Abstract: The disclosed apparatuses and methods are directed to data plane restoration in a network. A method comprises receiving a label-switched path (LSP) failure notification indicating a failure in a network; generating, by a node of the network, a fast-restoration (FR) message and transmitting the FR message to a second node of the message forwarding path. The FR message comprises: a plurality of forwarding instruction objects (FIOs) having forwarding instructions for the FR message for each node of a message forwarding path; and a plurality of label-switched path objects (LSPOs) having a restoration LSP data for each node of a protection detour path. Another method comprises receiving the FR message; generating a modified FR message based on the FR message; and transmitting the modified FR message to another node of the message forwarding path based on the FIO, prior to processing the FR message by the node.

Abstract: Methods are provided to perform a name resolution triggered monitoring agent selection for full stack observability. The methods involve obtaining a name resolution request for an enterprise service to be accessed by an endpoint device. A plurality of service instances are configured to provide the enterprise service. The methods further involve determining, based on the name resolution request, a monitoring agent from a plurality of monitoring agents of a monitoring service that monitors performance of the enterprise service and selecting a service instance, from the plurality of service instances, that is associated with the monitoring agent in a name resolution record. The methods further involve providing, to the endpoint device, location information for accessing the service instance and provisioning the monitoring agent to monitor the performance of the enterprise service executed by the service instance for the endpoint device.

Abstract: Methods and systems for managing operation of infrastructure are disclosed. The operation of the infrastructure may be managed by managed by identifying solutions that are compatible with the infrastructure. The solutions may be identified through graph analysis of the infrastructure and requirements of various solutions. One or more of the compatible solutions may be selected and used to identify actions and policies for the infrastructure. When used by the infrastructure, the actions and policies may update the operating state of the infrastructure so that the selected solutions may be provided.

Abstract: Various embodiments described herein support or provide for data processing and data transmission using hardware serialization and hardware deserialization functions, such as receiving structured data from a software application, using the data communication hardware to perform operations including: serializing the structured data to generate a serialized byte string based on the one or more hardware parameters; generate one or more data packets based on the serialized byte string; appending one or more headers to the one or more data packets; and transmitting the one or more data packets to a device based on a plurality of network parameters.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems, methods, and non-transitory computer storage media for identifying malicious enterprise behaviors within a large enterprise. At a high level, embodiments of the present disclosure identify sub-graphs of behaviors within an enterprise based on probabilistic and deterministic methods. For example, starting with the node or edge having the highest risk score, embodiments of the present disclosure iteratively crawl a list of neighbors associated with the nodes or edges to identify subsets of behaviors within an enterprise that indicate potentially malicious activity based on the risk scores of each connected node and edge. In another example, embodiments select a target node and traverse the connected nodes via edges until a root-cause condition is met. Based on the traversal, a sub-graph is identified indicating a malicious execution path of traversed nodes with associated insights indicating the meaning or activity of the node.

Abstract: A system and associated methods provide solutions for reducing a volume of traffic through a multicast network attributed to repeated maintenance messages, which are required in order to maintain a multicast connection. The system configures provider edge devices to generate and send maintenance messages on behalf of members of a multicast group to establish and maintain the multicast connection and provides options for determining unknown locations of sources and/or subscribers, thereby reducing the overall volume of traffic transmitted over the multicast network.

Abstract: A pervasive realtime framework supports the execution of realtime software applications with high-level functions that significantly reduce the effort and time needed to develop realtime software applications in a new operating environment paradigm in which realtime connections between network nodes are pervasive. The pervasive realtime framework handles the complex tasks of connecting to communicants, virtual areas, and other network resources, as well as switching those connections in response to user inputs and thereby enables software application developers to focus on developing high-level realtime software application functionality.

