion protein comprises: a) a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR); and b) an autonomously folding stable domain, where the autonomously folding stable domain is N-terminal to the GPCR and is heterologous to the GPCR. The GPCR fusion protein is characterized in that is crystallizable under lipidic cubic phase crystallization conditions. In certain embodiments, the GPCR fusion protein may be crystallizable in a complex with a G-protein or in a complex with an antibody that binds to the IC3 loop of the GPCR.

Abstract: An embodiment of an apparatus includes a simulator and a determiner. The a simulator is configured to simulate a system and to propagate at least one state of the simulated system through time in response to a value of a parameter, and the determiner is configured to determine a next value of the parameter in response to a characteristic of another state of the model and a representation of at least one level set.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of detecting coliform bacteria in water from reflected light, and also includes devices for the measurement, calculation and transmission of data relating to that method.

Abstract: A method, computer product, and computer system of minimizing surprisal data comprising: at a source, reading and identifying characteristics of a genetic sequence of an organism; receiving an input of rank of at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; generating a hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics based on the rank of the at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; comparing the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics to a repository of reference genomes; and if at least one reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics, comparing nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from the at least one matched reference genome, to obtain differences and create surprisal data.

Abstract: A system for estimating a crop characteristic comprises a database, a plant growth model correlator, and a crop characteristic estimator. The database includes plant growth models for a plurality of fields. The plant growth model correlator is communicatively coupled with the database. The plant growth model correlator is configured for determining at least one harvested field with a first plant growth model which correlates with a second plant growth model for at least a portion of an unharvested field. The crop characteristic estimator is configured for estimating a crop characteristic for the unharvested field based on actual crop characteristic data obtained from the at least one harvested field.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for determining and visualizing the perfusion of the myocardial muscle with the aid of static CCTA images. In at least one embodiment, the device includes a segmentation unit for segmenting the coronary blood vessels and the left myocardial muscle from a CCTA image of the heart; a first simulation unit for simulating the blood flow through the coronary blood vessels; and a second simulation unit by which the local perfusion of the myocardial muscle is determined on the basis of the ascertained blood flow into different regions of the myocardial muscle. The perfusion of the different regions of the myocardial muscle is visualized in a schematized image on a visualization unit. By virtue of the proposed device it is possible to dispense with further imaging examinations after the performance of a CCTA scan, thereby relieving the pressure both on the part of the physician and on the part of the patient.

Abstract: A blood glucose meter and computer-implemented method for facilitating accurate glycemic control by modeling blood glucose using circadian profiles is provided. Anti-hyperglycemic medications are categorized based on similar glucose lowering effects. A circadian profile is built by collecting at least two recent typical measurements of pre-meal and post-meal period data stored on a glucometer, identifying a dose of an anti-hyperglycemic medication, and identifying the class of the anti-hyperglycemic medication. A model of glucose management through the circadian profile is created by estimating expected blood glucose values and their predicted errors at each of the meal periods, visualizing the expected blood glucose values and their predicted errors over time for each meal period in a log-normal distribution, and selecting one of the meal periods and, for each anti-hyperglycemic medication in the identified class, modeling a change in the dose of the anti-hyperglycemic medication.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and compositions for modulating the function of transcription factors, especially transcription factors that recruit epigenetic regulators (histone modifying enzymes) to specific DNA promoters. The targeted transcription factors include but are not limited to the myocyte enhancing factor (MEF2), the forkhead/winged helix transcription factor FOXP3 and the transcription factor GATA3. Also disclosed are small molecule modulators of MEF2 and its associated factors that include but not limited to histone deacetylases (HDACs), p300/CBP and Cabin1 and the therapeutic applications thereof.

