Abstract: This invention relates to improved methods and apparatus for recording and simulating the condylar movement of an individual. This invention also provides a digital dental articulator method which is designed to simulate the jaw or condylar movements of a patient. This instrument enables a dentist to obtain the necessary diagnostic information for treatment of the occlusal irregularities, such as malocclusion, and the fabrication of dental restorations or “dentures” and for the development of an orthodontic treatment plan.

Abstract: Subject matter disclosed herein may relate to systems, devices, and/or processes for tracking signals and/or states representative of behavioral and/or biological state.

Abstract: Provided are methods for determining data defining an estimate of the thickness and density of a cortical bone tissue structure of interest from imaging data. The methods can include modelling measured variations of an imaging parameter along a line crossing a cortical bone tissue structure of interest as a function having a thickness parameter, a first density parameter, and a blur parameter; determining a thickness-density relationship between bone tissue structure density and bone tissue structure thickness from multiple thickness and density measurements made on a reference cortical bone tissue structure of a subject which is not the patient; and fitting the function to the measured variations while ensuring the first density parameter and thickness parameter follow the thickness-density relationship, to search for optimal values that include data defining an estimate of the thickness and density of the cortical bone tissue structure of interest.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for modeling changes in patient-specific blood vessel geometry and boundary conditions resulting from changes in blood flow or pressure. One method includes determining, using a processor, a first anatomic model of one or more blood vessels of a patient; determining a biomechanical model of the one or more blood vessels based on at least the first anatomic model; determining one or more parameters associated with a physiological state of the patient; and creating a second anatomic model based on the biomechanical model and the one or more parameters associated with the physiological state.

Abstract: A situational awareness analysis and fatigue management system including a processor that receives input data from a user, generates a set of algorithms from the input data, calculates outputs of each of the set of algorithms, and generates and displays a dynamic assessment situational awareness (DASA) diagram of the user as a function of situational awareness performance and wakefulness hours of the user from the calculated output. Using the DASA diagram, the processor identifies situational awareness longevity conditions of the user to perform a task, forecasts advanced fatigue conditions of the user based on the identified situational awareness longevity conditions and identifies improvements of situational awareness performance of the user to perform the task. The processor displays the identified situational awareness longevity conditions, the forecast of advanced fatigue conditions and the improvements of situational awareness performance of the user to perform the task to one or more second users.

Abstract: A method and system for modeling trends in crop yields is provided. In an embodiment, the method comprises receiving, over a computer network, electronic digital data comprising yield data representing crop yields harvested from a plurality of agricultural fields and at a plurality of time points; in response to receiving input specifying a request to generate one or more particular yield data: determining one or more factors that impact yields of crops that were harvested from the plurality of agricultural fields; decomposing the yield data into decomposed yield data that identifies one or more data dependencies according to the one or more factors; generating, based on the decomposed yield data, the one or more particular yield data; generating forecasted yield data or reconstructing the yield data by incorporating the one or more particular yield data into the yield data.

Abstract: A method for avoiding impingement between an implanted prosthetic hip stem and acetabular cup uses at least one digital x-ray of a standing patient preferably including a lateral x-ray to determine a pelvic tilt angle of the patient. A hip stem is virtually implanted at an initial stem version angle into a virtual femur constructed from the digital x-ray. Data of at least one hip joint motion is obtained from at least one individual. A range of inclination and anteversion angles is calculated for a virtually implanted acetabular cup that avoids impingement with the virtually implanted hip stem. The calculated range of inclination or anteversion angles is based at least in part on the pelvic tilt angle of the patient, the initial hip stem version angle and the obtained joint motion data.

Abstract: Laboratory testing plays a significant and growing role in the delivery of medical services. Fresh analysis of past test results has led to discovery of previously unknown correlations between statistical properties of analyte values and parameters such as age, sex, and region. Observed values in patient populations have also newly been discovered to show both secular and regular periodic variations over time. Embodiments of the invention may use information about these correlations to improve quality control and other statistical analysis of patient samples by applying adjusted reference ranges to quality control methodologies, and providing a quality control grade for patient samples based on the adjusted reference ranges.

Abstract: In some examples, a computing device may receive sensor data for a target and at least one of: log data for the target, or historical log data and historical sensor data for a plurality of other targets. The computing device may determine at least one event classified as a non-uniform event in at least one of the log data or the historical log data, and may determine combined features, such as a feature vector, based on the sensor data and the non-uniform event(s). The computing device may determine an analysis result from the combined features. Further, based on the analysis result, the computing device may send a control signal to a device associated with the target for controlling the device, and/or may send a communication related to the target to another computing device.

