Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed wherein TCP may approximate Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) or UDP delivery for real-time video/data conferencing applications that have long RTT connections.

Abstract: BGP can advertise multiple routes for same prefix via BGP add path (RFC 7911). BGP attempts to pack prefixes with same path attributes into the same BGP update message. Protocol nexthop is one of the path attributes. Since these BGP add paths routes usually have different protocol nexthops, different routes for a single prefix could end up being spread out when being advertised. That may, in turn, result in additional calls to download routes to FIB, advertisement to peers and multiple runs of multipath calculation for the same prefix when multipath is configured. To help avoid this situation, when BGP advertises add-path routes, BGP can send the multiple paths for the same prefix in the adjacent update messages. BGP can use extended Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI) field to carry nexthop along with its associated prefix in BGP update message to send plain IPv4 unicast routes.

Abstract: An aspect includes memory access optimization for an I/O adapter in a processor complex. A memory block distance is determined between the I/O adapter and a memory block location in the processor complex and determining one or more memory movement type criteria between the I/O adapter and the memory block location based on the memory block distance. A memory movement operation type is selected based on a memory movement process parameter and the one or more memory movement type criteria. A memory movement process is initiated between the I/O adapter and the memory block location using the memory movement operation type.

Abstract: Computer connectivity is dependent on network availability. When networks are offline, relocating systems and data to an available network is an inefficient, time consuming, and error prone process. A system and method is disclosed for instant IP sharing and relocation between geographical locations by combining BGP announcement in one or multiple locations and applying stateless NAT to the IP traffic. Thereby, IP traffic is redirected to the desired location and delivered to the final device using the shared/relocated IP address. This system and method allows a single IP address to actively respond to network requests from numerous locations which can be spread around the globe.

Abstract: An access point, comprising: a processing resource; and a memory resource storing machine-readable instructions to cause the processing resource to: assign a first tunnel tag to a first DHCP profile of a client device, the first tunnel tag identifying a primary VLAN tunnel to a first network controller of a first data center; assign a second tunnel tag to a second DHCP profile of the client device, the second tunnel tag identifying a secondary VLAN tunnel to a second network controller of a second data center; determine whether the primary VLAN tunnel to the first network controller is inactive based on a number of detected access failures; and connect the client device to the secondary VLAN tunnel in response to determining that the primary VLAN tunnel is inactive.

Abstract: A wireless communication network serves media content to a wireless communication device. The wireless communication network receives registration notices for the wireless communication device from Downstream Content Delivery Networks (dCDNs) when the wireless communication device registers with the dCDNs. The wireless communication network receives CDN signaling from an Upstream Content Delivery Network (uCDN) for one of the multiple dCDNs when the wireless communication device registers with the uCDN. The wireless communication network selects one of the dCDNs for the wireless communication device. The wireless communication network transfers the CDN signaling to the selected one of the dCDNs. The uCDN transfers media content to the dCDN and the dCDN transfers the media content to the wireless communication device.

Abstract: A method performed in a source gateway logically positioned in a first wireless access network between a radio device and a first mobility anchor. The source gateway comprises an MTCP proxy for a TCP flow between the device and a peer comprising at least two subflows between the device and the source gateway, including a first subflow over the first network and a second subflow over a second wireless access network. The method comprises receiving uplink data of the second subflow from a second gateway logically positioned in the second network between the device and a second mobility anchor, sending downlink data of the second subflow to said second gateway, moving the proxy from the source gateway to a target gateway logically positioned in the first network between the device and the first mobility anchor, as part of a handover of the radio device, forwarding downlink data to the target gateway, and forwarding the received uplink data of the second subflow to the target gateway.

Abstract: Mobile devices such as cellular telephones are provided that communicate with wireless networks. Cellular telephone network equipment may communicate with a cellular telephone over a data connection. The cellular telephone may have an internet protocol (IP) address that allows data to be provided to the cellular telephone over the data connection. To conserve resources and release unused IP addresses, the cellular telephone network equipment may deactivate inactive data connections after a period of inactivity. A baseband processor within a mobile device may periodically send User Datagram Protocol (UDP) keep-alive packets over the data connection to ensure that the data connection remains active. The keep-alive packets may be directed to a packet sink server or may be associated with a black hole route. An applications processor in the telephone may remain in sleep mode during keep-alive packet transmission to conserve power.