Abstract: Methods and systems for provisioning content streaming service are provided. An example method includes dividing a network associated with a multi-dwelling unit (MDU) having multiple zones within the MDU into multiple network segments respectively corresponding to the multiple zones, dividing a content resource provided by the MDU into multiple segments respectively corresponding to the multiple network segments. Each segment of the content resource includes content items specific to the corresponding network segment based on a predetermined network policy. The method further includes receiving a request from a user equipment (UE) for access to a content item of the content resource, determining that the UE is associated with one of the network segments and that the requested content item is included in the segment of content resource specific to the network segment, and granting the access to the content item to the UE.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an information processing method and apparatus, a terminal, and a storage medium. The information processing method, comprising: in response to a first operation event for a target entity word representing a project, a product, or a task in a work communication in displayed content, acquiring target entity word information associated with the target entity word, wherein the target entity word information comprises first information and second information, the first information comprising the meaning of the target entity word, and the second information comprising a communication identifier of a communication group or contact associated with the target entity word; and displaying the target entity word information.

Abstract: Systems and methods at a reflector node include steps of receiving a request from an initiator node in the network, the request having been sent in a forward direction from the initiator node to the reflector node to discover a reverse path in a reverse direction from the reflector node to the initiator node, and transmitting a reply to the initiator node with one or more reverse Segment Routing (SR) policies that meet one or more path constraint parameters in the request. The reply can include associated Segment Identifiers (SIDs) for the one or more reverse SR policies. The steps can further include implementing one of Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) or a Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Ping procedure with the initiator node, sent over one of the one or more reverse SR policies.

Abstract: A web request to the web browser is intercepted by the web browser extension to determine whether information is synchronously available to evaluate the web request. Responsive to not having information for synchronous evaluation, the web request is redirected to display a gateway page while asynchronous obtaining information from an external information provider server, the request tracked with a request identifier and storing the asynchronously gathered information for synchronous access along with the request identifier. Responsive to an automated notification from the web browser extension, the web request is reissued to the web browser by the gateway page to replace the gateway page with response content from the web request. The reissued web request is again intercepted by the web browser extension to synchronously evaluate the gathered information. The reissued web request is then based on the fetched.

Abstract: Techniques for binding communication flows to unique addresses and/or ports, and configuring networking devices internal to a network to apply policy without the need to further introspect a given stream. Further, by creating mappings of unique addresses and/or ports to flows, the network devices are able to enforce policy without needing to coordinate with an edge node of the network at which the communication session terminates. Further, the techniques may include providing an SDN controller with a mapping between a unique address/port and a network flow, determining flow-specific policy to enforce on the flow, and programming one or more network devices to enforce the flow-specific policy in the network using the unique address/port.

Abstract: Provided are a device state identification method, a device state identification apparatus, and an intelligent terminal. The method includes: obtaining state information of a device corresponding to a device identifier displayed in a scene list page, the scene list page being configured to display different device identifiers contained in different scenes; marking, in response to the state information of the device indicating that the device is in an abnormal state, the device identifier corresponding to the device based on the state information of the device.

Abstract: A method of operating storage devices, a memory device, a host device, and a switch, is provided. The method includes: receiving, by the memory device, a first request corresponding to target user data from the host device; generating, by the memory device, first input/output (I/O) stream information based on telemetry information corresponding to the storage devices and map data in a buffer memory of the memory device based on the first request, wherein the first I/O stream information indicates a data path between a first storage device of the storage devices and the host device; providing, by the memory device, a first redirection request including the first request and the first I/O stream information to the host device or the first storage device through the switch; and processing the target user data according to the first I/O stream information in the first redirection request.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a memory device and a controller coupled to the memory device. The controller is configured to receive a read command to read data from the memory device or a write command to write data to the memory device from a host device, determine whether a bottleneck exists in a data/control path between the host device and the memory device, wherein the bottleneck exists in a hardware module of the plurality of hardware modules, and execute a bottleneck release operation when the bottleneck exists in the data/control path between the host device and the memory device, wherein the bottleneck release operation is dependent on whether the bottleneck exists in the input queue. The bottleneck release operation includes changing a clock of the hardware module, moving the command to a different hardware module configured to process the command, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A system and method for disconnection tolerant network routing, termed Binary State Distance Vector Routing (BSDVR). BSDVR provides for unicast routing on partitioned networks by introducing binary state information for distance vector (DV) entries to compute unicast paths. In the presence of network partitions, BSDVR effectively avoids the count-to-infinity problem and operates with control overhead less than traditional DV routing by an order of magnitude, leading to much better convergence times for failures.