Abstract: A method of producing ethanol includes: measuring a xylose concentration in a culture fluid that contains microorganisms having xylose utilizing ability, the culture fluid including a culture medium that contains saccharides derived from lignocellulose; and performing an addition control in which an additional culture medium is added to the culture fluid to conduct a continuous culture of the microorganisms, the additional culture medium containing saccharides derived from lignocellulose.

Abstract: A method for computing a three-dimensional (3D) model of an object includes: receiving, by a processor, a first chunk including a 3D model of a first portion of the object, the first chunk being generated from a plurality of depth images of the first portion of the object; receiving, by the processor, a second chunk including a 3D model of a second portion the object, the second chunk being generated from a plurality of depth images of the second portion of the object; computing, by the processor, a registration of the first chunk with the second chunk, the registration corresponding to a transformation aligning corresponding portions of the first and second chunks; aligning, by the processor, the first chunk with the second chunk in accordance with the registration; and outputting, by the processor, a 3D model corresponding to the first chunk merged with the second chunk.

Abstract: At least one first 3D image dataset of an examination region of interest of a patient and a second 3D image dataset of the examination region of interest are received via at least one first interface. A geometric model of the examination region of interest is determined based at least on the first 3D image dataset, and a first spatial distribution of a first material property of the examination region of interest is determined based at least on the second 3D image dataset. A digital manufacturing model of an object is generated based on the geometric model and on the first spatial distribution, the manufacturing model having a material composition of the object that is dependent on the first distribution. The manufacturing model therefore takes into account the geometry and the first material property of the examination region of interest.

Abstract: A medical system is provided for three-dimensional hemodynamic quantification. Comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) plus time (3D+t) assessment of flow patterns inside the heart are provided by a combination of lumped-parameter modeling and computational flow dynamic modeling. Using medical scanning, the lumped parameter model is personalized to a given patient. The personalized lumped-parameter model provides pressure curves (i.e., pressure as a function of time) for one or more locations. Using geometry of the patients heart segmented from the medical scanning and the pressure curves as boundary conditions, the computational flow dynamics model calculates the absolute pressure for any location (e.g., for a three-dimensional field of locations) in the patient heart at any one or more phases of the cardiac cycle. More accurate absolute pressure may be provided without invasive measurement.

Abstract: A robot teaching system and control method thereof are disclosed. In robot teaching system, a haptic device generates pieces of teaching data to a robot, so that the robot moves and rotates according to the pieces of teaching data, and a force sensor captures first feedback data corresponding to the motion and rotation of the robot and outputs a feedback signal, which corresponds to the first feedback data, to the haptic device. Thus, the user, who controls the haptic device, can understand the situation of the robot and react to the situation immediately, so as to avoid the risk for lack of user's instant reaction to the situation of the robot in the conventional robot teaching system.

Abstract: Described herein are structures and techniques for highly-connected qubit interaction using a “paramagnetic tree coupling” scheme. In one embodiment, a structure for providing highly-connected qubit interaction includes a plurality of qubits and, for each of the plurality of qubits, a paramagnetic medium connecting the qubit to each other one of the plurality of qubits, where the paramagnetic medium includes a series of inductive couplers.

Abstract: A modeling framework for evaluating the impact of weather conditions on farming and harvest operations applies real-time, field-level weather data and forecasts of meteorological and climatological conditions together with user-provided and/or observed feedback of a present state of a harvest-related condition to agronomic models and to generate a plurality of harvest advisory outputs for precision agriculture. A harvest advisory model simulates and predicts the impacts of this weather information and user-provided and/or observed feedback in one or more physical, empirical, or artificial intelligence models of precision agriculture to analyze crops, plants, soils, and resulting agricultural commodities, and provides harvest advisory outputs to a diagnostic support tool for users to enhance farming and harvest decision-making, whether by providing pre-, post-, or in situ-harvest operations and crop analyzes.