Abstract: To secure communications from a process plant across a unidirectional data diode to a remote system, a sending device at the plant end publishes data across the diode to a receiving device at the remote end. The publication of various data is respectively in accordance with context information (e.g., identification of data sources, respective expected rate of data generation/arrival, etc.) that is descriptive of data sources of the plant and that is recurrently provided by the sending device across the diode. A recurrence interval may be based on a tolerance for lost data or another characteristic of an application, service, or consumer of data at the remote system. The publishing may leverage an industrial communication protocol (e.g., HART-IP) and/or a suitable general-purpose communication protocol (e.g., JSON).

Abstract: In extendedly allocating a job to nodes subordinate to multiple leaf switch, the job is allocated to nodes of each of multiple leaf switches such that that the number of the nodes being allocated thereto the job and belonging to each of the multiple leas switches does not exceed the number of valid links between the leaf switch and the spine switches. This can avoid occurrence of a conflict accompanied by a link failure, so that degrading of the system can be avoided.

Abstract: Techniques and devices for selection of an online communication device based on user proximity and for transmission of a communication to the selected online communication device are described herein. The techniques include either receiving device data from one or more online communication devices and determining proximity of the devices to a user based on the device data or receiving proximity information indicative of the proximity of the user to the one or more online communication devices. Based on the determined proximity or proximity information, one of the one or more online communication devices is selected, and a communication is transmitted to the selected online communication device.

Abstract: Systems and methods are implemented at an Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM) node using virtual sections to provide sectional control over an optical link over a foreign-controlled optical network. The systems and methods include virtually splitting the optical link at a shelf processor associated with the OADM node; in a non-fault condition, obtaining and storing a power snapshot of the optical link and associated virtual sections thereon, from an optical spectrum monitor; responsive to a fault on one or more virtual sections of the virtual sections, obtaining a current power snapshot of the optical link and the associated virtual sections; and comparing the stored power snapshot and the current power snapshot of the one or more virtual sections and providing a fault alarm for the one or more virtual sections based on the comparing to a control plane for management thereof.

Abstract: Methods and systems for a networked storage system are provided. A provisioning engine assigns a plurality of performance parameters in response to a provisioning request for provisioning a workload for storing data in a networked storage environment; identifies a demand for a plurality of resources of the networked storage environment for meeting the provisioning request, transforms historical available performance capacity by filtering any historical performance capacity data related to any transient event; and identifies at least a resource pair that can meet the identified demand based on the transformed historical performance capacity data.

Abstract: Techniques are described for selecting paths in accordance with service level agreements. For example, spoke and hub routers may advertise routes associated with virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances mapped to service level agreements (SLAs). A virtual route reflector of an intermediate router may receive route advertisements and may add respective path communities associated with particular links selected based on link state measurements in accordance with the SLAs. The hub or spoke routers may receive the route advertisements including a respective path community and install the selected path as a next-hop for a given SLA. In this way, spoke and hub routers may forward traffic on links that satisfy particular SLAs such that Quality of Experience (QoE) for an application may be restored or improved.

Abstract: Technologies for cluster systems that are natively geo-site-aware. Such a cluster system makes use of this awareness to determine the subsets of nodes located at various geo-sites at physical configuration, to optimize workload placement based on the geo-sites, to make failover and failback decisions based on the geo-sites, and to assign voting and prune nodes for quorum management based on the geo-sites. Such capabilities result in cluster systems that are more resilient and more efficient in terms of resource usage than cluster systems without such native geo-site awareness.

Abstract: Systems and methods are presented herewith for automatically assigning a Multicast Backbone Media Access Control (“BMAC”) address to a switch (or a similar network device) newly-added to a network. Media Access Control (“MAC”) addresses (unicast addresses) that are assigned by default to the switch may be used in a process to generate a multicast BMAC address and assign the multicast BMAC address to the switch, thereby, automatically enabling communications with other network devices over the SPB network. The process involves modifying a bit of a selected unicast address to transform the address into a multicast address. The system may use the modified MAC address as the multicast BMAC address.

Abstract: Technologies are described herein for managing the activation of software containers, for throttling of requests directed to tenants executing in a software container, and for priming the execution of software containers. The activation of software containers and tenants may be managed by maintaining an activation queue for storing requests to activate software containers or tenants on a host computer. Requests may be retrieved from the queue and utilized to determine whether a software container or a tenant is to be activated on a host. “Bounce” or hot swap tenant activations may be performed. Tenant activation requests might also be throttled by denying the requests or by postponing the requests until a later time. A software container might also be configured to throttle incoming requests to tenants executing therein. The execution of a software container might also be primed by replaying previously recorded network traffic to the software container.