Abstract: Techniques are described for providing a method and apparatus for determining source address validation of a data packet in a network in the presence of asymmetric routing. When a data packet is received by a node such as a router, a reverse path forwarding lookup is performed to determine if the data packet was received on a next-hop interface and if the reverse path forwarding fails, a Shortest Path First (SPF) computation at the router advertising the source route will be performed using the link state database to determine whether the data packet arrived from a valid path of the network.

Abstract: Example embodiments enable controlling consumption of additional resources required for performing data collection in a radio access network by estimating costs associated with various data collection tasks. The costs may be exposed to data consumers such that is possible to keep the additional resource consumption within cost budget(s) allocated for particular data consumers, network nodes, and/or network interfaces. Example embodiments enable preventing excessive data collection load, which may be for example caused by various machine learning tasks performed at the radio access network. Apparatuses, methods, and computer programs are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for providing a proxy service in an industrial system, and in particular a Software Defined Automation system that includes a Software Defined Network with a network controller node. The method includes providing in such an industrial system, a proxy service engine comprising at least one proxy service node. And wherein the network controller node directs incoming service requests to proxy service nodes, based on a rule set. The proxy service nodes will process the service request, upon which the requested service will be delivered.

Abstract: Confidentiality and privacy of user comments stored on the cloud, are protected by encryption. A crypto server, and a browser including a migration engine, are located across a firewall from the cloud storage. In response to a migration instruction (e.g., received from an administrator), the migration engine utilizes batch processing to efficiently accomplish mass •onboarding, •offboarding, or •key rotation for comments stored on the cloud. To allow for graceful rollback, prior to initiating a migration operation the migration engine checks a migration status and a batch timestamp stored on the cloud. Where the migration status indicates a previous migration operation as being already started, and the batch timestamp indicates to be within a predetermined time, the migration engine precludes execution of a new migration operation. The predetermined time is indicative of batch processing that is merely time-consuming, rather than stalled completely (e.g., due to loss of network connectivity).

Abstract: A plurality of graph snapshots for a plurality of consecutive periodic time samples maps between connected components in consecutive graph snapshots and describes at least one feature of each connected component. A recursively-built tree tracks an evolution of one of the connected components through the plurality of graph snapshots, the tree including a root node representing the connected component at a final one of the consecutive periodic time samples and a plurality of leaf nodes branching from the root node. A plurality of paths is extracted from the tree by traversing the tree from the root node to respective ones of the plurality of leaf nodes. Each path contains data describing an evolution of a respective one of the connected components through time as indicated by evolution of the at least one feature of the respective one of the connected components.

Abstract: Infrastructure comprising a wide area network (WAN) is adapted as a transport network portion of a 5G network in which the WAN is sliced at the optical layer on a discrete wavelength basis to provide dedicated network capacity to customers such as service providers, application providers, and network operators. Optical layer slicing extends the slicing construct for a radio access network (RAN) portion of the 5G network through to the WAN to provide end-to-end 5G network slicing from user equipment (UE) accessing an air interface of the network to application servers that are instantiated in data centers in a network cloud portion of the 5G network.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for fast digital signal processor (DSP) optical receiver recovery, namely for optical modems configured on a client side. This approach can be used in optical protection switching (OPS) applications to allow switching between two client links fast, i.e., within 50 ms. A receiver (Rx) digital signal processor (DSP) in an optical receiver includes circuitry configured to detect traffic is interrupted on a current link, enter a holdoff period, and one of i) receive good traffic during the holdoff period and ii) have the holdoff period expire that causes a notification to a host device and retrain to acquire an optical signal.

Abstract: This projection instruction device instructs an image projection device to project an image onto a package and includes a processor, a memory that stores package identification information that identifies each of a plurality of packages to be delivered, and a communication circuit that communicates with a server. The processor generates, in cooperation with the memory, a first projection image indicating the corresponding package sorting based on the package identification information for each package stored in the memory, and instructs the image projection device to project the first projection image. Upon receiving an external instruction having change to the package identification information from the server, the processor generates a second projection image indicating the corresponding package sorting based on the changed package identification information, and instructs the image projection device to project the second projection image.