Abstract: A modeling framework for evaluating the impact of weather conditions on farming and harvest operations applies real-time, field-level weather data and forecasts of meteorological and climatological conditions together with user-provided and/or observed feedback of a present state of a harvest-related condition to agronomic models and to generate a plurality of harvest advisory outputs for precision agriculture. A harvest advisory model simulates and predicts the impacts of this weather information and user-provided and/or observed feedback in one or more physical, empirical, or artificial intelligence models of precision agriculture to analyze crops, plants, soils, and resulting agricultural commodities, and provides harvest advisory outputs to a diagnostic support tool for users to enhance farming and harvest decision-making, whether by providing pre-, post-, or in situ-harvest operations and crop analyzes.

Abstract: A visualization apparatus includes a memory unit and a computing unit. The memory unit stores a circulation model in which a vascular network, of an organ, having a diameter equal to or smaller than a predetermined value is defined on a two-dimensional plane, and a simulation result of a blood flow in the vascular network of the circulation model. The computing unit transforms the circulation model into a three-dimensional structure including the vascular network located on a cylindrical surface of a cylinder, and displays the simulation result on the three-dimensional structure.

Abstract: A dermoscopic lesion area is identified by: Obtaining a dermoscopic image and running a convolutional neural network image classifier on the dermoscopic image to obtain pixelwise lesion prediction scores. Segmenting the dermoscopic image into super-pixels, and computing for each super-pixel an average of the pixelwise prediction scores for pixels within that super-pixel. Computing a mean prediction score across the plurality of super-pixels. Assigning a confidence indicator of “1” to each super-pixel with a prediction score equal or greater than the mean prediction score, and a confidence indicator of “0” to each super-pixel with a prediction score less than the mean prediction score.

Abstract: A method for using a meter and a meter (10) adapted to determine an analyte concentration reading, the meter comprising a display (12) adapted to display information to a user of the meter, the display including information directed to a post-meal test-time alarm (22?) that is adapted to remind the user to obtain a post-meal analyte concentration reading, and at least one user input mechanism (15) adapted to allow the user to activate the post-meal test-time alarm.

Abstract: An automated measurement device and method for coronary artery disease scoring is disclosed. An example device includes a vascular tree reconstructor configured to receive vascular image data of a plurality of vascular segments of a patient and create a computerized model of the plurality of vascular segments by combining the vascular image data. The example device also includes a stenosis determiner configured to analyze the model to determine locations of potential lesions. The example device further includes a vascular state score calculator configured to, for each potential lesion, determine a first vascular state scoring tool “VSST”) subscore based on a size of the potential lesion and a second VSST subscore based on a distance of the potential lesion from a branch point in the plurality of vascular segment. The vascular state score calculator calculates a total VSST score by combining the first VSST subscore and the second VSST subscore.

Abstract: A dermoscopic lesion area is identified by: Obtaining a dermoscopic image and running a convolutional neural network image classifier on the dermoscopic image to obtain pixelwise lesion prediction scores. Segmenting the dermoscopic image into super-pixels, and computing for each super-pixel an average of the pixelwise prediction scores for pixels within that super-pixel. Computing a mean prediction score across the plurality of super-pixels. Assigning a confidence indicator of “1” to each super-pixel with a prediction score equal or greater than the mean prediction score, and a confidence indicator of “0” to each super-pixel with a prediction score less than the mean prediction score.

Abstract: Aspects for utilizing a seawater fluid to optimize egg-production characteristics are disclosed. In one aspect, a method is provided, which includes identifying a desired optimization, determining a corresponding seawater to non-seawater ratio, and generating a seawater fluid according to the ratio. An egg-cultivation method is also provided, which includes ascertaining a desired optimization, selecting a corresponding seawater to non-seawater ratio, and providing a seawater fluid comprising the ratio to a hen. In another egg-cultivation method, hens are provided with a mixed feed comprising a feed to seawater-mineralized produce ratio selected according to a desired optimization. A method to grow produce is also provided, which includes mineralizing soil with a seawater fluid comprising a seawater to non-seawater ratio corresponding to a preferred optimization.

Abstract: A system and a method for determining an association of at least one biological feature with a medical condition, in particularly, but not exclusively, a system and a method of determining an association of at least one biological feature in form of a gene expression with cancer or a subtype of cancer that can include the generation of a simplified protein-protein interaction network based on processed biological data. The system and respective method is especially suitable for analysis of high dimensional and low sample size biological datasets such as in cancer research.