Abstract: A command endpoint used by Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) malware is identified using machine learning-based clustering. According to this technique, at least one attribute associated with a candidate resolved DNS name is identified. The candidate resolved DNS name has associated therewith a set of names that are failed DNS lookups but that cluster with the candidate resolved DNS name. A set of additional names that share the at least one attribute with the candidate resolved DNS name are then identified. For the set of additional names, an extent to which the set of additional names also clusters with the set of names that are failed DNS lookups is then determined. The candidate resolved DNS name is characterized as associated with the command endpoint when the set of additional names cluster with the set of names that are failed DNS lookups to a configurable degree.

Abstract: The disclosed computer-implemented method may include (1) receiving, at a network node within a network, a packet from another network node within the network, (2) identifying, within the packet, a label stack that includes a plurality of labels that collectively represent at least a portion of an LSP within the network, (3) popping, from the label stack, a label that corresponds to a specific link to a further network node, and then upon popping the label from the label stack, (4) forwarding the packet to the further network node by way of the specific link. Various other methods, systems, and apparatuses are also disclosed.

Abstract: This document discloses high performance data storage solutions. In an aspect, some solutions can be employed in a cloud-computing environment that provides shared storage for a plurality of customers. In other aspects, the solutions provided by some embodiments can provide multiple tiers of storage, each having a different performance level. This feature can provide a customer with the ability (e.g., through a web portal) to design its own custom storage solution that blends multiple tiers of storage at different capacity and performance levels to attain an optimal level of capacity, performance, and cost. Some disclosed solutions provide a novel arrangement of different types of storage devices that are provisioned through a common API, which can access each storage device's native management interface, as well as the host computer for which the storage will be provisioned, to allocate multiple tiers of storage to the host computer in an automated manner.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one secure element configured to store at least two credentials, and at least one processing core configured to cause a first one of the at least two credentials to be employed to decrypt a first encrypted content to produce a first decrypted content, to cause a second one of the at least two credentials to be employed to decrypt a second encrypted content to produce a second decrypted content, and to cause the first decrypted content be provided to a first rendering device over a first secured tunnel connection, wherein an endpoint of the first secured tunnel connection resides in the apparatus.

Abstract: This application discloses a packet processing method and a Label Switching Router (LSR). The method includes receiving, by an Ingress LSR of a first Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) tunnel, a first notification packet that is based on an IGP, where the first notification packet includes an Entropy Label Capability (ELC) flag indicating that the first Egress LSR has ELC. The method further includes, after learning from the first notification packet that the first Egress LSR has ELC, inserting a label into a first packet, to generate a second packet. The label forms an MPLS label stack, which includes, from bottom to top, a first EL, a first ELI, and a first TL. The method further includes sending the second packet to the first Egress LSR through the first MPLS tunnel.

Abstract: Technologies are provided for creating virtual routing tables in routers in a multi-tier network. One or more routers in the network are configured to block other routers in a lower tier of the network from receiving routing updates from one another. By blocking the routing updates, the routers in the higher tier of the network cause the routers in the lower tier of the network to create different virtual routing tables that do not include other routers the lower tier of the network. In such a configuration, routers in the lower tier of the network can be connected to routers in the higher tier of the network with partially overlapping uplink connections without a loss of bandwidth utilization.

Abstract: One embodiment provides a system that facilitates mutating and caching content in a CCN. During operation, the system receives, by an intermediate node, a content object that indicates an encrypted payload, a signature, and a parameter for a group to which the content object belongs, wherein the content object includes a name that is a hierarchically structured variable length identifier which comprises contiguous name components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level. The system re-encrypts the content object based on the encrypted payload and the parameter to obtain a new encrypted payload and a new signature, wherein re-encrypting is not based on a private key or a public key associated with the encrypted payload. The system transmits the re-encrypted content object to a client computing device, thereby allowing the client computing device to decrypt the re-encrypted content object and verify the new signature.

Abstract: In an example, a network switch is configured to natively act as a high-speed load balancer. Numerous load-balancing techniques may be used, including one that bases the traffic “bucket” on a source IP address of an incoming packet. This particular technique provides a network administrator a powerful tool for shaping network traffic. For example, by assigning certain classes of computers on the network particular IP addresses, the network administrator can ensure that the traffic is load balanced in a desirable fashion. To further increase flexibility, the network administrator may apply a bit mask to the IP address, and expose only a portion, selected from a desired octet of the address.

