Abstract: An ultra-wideband (UWB) communication system comprising a transmitter and a receiver is disclosed. In one embodiment, a symbol mapper circuit in the transmitter is adapted, in a first mode, to develop symbols having the number of pulses as currently defined in the 4z Standard; and, in a second mode, to develop symbols having fewer pulses than as currently defined in the 4z Standard. In an optional third mode, each data bit is mapped to a single pulse.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus including an acquisition unit that acquires an information block generated from transmission data for a user and subjected to error correction coding, and an interleaving unit that interleaves a bit sequence of the information block using an interleaver unique to the user. The interleaving unit interleaves the bit sequence by interleaving each of two or more partial sequences obtained from the bit sequence.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting downlink control information. In the present invention, transmitted downlink control information at least comprises one or more of the following information fields: a first information field used for indicating the frequency domain resources occupied by the data resources scheduled by the DCI, a second information field used for indicating the time frequency resources occupied by the data resources scheduled by the DCI, and a third information field used for indicating the scheduled N users. As the resource size occupied by the transmission resources in the frequency domain and/or in the time domain is indicated by means of the downlink control information, transmission of downlink control information can be implemented in flexible resource allocation scenarios having variable transmission time intervals.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for efficiently decoding a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code in a communication or broadcasting system are provided. The disclosure relates to performing decoding of an LDPC code by using layered scheduling or a method equivalent thereto, and provides an LDPC decoding apparatus and method for improving decoding performance without increasing decoding complexity by applying appropriate decoding scheduling according to structural or algebraic characteristics of an LDPC code.

Abstract: Embodiment of the present application is directed to a method and apparatus for slot format indication. According to an embodiment of the present application, the method includes receiving at least one signal indicating one of: whether at least one symbol at a beginning of a sequence of consecutive symbols transmitted or received over a communication link is reserved or is to be reserved, and whether at least one symbol at an end of the sequence of consecutive symbols transmitted or received over the communication link is reserved or is to be reserved. The at least one uplink transmission is performed based on the received signal in response to the communication link being associated with an uplink transmission. The at least one downlink reception is performed based on the received signal in response to the communication link being associated with downlink reception.

Abstract: Disclosed are techniques for wireless communication. In an aspect, a wireless communications device transmits a first set of symbols of a plurality of symbols of a data stream using a first set of constellation points of a pi/N-based modulation scheme, and transmits a second set of symbols of the plurality of symbols using a second set of constellation points of the pi/N-based modulation scheme, wherein each of the first set of constellation points and the second set of constellation points consists of M constellation points, wherein the second set of constellation points is rotated from the first set of constellation points by pi/N, wherein symbols of the first set of symbols alternate with symbols of the second set of symbols, and wherein M is greater than 8.

Abstract: The disclosure relates in some aspects to information encoding. Information encoding may involve puncturing bits of a codeword or repeating bits of a codeword. The disclosure relates in some aspects to selecting a puncturing or repetition pattern. In some aspects, a puncture pattern for data encoding is selected based on a criterion that the output and the repetition input of an XOR are not erased. In some aspects, a repetition pattern for data encoding is selected based on a criterion that repetition not be applied for the output and the repetition input of an XOR.

Abstract: Methods for an electronic device to communicate in a wireless local area network are provided in which information bits are encoded at the electronic device to provide a plurality of encoded bits. A first radio of the electronic device is used to transmit a first subset of the encoded bits over a first channel that is within a first frequency band, where the first subset of the encoded bits comprises less than all of the encoded bits. A second radio of the electronic device is used to transmit a second subset of the encoded bits over a second channel that is within a second frequency band.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder configured to encode outer-encoded bits to generate an LDPC codeword including LDPC information bits and parity bits; a puncturer configured to puncture some of the parity bits included in the LDPC codeword; and a mapper configured to map the LDPC codeword except the punctured parity bits to symbols for transmission to a receiver, wherein the puncturer calculates a number of parity bits to be punctured among the parity bits included in the LDPC codeword based on a number of the outer-encoded bits, a number of the LDPC information bits, and a minimum number of parity bits to be punctured among the parity bits included in the LDPC codeword.