Abstract: A modeling framework for evaluating the impact of weather conditions on farming and harvest operations applies real-time, field-level weather data and forecasts of meteorological and climatological conditions together with user-provided and/or observed feedback of a present state of a harvest-related condition to agronomic models and to generate a plurality of harvest advisory outputs for precision agriculture. A harvest advisory model simulates and predicts the impacts of this weather information and user-provided and/or observed feedback in one or more physical, empirical, or artificial intelligence models of precision agriculture to analyze crops, plants, soils, and resulting agricultural commodities, and provides harvest advisory outputs to a diagnostic support tool for users to enhance farming and harvest decision-making, whether by providing pre-, post-, or in situ-harvest operations and crop analyzes.

Abstract: A modeling framework for evaluating the impact of weather conditions on farming and harvest operations applies real-time, field-level weather data and forecasts of meteorological and climatological conditions together with user-provided and/or observed feedback of a present state of a harvest-related condition to agronomic models and to generate a plurality of harvest advisory outputs for precision agriculture. A harvest advisory model simulates and predicts the impacts of this weather information and user-provided and/or observed feedback in one or more physical, empirical, or artificial intelligence models of precision agriculture to analyze crops, plants, soils, and resulting agricultural commodities, and provides harvest advisory outputs to a diagnostic support tool for users to enhance farming and harvest decision-making, whether by providing pre-, post-, or in situ-harvest operations and crop analyses.

Abstract: Embodiments include a system for determining cardiovascular information for a patient. The system may include at least one computer system configured to receive patient-specific data regarding a geometry of the patient's heart, and create a three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of the patient's heart based on the patient-specific data. The at least one computer system may be further configured to create a physics-based model relating to a blood flow characteristic of the patient's heart and determine a fractional flow reserve within the patient's heart based on the three-dimensional model and the physics-based model.

Abstract: A modeling framework for evaluating the impact of weather conditions on farming and harvest operations applies real-time, field-level weather data and forecasts of meteorological and climatological conditions together with user-provided and/or observed feedback of a present state of a harvest-related condition to agronomic models and to generate a plurality of harvest advisory outputs for precision agriculture. A harvest advisory model simulates and predicts the impacts of this weather information and user-provided and/or observed feedback in one or more physical, empirical, or artificial intelligence models of precision agriculture to analyze crops, plants, soils, and resulting agricultural commodities, and provides harvest advisory outputs to a diagnostic support tool for users to enhance farming and harvest decision-making, whether by providing pre-, post-, or in situ-harvest operations and crop analyses.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for receiving user input associated with a resource of a plurality of resources, storing the user input as a factor associating the resource with a user, receiving a search query, the search query identifying the user, processing data based on the search query and the factor to generate one or more search results, the one or more search results including an indicator associated with the resource, the indicator indicating that the one or more search results are associated with the user, and transmitting the one or more search results for display on a computing device.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method simulates a shape of a musculoskeletal system comprising a skeletal subsystem and a soft-tissue subsystem. The method comprises: simulating, by the computer system, an evolution of a skeletal subsystem model over a series of time steps to thereby determine rigid body variables representative of the shapes of the one or more rigid bodies in a physical space at each time step; and simulating, by the computer system, an evolution of a soft-tissue subsystem model over the series of time steps to thereby determine, for each of the one or more soft tissue objects, a soft-tissue object representation in an Eulerian space and an associated Eulerian representation for each vertex in the Eulerian space at each time step, the associated Eulerian representation, for each vertex and for each time step, specifying which one or more material space coordinates for the soft-tissue object correspond to the vertex at the time step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a molecular orbital similarity deviation evaluation method comprising: a) a step for selecting two subject molecular orbitals, the molecular orbital similarity of which is to be compared, then obtaining Nx multi-block spectrums (MBS) having different block sizes, and subsequently combining Nx MBS pairs having the same block size; b) a step for calculating a TSS(m) score for each MBS pair (m being the number of the MBS and being from 1 to Nx) by carrying out a multi-step uniformity evaluation on the Nx MBS pairs; and c) a step for calculating the standard deviation of the TSS(m) scores for the Nx MBS pairs and using same to quantitatively evaluate the molecular orbital similarity deviation.

Abstract: Method, systems and apparatus to determine the suitability of parts or protocols to perform unit operations in the context of a biological process, comprising recording of a user score associated with an instance of use of a protocol or part, wherein the context of the use is recorded along with the rating, and wherein the context is defined as the value of factors that may affect the performance of the unit operation in which the part or protocol was used. The method may be implemented as a web service.