Abstract: Embodiments describe concurrently backing up data associated with a relational database management system (RDBMS). In an embodiment, a request is received to back up data from multiple nodes to a target storage source. The multiple nodes are configured to provide storage services to data associated with the RDBMS and are communicatively coupled to a backup server configured to manage backup of one or more storage devices. In response to the request, one or more preference nodes are identified from multiple nodes based on a preference configuration. Using a backup algorithm, portions of the backup to be performed are assigned to one or more preference nodes selected from the identified preference nodes. The backup operations are initiated using the selected preference node(s). Each portion is a distinct subset of the data to be backed up and each of the selected preference node(s) is assigned a unique portion.

Abstract: A method for creating a supplementary subflow as a supplement to a subflow existing in a multipath network connection using a transport protocol suited to a multipath communication mode. The multipath network connection is implemented in a network comprising a source using said multipath network connection for communicating with a receiver via an intermediate network component. Following an opening of an intermediate communication path between the intermediate network component and the receiver, said intermediate network component implements the following steps: obtaining a packet intended for the source; creating a header representing a request to create said supplementary data packet subflow, the supplementary data packet subflow being intended to use the intermediate communication link; inserting said header in said packet; and transmitting said packet to the source so as to cause the initiation, by the source, of a procedure for creating said supplementary data packet subflow.

Abstract: Computer connectivity is dependent on network availability. When networks are offline, relocating systems and data to an available network is an inefficient, time consuming, and error prone process. A system and method is disclosed for instant IP sharing and relocation between geographical locations by combining BGP announcement in one or multiple locations and applying stateless NAT to the IP traffic. Thereby, IP traffic is redirected to the desired location and delivered to the final device using the shared/relocated IP address. This system and method allows a single IP address to actively respond to network requests from numerous locations which can be spread around the globe.

Abstract: A Multi-Homing System is equipped with an Adaptive JSP Access Cloud State Detection apparatus (ACSD) that improves the reliability of the availability of digital connections (links) between computer sites, such as a Computer Premises Network and the Internet, in which such connections are made by connecting through a multiplicity of ISP Access Clouds (links). Reliability is improved over prior art methods by using data elements of Internet Protocol datagrams, e.g. record fields or bits of fields, that are regularly and normally exchanged between the ISP Access Clouds and the CPN without creating additional data traffic. Data Elements from each ISP Access Cloud are used by processing functions of the by the ACSD to test for conditions that indicate that it may be in a DOWN status.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a network element that performs network traffic bridging receives load balancing criteria comprising an indication of at least one transport layer port number and an indication of a plurality of network nodes. A plurality of forwarding entries are created based on the load balancing criteria. A forwarding entry specifies the at least one transport layer port number and a network node of the plurality of network nodes. The network element applies the plurality of forwarding entries to network traffic to load balance, among the plurality of network nodes, network traffic that matches the at least one transport layer port number.

Abstract: A system, method and non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising instructions that when read by a processor perform receiving a telephony connection request at a location in a telephony network, the location separated from an intended recipient of the telephony connection request by a target telephony network, determining addressing information regarding the intended recipient, the addressing information including at least routing information or a phone number, determining a status characteristic of the intended recipient based on the addressing information, based on the status characteristic, and determining whether the intended recipient would successfully receive the telephony connection request if the telephony connection request was forwarded to the intended recipient.

Abstract: A first storage system manages a first volume, with a first internal volume identifier, and to provide the first volume with a given first virtual volume identifier to a server. A second storage system manages a second volume, with a second internal volume identifier, and to provide the second volume with the given first virtual volume identifier to the server. A third storage system manages a third volume. The first storage system manages a first copy pair between the first volume and the third volume with a first internal copy identifier, and to provide a first copy pair with a given virtual copy pair identifier to the server. The second storage system manages a second copy pair between the second volume and the third volume with a second internal copy identifier, and to provide a second copy pair with the given virtual copy pair identifier to the server.

Abstract: A method includes determining that a primary delegate device is unavailable. The method continues by identifying a fallback delegate device for changing a node of a hierarchical index structure using a deterministic function. The deterministic function includes performing a first modification of global namespace address of the unavailable primary delegate device to produce a first modified address identifier. The deterministic function further includes determining whether another delegate device of the plurality of delegate devices has a global namespace address corresponding to the first modified address identifier. When the global namespace address of other delegate device corresponds to the first modified address identifier, the method further includes processing a change to a node of the one or more nodes via the other delegate device as the fallback delegate device.