Abstract: A first storage system receives a request to migrate a volume from the first storage system to a second storage system, and commences a migration process to non-disruptively migrate the volume from the first storage system to the second storage system while the volume is being accessed by a host system. The first storage system sends a first request to the host system to discover information for connecting to the second storage system to allow the host system to access to the volume through the second storage system during the migration process. In addition, the first storage system sends a second request to the host system to discover information for disconnecting from the first storage system during a final stage of the migration process.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to managing communication over one or more networks. An underlay network that couples a source gateway and a target gateway using underlay protocols may be provided such that the target gateway includes two or more port groups that may each be associated with a separate target node. An overlay network may be provided on the underlay network based on policy information such that the source gateway and the target gateway may each be assigned separate gateway identifiers (GIDs) that are associated with the overlay network. In response to the source gateway authorizing a source node to employ the overlay network to communicate one or more encrypted payloads to a target node, the one or more encrypted payloads may be provided to the target node based on the overlay network and the policy information.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems and methods for determining linked network path using service-oriented protocol. Method implemented at first network device associated with first autonomous system (AS) includes accessing OP routing table and service information relating to organization associated with first AS, service information indicating service type associated with organization. Method includes sending service messages to establish communication session with second network device, communication session indicating probable network paths. The method includes calculating connection metric value for each of probable network paths based on connection parameters, and identifying linked network path from probable network paths based on connection metric values. The method includes routing organization data packets to the second network device via the linked network path.

Abstract: One embodiment provides a system and method for monitoring performance of a network. During operation, in response to receiving a performance-monitoring request, the system can select a plurality of network devices along an end-to-end path from an application server to a terminal device and configure each selected network device to function as an observation point to obtain flow-specific packet information. The system can receive, from each observation point, the flow-specific packet information and aggregate flow-specific packet information received from multiple observation points to obtain performance data associated with one or more segments along the end-to-end path, each segment being defined by a pair of observation points.

Abstract: Allocating network resources to one or more signals that are to be conveyed over the network by calculating a transport capacity for a sublink of the network based on a spectral efficiency of at least one subpath included in the sublink, and allocating the sublink to at least one signal based on the calculated transport capacity.

Abstract: Techniques for processing commands may include: initially synchronizing a target database of volume reservation and registration information with a source database of volume reservation and registration information; while initially synchronizing the target database with the source database, enabling volume reservation and registration command processing on both a first node managing the source database and a second node managing the target database; while initially synchronizing the target database with the source database, performing first processing to service a first command that is any of a reservation command and a registration command for a first volume; and after initially synchronizing the target database with the source database, using the target database of the second node when servicing reservation and registration commands received at both the first node and the second node.

Abstract: A plurality of virtual internet protocol addresses for a first single network interface card of a node of a storage cluster are provided to a client. A separate connection is established between the client and the node for each of the plurality of virtual internet protocol addresses. The separate connections are utilized together in parallel to transfer data between the client and the node.

Abstract: Techniques for validating alignment between network element configuration and DNS records associated with a communication network are presented. Alignment management component (AMC) can retrieve respective configuration parameter data items relating to respective configuration parameters associated with respective resource-related identifiers, and respective metadata items associated with the respective resource-related identifiers, from a configuration data store; and retrieve respective DNS records from respective DNS name servers, based on analyzing the respective metadata items associated with respective DNS records. For each resource-related identifier that is supposed to have a corresponding DNS record, based on the result of analyzing the respective configuration parameter data items and respective DNS records, AMC can determine whether the resource-related identifier has a corresponding DNS record stored in the DNS name server indicated by the metadata item.

Abstract: Federated learning is used to predict network communication performance at an edge node (10-1). The edge node (10-1) trains a local model (14-1) of network communication performance over one or more rounds of training, based on a local training dataset (22-1) and based on multi-node training information (20-1) received in each round of training. This information (20-1) comprises information about local models (14-2, . . . 14-N) at other respective edge nodes (10-2, . . . 10-N) as trained based on local training datasets at the other edge nodes (10-2, . . . 10-N). After or as part of each round of training, the edge node (10-1) transmits control signaling that indicates an accuracy of the local model (14-1) as trained through that round of training, that indicates whether another round of training is needed or desired, and/or that indicates whether any further information (20-1) is needed or desired.