Abstract: Systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of the invention implement additive manufacturing techniques that employ different sets of deposition characteristics and/or material formation characteristics during the additive manufacture of an object so as to strategically build up the object. In many embodiments, material used to build up an object is deposited at different deposition rates during the additive manufacture of the object, and the object is thereby strategically built up. In one embodiment, a method of additively manufacturing an object includes: depositing material onto a surface at a first deposition rate so as to define a first region of the object to be additively manufactured; and depositing material onto a surface at a second deposition rate so as to define a second region of the object to be additively manufactured; where the second deposition rate is different from the first deposition rate.

Abstract: A method implemented by an optical circuit, including beam splitter, phase shifters and cross-phase modulators, for solving Ising-model using quantum annealing discretizes a continuous time-dependent Hamiltonian function over a time period T, into a plurality of smaller portions; implements each of said smaller portions with a non-linear optical medium, and iterates over said smaller portions to output a solution of the Ising Hamiltonian problem, using the optical components.

Abstract: A system, method and apparatus for executing a sequence analysis pipeline on genetic sequence data includes an integrated circuit formed of a set of hardwired digital logic circuits that are interconnected by physical electrical interconnects. The hardwired digital logic circuits are arranged as a set of processing engines, each processing engine being formed of a subset of the hardwired digital logic circuits to perform one or more steps in the sequence analysis pipeline on the reads of genomic data. In various instances, each subset of the hardwired digital logic circuits may be formed in a wired configuration to perform one or more steps a variant call operation.

Abstract: One illustrative system disclosed herein includes a processor configured to receive a sensor signal from a neural interface configured to detect an electrical signal associated with a nervous system. The processor is also configured to determine an interaction in with a virtual object in a virtual environment based on the sensor signal. The processor is also configured to determine a haptic effect based at least in part on the interaction with the virtual object in the virtual environment. The processor is also configured to transmit a haptic signal associated with the haptic effect. The illustrative system further includes a haptic output device configured to receive the haptic signal and output the haptic effect.

Abstract: The success of the positioning of devices for deployment inside an aneurysm, for example, is reliant on processes, which take place within an intervention procedure. For example, the position, orientation, or trajectory of the intervention device can affect the final position of a device for deployment deployed on the intervention device. Therefore, it is useful to predict the deployment position of a device for deployment based on a current localization of only the intervention device within an object of interest.

Abstract: A device obtains a series of measurements of a physiological parameter of one or more patients. The device displays a monitoring workflow home screen when the device is operating within a monitoring workflow. The device displays a non-monitoring workflow home screen when the device is operating within a non-monitoring workflow. The device displays a continuous workflow home screen when the device is operating within a continuous workflow. The monitoring workflow home screen, the non-monitoring workflow home screen, and the continuous workflow home screen are each different.

Abstract: Analysis system and computer implemented method for analyzing biological samples are disclosed. The system has at least one analyzer for performing an analysis and a decision unit being operable to determine in response to the receipt of the analysis request whether results obtained from performing the analysis on the sample indicated in the analysis request are valid. This determination is executed by retrieving the meta information assigned to the sample and by applying the at least one condition on the meta information and wherein the at least one applied condition has at least a condition on whether the sample allows a valid analysis on the sample, and wherein the decision unit returns the decision that the analysis exercised on the indicated sample will return a valid result in case the conditions of the condition set are met by the sample.

Abstract: A method of simulating the activity of the human nervous system includes providing a networked server for access by a user of a general purpose computer, with a database having predetermined data on human nervous system activity being in communication with the networked server. User information is input into the general purpose computer which is correlated with data in the networked database to determine what part of the human nervous system is impacted by the user information input. The general purpose computer displays a simulated image of a portion of the human nervous system and animates the impacted part of the human nervous system determined in the correlation.

Abstract: An example process for selecting chart scalings for plotting two time-series datasets includes determining a first log difference between a logarithm of a maximum value of a first dataset and a logarithm of a minimum value of the first dataset. The process also includes determining a second log difference between a logarithm of a maximum value of a second dataset and a logarithm of a minimum value of the second dataset. The process also includes selecting, based at least in part on the first and second log differences, between a linear chart scaling and a logarithmic chart scaling for the first dataset. The process also includes selecting, based at least in part on the first and second log differences, between a linear chart scaling and a logarithmic chart scaling for the second dataset.