Abstract: The change stage of a user program is shared, and the suspension time of a device caused by updating the user program is shortened. A controller includes a first storage unit, a first change management unit, and a first user program generation unit. The first storage unit stores a data container. When the data container stored in the first storage unit is changed, the first change management unit stores a change record of the data container into a first update history. The first change management unit stores a new data container generated using the change record into the first storage unit. The first user program generation unit generates a user program using a user program resource contained in the new data container.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the disclosure are directed to routing decisions implemented in response to VoIP telephone calls. According to a specific example, in response to the VoIP telephone calls, a first set of one or more documents are identified and executed to make routing decisions for the VoIP telephone calls. A second set of one or more documents are then identified based upon an association with the routing decisions. The second set of documents identify data to be retrieved from data sources. In response to the data, call control functionality is provided for the VoIP calls.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to techniques for interacting with an electronic device. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to initiating action(s) using an interface configured to control operation of IoT devices. An example embodiment includes receiving, at a computing device, a communication including a unique identifier for a network device connected to a network, using the unique identifier to determine a resource bundle for the network device, the resource bundle defining an interface module for the network device, wherein the interface module is configured to display one or more interface elements usable to control the network device, and transmitting the resource bundle, wherein when the resource bundle is received, the resource bundle facilitates generating the interface module.

Abstract: A network device includes a first network processor that forwards packets based on a first forwarding information table; a second network processor that forwards packets based on a second forwarding information table; a first group of ports operably connected to the first network processor; and a second group of ports operably connected to the second network processor. The first forwarding information table specifies that packets, received by the first network processor, that specify a destination device reachable by the first group of ports and the second group of ports are forwarded by a port of the first group of ports. The second forwarding information table specifies that packets, received by the second network processor, that specify the destination device reachable by the first group of ports and the second group of ports are forwarded by a port of the second group of ports.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method performed in a Multipath Transmission Control Protocol (MPTCP) scheduler which is scheduling a TCP flow between a first peer and an MPTCP capable second peer. The method comprises setting up the TCP flow comprising at least two sub-flows connecting the MPTCP capable second peer, each sub-flow being associated with an address for the MPTCP capable second peer. The method also comprises receiving external information relating to at least one of the at least two sub-flows. The method also comprises scheduling data in the TCP flow based on the received external information, wherein the scheduling comprises choosing which sub-flow or sub-flows of the at least two sub-flows to schedule the data via, based on the received external information. The present disclosure also relates to an MPTCP scheduler as well as an MPTCP proxy and an MPTCP capable peer comprising such a scheduler.

Abstract: Exemplary methods and systems are presented for social networking applications using autonomous mobile agents. Communication links are established based on geographic proximity and distance described as a domain in which resident agents are detected and identified. The communication links thus established allow platform independent communication along communication channels that are dynamically derived. Incorporation of computer machines and feature data sets permit agent classification and inter-agent notification of classification results.

Abstract: The invention is directed to systems, methods and computer program products for determining a transmission path for a data packet through a network. An exemplary method comprises: tagging, at a first node, a data packet with at least one of a direction or a location of a second node; determining whether the second node is in a transmission area of the first node; in response to determining the second node is not in the transmission area of the first node, selecting a third node within the transmission area of the first node based on the at least one of the direction or the location of the second node; and transmitting the data packet to the third node.

Abstract: Techniques are described for controlling distributed operations of devices, such as for devices that are each part of or otherwise associated with a mechanical system containing actuators to manipulate a surrounding environment and optionally further containing sensors to obtain information from the surrounding environment, and with such a device controlling the associated system to perform industrial operations. The described techniques may include identifying a group of multiple such devices to perform one or more assigned tasks, such as in a cooperative distributed manner with each device performing part of the assigned tasks, and/or in a competitive manner with some or all devices independently performing at least one assigned task. The performances of the devices may further be evaluated in various manners, and the devices selected to perform one or more tasks may be identified in various manners (including based at least in part on past performance evaluations).