Abstract: Various aspects of the disclosure relate to rate matching techniques for block encoding. In some aspects, a decision regarding whether to use repetition-based rate matching or puncture-based rate matching is made based on a block size of information being encoded. In some aspects, repetition-based rate matching uses a bit-reversal permutation technique.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for data block transmissions. One method (1000) includes transmitting (1002) a data blocks frequency multiplexed in a time duration to a device, wherein: the data blocks are transmitted based on spatial information and a redundancy version sequence; each data block of the data blocks carries the same data varied based on a redundancy version indicated by the redundancy version sequence and occupies a same number of virtual resource blocks in a frequency domain; the data blocks are scheduled by a control channel, wherein the control channel is used to transmit information that indicates the redundancy version sequence of redundancy version sequences configured by high layer signaling; the spatial information is indicated in the control channel or is configured by high layer signaling; and a total number of data blocks of the data blocks is configured by high layer signaling.

Abstract: A method of producing a set of coded bits from a set of information bits for transmission between a first node and a second node in a wireless communications system, the method comprises generating a codeword vector by encoding the set of information bits with a low-density parity-check code, wherein the codeword vector is composed of systematic bits and parity bits. The method comprises performing circular buffer-based rate matching on the generated codeword vector to produce the coded bits for transmission, wherein the circular buffer-based rate matching comprises puncturing a first plurality of systematic bits.

Abstract: A communication method for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. The method includes identifying a length of information bits to be encoded; identifying a length of transmission bits; determining a size of a code for a polar encoding based on the length of the transmission bits, a maximum size of the code, and a minimum size of the code; identifying a codeword by the polar encoding of the information bits based on the determined size of the code; and obtaining the transmission bits based on the length of the transmission bits.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder configured to encode outer-encoded bits to generate an LDPC codeword including LDPC information bits and parity bits; a puncturer configured to puncture some of the parity bits included in the LDPC codeword; and a mapper configured to map the LDPC codeword except the punctured parity bits to symbols for transmission to a receiver, wherein the puncturer calculates a number of parity bits to be punctured among the parity bits included in the LDPC codeword based on a number of the outer-encoded bits, a number of the LDPC information bits, and a minimum number of parity bits to be punctured among the parity bits included in the LDPC codeword.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to enhanced constellation shaping. A device may generate payload bits associated with a frame, wherein the payload bits comprise a first portion and a second portion. The device may send the first portion of the payload bits through a shaping encoder. The device may generate shaped bits from the shaping encoder. The device may determine a number of amplitude bits based on the shaped bits. The device may generate parity bits from the shaped bits and the second portion going through an low-density parity-check (LDPC) encoder. The device may select sign bits comprising the second portion and a first subset of the parity bits. The device may send the amplitude bits with the sign bits to a modulator before transmitting the frame to a first station device.

Abstract: A loss correction encoding device having an improved capability of loss correction using LDPC-CC includes a rearranging unit that rearranges information data contained in n information packets according to the constraint length Kmax and the encoding rate (q?1)/q of a check polynomial of the loss correction code used in a loss correction encoding unit. Specifically, the rearranging unit rearranges the information data in such a way that continuous Kmax×(q?1) pieces of information data after rearrangement are contained in different information packets. The rearranging unit distributes the information data to information blocks from n information packets, where n satisfies the formula Kmax×(q?1)?n.

Abstract: An apparatus may utilize an air interface to transmit and/or receive a transmission during a first TTI that includes a second set of data overriding a first set of data scheduled for transmission during the first TTI. The air interface may further be utilized to transmit and/or receive a transmission after a duration of time that is less than a total time duration of the first TTI that includes an override indicator that is at least partially embedded in a data portion of a subframe. The override indicator may be configured to indicate that the first set of data scheduled for transmission during the first TTI is overridden by the second set of data having the higher priority. The override indicator may be transmitted after the second set of data is transmitted. The one or more additional TTIs may be after the first TTI.

Abstract: A transmission apparatus includes a signal processing circuit configured to obtain information data bits to be transmitted; add known information data bits to the information data bits to generate first data blocks; perform error-correction coding on the first data blocks to generate first coded data blocks including parity data blocks such that the first coded data blocks satisfy a first code rate; remove the known information data bits from the first coded data blocks to generate second coded data blocks, the second coded data blocks satisfying a second code rate different from the first code rate; and modulate the second coded data blocks using a modulation scheme to generate a modulated signal, which is then transmitted. A number of the known information data bits depends on a number of the information data bits such that the first code rate is fixed regardless of the number of the information data bits.