Abstract: The invention provides methods of using sequence based analysis and rational strategies to modify and improve the structural and biophysical properties of single chain antibodies (scFvs), including stability, solubility, and antigen binding affinity. These methods and strategies can be used individually or in combination. The methods of the present invention also include the use of a database comprising scFv sequences from an experimentally screened scFv library of antibodies that have been selected to have superior solubility and stability. The invention also provides methods of using the properties found for these selected antibodies in a general approach for reshaping scFv antibodies to improve stability and solubility properties of a single chain antibody fragment.

Abstract: Deviations of blood pressure due to stenosis caused by plaque pose a health risk. The deviation, often expressed in a fractional flow reserve, may be calculated on a per-location basis using deviations of the local cross-sectional area or local diameter from a reference value representing a healthy vessel. The reference value may be obtained by means of linear or higher order interpolation or linear regression techniques. Together with the flow velocity of a fluid through the vessel, a value of local deviation of a vessel geometry compared to a reference value allows for accurate, fast and efficient calculation of the fractional flow reserve for every location of the vessel for which geometry data is available. The reference value as well as actual data obtained by measurements may be represented or approximated by functions, allowing accurate and efficient calculation of data over a continuous region of the segment under scrutiny.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for identification of a coded pattern visible to a computerized imaging apparatus while invisible or inconspicuous to human eyes. A pattern and/or marking may serve to indicate identity of an object, and/or the relative position of the pattern to a viewer. While some solutions exist for identifying patterns (for example, QR codes), they may be visually obtrusive to a human observer due to visual clutter. In exemplary implementations, apparatus and methods are capable of generating patterns with sufficient structure to be used for either discrimination or some aspect of localization, while incorporating spectral properties that are more aesthetically acceptable such as being: a) imperceptible or subtle to the human observer and/or b) aligned to an existing acceptable visual form, such as a logo. In one variant, a viewer comprises an imaging system comprised as a processor and laser scanner, or camera, or moving photodiode.

Abstract: A method performed by a computer or microprocessor to determine the fermentation progress of an organic material, contained in a container and capable of generating fermentation gas, includes the steps of measuring the amount of gas actually generated over time by the material and determining the state of fermentation progress by comparing said amount with an estimate of the total gas producible by material throughout its fermentation.

Abstract: Computer systems, methods, and storage media for changing the state of an application by detecting neurological user intent data associated with a particular operation of a particular application state, and changing the application state so as to enable execution of the particular operation as intended by the user. The application state is automatically changed to align with the intended operation, as determined by received neurological user intent data, so that the intended operation is performed. Some embodiments relate to a computer system creating or updating a state machine, through a training process, to change the state of an application according to detected neurological data.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for determining a patient risk assessment or treatment plan based on emboli dislodgement and destination. One method includes receiving a patient-specific anatomic model generated from patient-specific imaging of at least a portion of a patient's vasculature; determining or receiving a location of interest in the patient-specific anatomic model of the patient's vasculature; using a computing processor for calculating blood flow through the patient-specific anatomic model to determine blood flow characteristics through at least the portion of the patient's vasculature of the patient-specific anatomic model downstream from the location of interest; and using a computing processor for particle tracking through the simulated blood flow to determine a destination probability of an embolus originating from the location of interest in the patient-specific anatomic model, based on the determined blood flow characteristics.

Abstract: Provided are antibodies capable of binding to a particular epitope or specifically binding to LF or LTx and enhancing the activity of the LF or LTx relative to the LF or LTx absent the antibody binding.

Abstract: A computer-implemented medical visualization method includes identifying a three-dimensional model of an anatomical item of a particular mammal; automatically identifying an open path in three-dimensional space through the anatomical item; fitting a smooth curve to the open path; and displaying the anatomical item and a visual representation of the smooth curve to a user on a three-dimensional imaging system.

Abstract: A modeling and simulation environment enables a user to create a model of a stiff chemical or biological system. The stiff chemical or biological system refers to a system that includes at least two or more different time scales of the chemical or biochemical reactions. The modeling and simulation environment also enables the user to solve the stiff chemical or biological system using a leaping algorithm. The leaping algorithm may leap over simulation of the reactions occurring in the time interval to accelerate the simulation of the chemical or biological system. The algorithm maximizes the size of the time interval by adjusting the size of the time interval using a bracketing algorithm.