Abstract: A proxy server receives a first request from a first user to access a resource hosted by a cloud-based server. The proxy server inserts a first tenant control header into the first request specifying a tenant identifier. The tenant identifier indicates a tenant permitted to access the resource. The proxy server then transmits the first request with the inserted first tenant control header to the cloud-based server. In response to receiving a first response indicating a rejection of the first request with the inserted first tenant control header, the proxy server transmits the first request again to the cloud-based server but without the first tenant control header. The proxy server then logs the first request as an access request using a non-permitted tenant identifier.

Abstract: The invention is that of systems and methods for controllerless and distributed network connections to servers on a network by remote clients seeking their services. The invention comprises a central database where servers within a server group identified by a group name may post unique identifiers (UIDs) for retrieval by group clients configured with the group name, which may query the central database for server connection information such as uptime, downtime, and congestion in order to select a server for a preferential connection based on an overall availability profile as determined by the group client. In some embodiments, one server of the group is a “dummy server” that may aggregate and selectively transmit server information from other servers in the group, or other devices, and posts it to the central database for client access. The methods described herein eliminate a separate controller and thereby a single point of failure (SPOF).

Abstract: A processor chip includes a logic circuit. The logic circuit is configured to be coupled to an electronic device. A configuration of the logic circuit corresponds to a plurality of candidate configurations. The configuration of the logic circuit is switched among the candidate configurations, and the electronic device associates with the processor chip to implement a function corresponding to the configuration of the logic circuit. When the configuration of the logic circuit is a first configuration and the electronic device executes a first driver program, the function is a first network-connection function. When the configuration of the logic circuit is a second configuration and the electronic device executes a second driver program, the function is a second network-connection function different from the first network-connection function.

Abstract: The invention is that of systems and methods for controllerless and distributed network connections to servers on a network by remote clients seeking their services. The invention comprises a central database where servers within a server group identified by a group name may post unique identifiers (UIDs) for retrieval and reposting by group clients configured with the group name, which may query the central database for server connection information such as uptime, downtime, and congestion in order to select a server for a preferential connection based on an overall posture as determined by the group client. In some embodiments, one server of the group is a “dummy server” that may aggregate and selectively transmit server information from other servers in the group, or other devices, and post it to the central database. The methods described herein eliminate a separate controller and thereby a single point of failure (SPOF).

Abstract: Systems and methods provide a first group of computation modules configured to provide back-end compute resources for a first type of computation module by back-end compute resources. Systems and methods provide a second group of computation modules that are configured to provide back-end compute resources for a second type of computation module wherein the first and second type of computation modules are of different types. In some examples, methods and systems identify the type of computation module needed by each of a plurality of queries associated with different types of client applications based on computation module type data associated with each query and route each of the plurality of queries to an appropriate computation module within the first or second computation modules based on the computation module type data.

Abstract: A data storage method and apparatus, and a storage system are provided. The method is applied to a storage system. The storage system includes at least one first memory and a second memory. The at least one first memory includes a plurality of storage areas. Garbage collection is performed based on each of the plurality of storage areas. In the method, a time length between the earliest expiration time and the latest expiration time in expiration time of valid data stored in a target storage area is limited to be less than or equal to a preset time length, so that the expiration time of the valid data stored in the target storage area is comparatively centralized.

Abstract: The present application discloses a network communication method and apparatus. The method includes: receiving and parsing a packet so as to acquire a destination host Internet Protocol address; performing a single query on a route-neighbor table according to the destination host Internet Protocol address so as to acquire a physical address and a route type of a next hop route; and sending the packet according to the physical address and the route type. The present application simplifies an entire three-layer encapsulation processing process, and reduces occupancy of resources.

Abstract: A routing structure is defined for provider edge (PE) routers that will create the ability to recompute best paths based on application criteria. The routing structure may include the use of a network controller which is connected with the internet to receive requests from applications to trigger path re-computation. The controller will peer with PEs to send re-computation information used by the PE to construct an application-aware BGP table and forwarding instance. The PE also defines a new BGP and packet filter to replicate specific BGP paths into the application-aware table. The application-aware BGP and forwarding instance is unique to the requesting application. Thus, each request with a different source/destination combination obtains a discrete table providing separation. When a packet enters the PE from customer edge (CE) or core interface the packet traverses a packet filter that when matched against source/destination is redirected to the appropriate application-aware forwarding table.