Abstract: A prediction method for predicting the effect of an amino acid modification on the rate of aggregation (solubility) of a reference polypeptide comprising: calculating the difference in hydrophobicity (?Hydr) between the reference polypeptide and a modified polypeptide, calculating the difference in ?-sheet propensity (??Gcoil-?+??G?-coil) between the reference polypeptide and modified polypeptide, calculating the difference in charge (? Charge) between the reference polypeptide and modified polypeptide, and calculating: [x* ?Hydr]+[y*(??Gcoil-?+??G?-coil)]?[z*? Charge], wherein x, y and z are scaling factors.

Abstract: Described are methods, systems and apparatus for hypothesizing a biological relationship in a biological system. A database of biological assertions is provided consisting of biological elements, relationships among the biological elements, and relationship descriptors characterizing the properties of the elements and relationships. A biological element may be selected from the database and a logical simulation may be performed within the biological database, from the selected biological element, through relationship descriptors, along a path defined by potentially causative biological elements to discern a biological element hypothetically responsible for the change in the selected biological element.

Abstract: A method for confirming the association of a query QTL or a query gene in the genome of a second species with a clinical trait T exhibited by the second species. A first QTL or a first gene in a first species that is linked to a trait T? is found. The trait T? is indicative of trait T. A region of the genome of the first species that comprises the first QTL or the first gene is mapped to a particular region of the genome of the second species. A query QTL or a query gene in the second species that is potentially associated with the trait T is found. The potential association of the query QTL or the query gene with the clinical trait T is confirmed when the query QTL or the query gene is in the particular region of the genome of the second species.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for estimating a glucose level of a person having diabetes comprises. One method may comprise: receiving into a computing device a plurality of measured glucose results from a glucose sensor coupled to the person; using the computing device to analyze the plurality of measured glucose results with a probability analysis tool configured to determine a probability of glucose sensor accuracy based on the plurality of measured glucose results; and using the computing device to estimate a glucose level of the person with a recursive filter configured to estimate the glucose level based on the plurality of measured glucose results weighted with the probability of glucose sensor accuracy.

Abstract: Methods for assessing the consistency and reliability of the calculations using cycle closures in relative binding free energy calculation paths. The methods are used for determining relative strength of binding between a receptor and individual members of a set ligands to form complexes between individual ligand set members and the receptor, in which the binding free energy difference with the lowest error is determined by probabilistic determination of the free energy differences and error distributions about those differences along each of the legs of the closed thermodynamic cycle that probabilistically lead to the hysteresis(es) value(s) observed for each closed of the closed thermodynamic cycle.

Abstract: Systems and methods for creating a treatment plan for cosmetic procedures, for example, a hair transplantation procedure, are provided. The treatment plan automatically modifies or generates one or more proposed harvesting or implantation sites within a first hair element based on one or more parameters in one or more second hair elements. Various techniques and methods described in the application provide for improved planning of a natural looking hair.

Abstract: A method of simulating electrical propagation in the heart muscle on a computing device having a processor and a memory includes providing a structural representation of a heart muscle. The structural representation includes a plurality of tissue elements. The plurality of tissue elements have a shape corresponding to shape of a heart muscle. The method includes storing a model of electric potential propagation through the structural representation in the memory. The model includes a piecewise linear equation describing electrical activity within each tissue element and a difference equation describing conduction from one of the tissue elements to an adjacent tissue element. The method also includes providing a first set of tunable parameters for inclusion in the piecewise linear equation and a second tunable parameter for inclusion in the difference equation. The method further includes tuning the first set of tunable parameters and the second tunable parameter in the model.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of identifying compounds useful in modifying the activity of Aldolase.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating a surgical plan for altering an abnormal bone using a generic normal bone model are discussed. For example, a system for planning a surgery on an abnormal bone can include a model receiver module configured to receive a generic normal bone model. The generic normal bone model, such as a parametric model derived from statistical shape data, can include a data set representing a normal bone having an anatomical origin comparable to the abnormal bone. An input interface can be configured to receive an abnormal bone representation including a data set representing the abnormal bone. A surgical planning module can include a registration module configured to register the generic normal bone model to the abnormal bone representation by creating a registered generic model. A surgical plan formation module can be configured to identify one or more abnormal regions of the abnormal bone using the registered generic model.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods may relate to a system for predicting a respirator fit by comparing a specific respirator model to a specific facial model in a dynamic position. In an illustrative example, one or more dynamic positions may be generated by actual user movement and/or simulated user movement. For example, a facial model may be generated by altering a static model in view of actual and/or simulated movements. In various implementations, a facial model may be compared against a variety of respirator models from a respirator model database. In some implementations, a 3D representation of the respirator model may be displayed upon a 3D representation of the facial model. In some implementations, a color-coded facial display may characterize areas of comfort and discomfort with respect to the respirator model. For example, areas of comfort and discomfort may be objectively determined in view of an applied pressure by the respirator.