Abstract: A method implemented in a parent controller including receiving a request to compute a shortest end-to-end (E2E) path from source to destination through network domains managed by child controllers, receiving path segments and costs computed by the child controllers, wherein the path segments identify in-edge nodes, out-edge nodes, and inter-domain links, generating a candidate list using the path segments and costs received from the child controllers, constructing a shortest path tree (SPT) from the source to the destination through the network domains by repeatedly removing one of the out-edge nodes corresponding to the path segment in the candidate list having a lowest cost and adding the one of the out-edge nodes to the SPT until the destination is reached, determining the shortest E2E path based on the SPT, and transmitting tunnel creation messages to the child controllers to create a tunnel along the shortest E2E path.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a first communication section and a second communication section. The first communication section externally receives information indicating a communication method to be used in communication with a server apparatus, by using a predetermined communication method. The second communication section communicates with the server apparatus by using the communication method indicated by the information that has been received.

Abstract: The present application details methods and systems for improving the reliability of a connection during a communication session on a network device. In one or more embodiments, the network device maps to and connects with multiple datacenters. For example, the network device connects with a primary datacenter and participates in a communication session via a primary media bridge connection while jointly being connected with a secondary datacenter. In addition, the network device can switch from the primary media bridge connection to a secondary media bridge connection if a fault is detected on the primary media bridge connection.

Abstract: Various implementations disclosed herein include systems, methods and apparatuses of a first device, that obtain contact point information of a second device associated with the first device, as a peer device in a private network, where the contact point information of the second device includes one or more peer uplink identifiers and each respective peer uplink identifier corresponds to a respective peer device uplink of the second device. The systems, methods and apparatuses establish a first private network data tunnel from a first uplink of the first device to the second device, using the contact point information of the second device, and a first uplink identifier associated with the first uplink, and establish a second private network data tunnel from a second uplink of the first device to the second device, using the contact point information of the second device, and a second uplink identifier associated with the second uplink.

Abstract: A security gateway appliance is configured to evaluate network traffic according to security rules that classify traffic flows according to specifically identified application programs responsible for producing and/or consuming the network traffic and to enforce policies in accordance with network traffic classifications. The appliance includes an on-box anti-virus/anti-malware engine, on-box data loss prevention engine and on-box authentication engine. One or more of these engines is informed by an on-box dynamic real tie rating system that allows for determined levels of scrutiny to be paid to the network traffic. Security gateways of this type can be clustered together to provide a set of resources for one or more networks, and in some instances as the backbone of a cloud-based service.

Abstract: An encapsulation address of a first switching device is set so as to be different only in a mask bit in comparison with that of a second switching device. A learning information control unit of a third switching device does not learn the correspondence relation between a source customer address and a source encapsulation address in a first case and a second case. The first case corresponds to a case in which an encapsulated frame is received at an upper-link port and an encapsulation address corresponding to the source customer address is acquired from an address table. The second case corresponds to a case in which a difference between the source encapsulation address and the encapsulation address acquired from the address table lies only in the mask bit.

Abstract: Techniques for electronic devices to control a multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) connection. An MPTCP connection between two endpoints may be established. The MPTCP connection may include at least one MPTCP subflow. At least one of the endpoints may be configured to act as a master with respect to the MPTCP connection. The master may perform one or more control operations on the MPTCP connection, while if one of the endpoints is not a master, that endpoint may not perform control operations on the MPTCP connection. The control operations may include initiating or establishing new MPTCP subflows or modifying a priority level of one or more MPTCP subflows of the MPTCP connection.

Abstract: This application discloses a packet processing method and an LSR. The method includes: receiving, by an Ingress LSR of a first MPLS tunnel, a first notification packet that is based on an IGP, where the first notification packet includes an ELC flag, which is used to indicate that the first Egress LSR has ELC; after learning from the first notification packet that the first Egress LSR has ELC, inserting a label into a first packet, to generate a second packet, where the label forms an MPLS label stack, which includes, from bottom to top, a first EL, a first ELI, and a first TL; and sending the second packet to the first Egress LSR through the first MPLS tunnel. According to the solutions of this invention, a Transit LSR of the first MPLS tunnel may perform load balancing when forwarding the second packet.

Abstract: The present invention provides a technique for measuring the efficiency of components in a computer. An echo server is provided which comprises several units. A socket generation unit generates a receiving server socket on the basis of information on a correspondence between a plurality of components in a computer. And generates a client socket that is a dedicated socket inheriting information of the receiving server socket when data is transmitted. A stream acquisition unit acquires a transmission path for acquiring data transmitted and received between components. A thread generation unit generates a transmission path by coupling streams. A transfer execution unit transfers data acquired via a thread to an original destination component. Using these units, the technique monitors and running verifies behavior by observing data running on the network.