Abstract: In a method for measurement of a round-trip performance in a packet-switched communication network, a measurement device cooperating with the communication network generates a flow of test packets formatted according to the network protocol supported by the network and comprising the address of the measurement device as destination address. The test packets are then transmitted within a tunnel set up in the network and the measurement device generates one or more transmission parameters. At the end of the tunnel, the test packets are extracted therefrom and sent back to the measurement device by the forwarding function of the network protocol supported by the network. Upon receipt of the test packets, it generates one or more reception parameters, which are then combined with the transmission parameters to provide the round-trip performance measurement.

Abstract: Techniques are described for generating transaction data for a transaction, the transaction data generated with varying fidelity levels based on various constraints. In response to a transaction request from a client, a contract engine may perform service call(s) that instruct network service(s) to generate transaction data. The service call(s) may include constraint(s) on the generation of the transaction data, such as a time limit or a requested fidelity. The network service(s) may generate the transaction data at a particular fidelity based on the time limit, requested fidelity, or other criteria such as current load on the network service(s). The transaction data may be communicated to the contract engine with a fidelity indicator. Lower fidelity transaction data may be sent to the client to enable a low latency user experience. The lower fidelity transaction data may subsequently be replaced with higher fidelity transaction data generated with higher latency.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and apparatuses where a controller can automatically manage a physical infrastructure of a computer system based on a plurality of system rules, a system state for the computer system, and a plurality of templates. Techniques for automatically adding resources such as computer, storage, and/or networking resources to the computer system are described. Also described are techniques for automatically deploying applications and services on such resources. These techniques provide a scalable computer system that can serve as a turnkey scalable private cloud.

Abstract: A 5G or pre-5G communication system is provided to support higher data transmission rates after 4G communication systems such as LTE. To support communication of a terminal that dually accesses a first radio access technology (RAT) communication system and a second RAT communication system, a session generation request message for transmitting traffic is received from a terminal. A target communication system that is to generate a data path with respect to the traffic from the first RAT communication system and the second RAT communication system is determined, the data path for the target communication system is configured, and information about the configured data path is transmitted to the terminal.

Abstract: According to certain embodiments, a router comprises one or more processors and one or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media. The one or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprise instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause one or more components of the router to perform operations comprising determining an occurrence of one or more network events associated with a multicast service, generating route exchange information associated with the multicast service locally by the router based on the one or more network events, and using the route exchange information locally to configure the router.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and product for automatic hypothesis generation using geospatial data. A labeled dataset and an auxiliary dataset are obtained. Instances comprise geospatial attributes. Hypothesis generation is performed automatically based on the labeled dataset. For each labeled instance, one or more auxiliary instances are selected from the auxiliary dataset based on a geospatial relation between the geospatial attribute of the labeled instance and the geospatial attribute of the auxiliary instance. Based on the selected auxiliary instances, one or more new attributes are computed and added to the labeled instance.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for access control barring. The method is applied to a terminal in a connected state or an inactive state. The method includes: starting a designated timer for access control barring; receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection release message sent by a base station when the designated timer has not reached a designated stop time; and determining based on the RRC connection release message that an Access Stratum (AS) of the terminal remains in a congested state.

Abstract: This application provides a peer relationship management method and apparatus, a device, and a storage medium, and belongs to the field of network technologies. In this application, when a peer relationship between a first routing device and a second routing device is interrupted, routing entries received from the second routing device are not deleted. Services may be still processed, within a time range from a time at which the peer relationship is interrupted to a time at which the peer relationship is reestablished, by using the routing entries received from the second routing device.

Abstract: Techniques for using traceroute with tunnels and cloud-based systems for determining measures of network performance are presented. Systems and methods provide adaptive probing of a service path in a network, wherein the service path includes a plurality of legs. The systems and methods include, for one or more legs of the plurality of legs, sending a number of probes using one of a plurality of protocols; responsive to receiving a response from the number of probes, determining the one of the plurality of protocols is successful and storing this protocol the one or more legs; and, responsive to failure to receive the response, sending a number of probes using another one of the plurality of protocols and continuing until a successful protocol is determined or all of the plurality of protocols fail.