Abstract: A method and related apparatus are provided for making an ultrasonic irradiation plan include generating a 3D organ model from an input image, generating irradiation information about a unit treatment volume based on at least one of a movement and a deformation of an organ in the 3D organ model, simulating irradiation of ultrasound for virtual treatment by using the generated irradiation information, and making an ultrasonic irradiation plan based on the simulation. Additionally, a method is provided for determining if such an ultrasonic irradiation plan is applicable, and if so carrying it out by emitting appropriate ultrasonic radiation.

Abstract: Systems and methods for creating a treatment plan for cosmetic procedures, for example, a hair transplantation procedure, are provided. The treatment plan allows user to provide input on a proposed hair element using a free-hand drawing in a two-dimensional plane, and for the proposed hair element to be generated and displayed on a three-dimensional model of a body surface. Various techniques and methods described in the application provide for improved planning of a natural looking hair.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods may relate to a system for predicting a respirator fit by comparing a respirator model in a deformed state to a specific facial model. In an illustrative example, an internal measurement may be calculated between an inside part of the respirator model and the facial model. The internal measurement may be compared against a predetermined threshold to determine a fit of the respirator model, for example. In various implementations, the internal measurement may be a distance and/or a volume between the respirator and facial model. In some implementations, a 3D representation of the respirator model may be displayed upon a 3D representation of the facial model. In some implementations, a color-coded facial display may characterize areas of comfort and discomfort with respect to the respirator model. For example, areas of comfort and discomfort may be objectively determined in view of an applied pressure by the respirator.

Abstract: A tool for implementing a correction plan in an external fixation frame having a plurality of adjustment elements or screws, for example, generally includes a driver, a motor, a controller, and a processor. The driver is adapted to engage and rotate each of the screws. The motor is coupled the driver and adapted to rotate the driver. The controller is connected to the motor and configured to control operation of the motor. The a processor adapted configured to: receive correction plan data; receive identification data including information for identifying at least one of the plurality of screws; determine movement of at least one of the plurality of the screws based on the correction plan data and the identification data; and send signals indicative of the determined movement to the controller in order to rotate at least one of the plurality of screws according to a predetermined correction plan.

Abstract: Systems and methods for ecosystem habitat optimization modeling, particularly in aquatic systems. Hydraulic modeling output is combined with biological suitability criteria within a geospatial framework to produce geospatial and numeric output. Hybridizing output from a physical habitat simulation model is overlaid onto a visual platform with biologic criteria supporting morphological design and analysis.

Abstract: A non-invasive imaging system, including an imaging scanner suitable to generate an imaging signal from a tissue region of a subject under observation, the tissue region having at least one anatomical substructure and more than one constituent tissue type; a signal processing system in communication with the imaging scanner to receive the imaging signal from the imaging scanner; and a data storage unit in communication with the signal processing system, wherein the data storage unit is configured to store a parcellation atlas comprising spatial information of the at least one substructure in the tissue region, wherein the signal processing system is adapted to: reconstruct an image of the tissue region based on the imaging signal; parcellate, based on the parcellation atlas, the at least one anatomical substructure in the image; segment the more than one constituent tissue types in the image; and automatically identify, in the image, a portion of the at least one anatomical substructure that correspond to one