Abstract: A communication apparatus in a radio communication system, including: a reception unit configured to receive control information including puncture information which indicates that there is a puncture resource in resources allocated to the communication apparatus from another communication apparatus; and a decoding unit configured to decode data received from the other communication apparatus in the allocated resources, wherein the decoding unit performs the decoding using the puncture information included in the control information received by the reception unit.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder configured to encode input bits to generate an LDPC codeword including the input bits and parity bits to be transmitted in a current frame; a parity permutator configured to interleave the parity bits and group-wise interleave a plurality of parity bit groups configuring the interleaved parity bits based on a group-wise interleaving pattern including a first pattern and a second pattern to perform parity permutation; a puncturer configured to puncture at least some of the group-wise interleaved parity bit groups; and an additional parity generator configured to select at least some of the punctured parity bit groups to generate additional parity bits to be transmitted in a previous frame of the current frame, based on the first pattern and the second pattern.

Abstract: An apparatus for a station (STA) configured for operating in a next-generation (NG) wireless local area network (WLAN) comprises the processing circuitry configured to modify probabilities of constellation points to generate a more Gaussian distribution. In these embodiments, for LDPC framing and OFDM packing, the transmitter circuitry may be configured to compute a number of output bits (bout) to be transmitted based on a number of payload bits (bin) at an output of a shaping encoder, a shaping rate (rshaping), and an overhead percent (Boverhead). A shaping gain of up to 1.53 dB may be achieved. A new shaping encoder is provided to address the issue that the number of bits is not fixed.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder configured to encode input bits to generate an LDPC codeword including the input bits and parity bits to be transmitted in a current frame; a parity permutator configured to perform by group-wise interleaving a plurality of bit groups configuring the parity bits based on a group-wise interleaving pattern comprising a first pattern and a second pattern; a puncturer configured to puncture some of the parity-permutated parity bits; and an additional parity generator configured to select at least some of the punctured parity bits to generate additional parity bits to be transmitted in a previous frame of the current frame, based on the first pattern and the second pattern.

Abstract: A parity puncturing apparatus and method for variable length signaling information are disclosed. A parity puncturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention includes memory configured to provide a parity bit string for parity puncturing for the parity bits of an LDPC codeword whose length is 16200 and whose code rate is 3/15, and a processor configured to puncture a number of bits corresponding to a final puncturing size from the rear side of the parity bit string.

Abstract: A method for encoding or transmitting. In some embodiments, the method includes forming a set of one or more unpunctured codewords by coding a plurality of payload bits at a mother code rate, removing a plurality of punctured bits from the set of one or more unpunctured codewords to form a set of one or more punctured codewords, and transmitting the set of one or more punctured codewords. In some embodiments, the number of punctured bits exceeds a first threshold, or the number of punctured bits exceeds a second threshold.

Abstract: Apparatuses for transmitting and receiving a signal in a communication system are provided. An apparatus of a receive device includes a receiver configured to receive, from a transmit device, a signal comprising remaining bits of parity bits after puncturing, wherein the parity bits are obtained by adding at least one shortened bit to information bits to obtain input bits for an encoding, if a number of the information bits is less than a number of the input bits for the encoding; and a hardware processor configured to determine a number of puncture bits for the parity bits, generate an output signal by adding at least one value corresponding to the number of the puncture bits to the signal, and decode the output signal.

Abstract: Error correction code apparatuses and memory systems are disclosed. The apparatus may include an encoder configured to generate a first result by multiplying bits of the data by a first matrix, divides parity bits into a first parity group obtained by multiplying the first result by a second matrix and a second parity group obtained by an exclusive OR operation of the first result and the first parity group, based on a plurality of polynomials determined based on the second matrix, and multiply the first result and the second matrix to generate one or more first parity bits in the first parity group, perform an exclusive OR operation on the first result and the first parity group to generate one or more second parity bits in the second parity group, and generate a codeword having the bits of the data bits and the parity bits.

Abstract: A method for use in a User Equipment configured to operate according to the New Radio (5G) standard, said method comprising: monitoring a control region for mini-slots for a transmission; detecting a start of the transmission; monitoring a control region of said transmission for regular slots; detecting that the transmission has ended; and in response thereto monitoring the control region for mini-slots again.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to methods and apparatus for decoding low-density parity check (LDPC) codes, for example, using a parity check matrix having full row-orthogonality. An exemplary method for performing low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoding includes receiving soft bits associated to an LDPC codeword and performing LDPC decoding of the soft bits using a parity check matrix, wherein each row of the parity check matrix corresponds to a lifted parity check of a lifted LDPC code, at least two columns of the parity check matrix correspond to punctured variable nodes of the lifted LDPC code, and the parity check matrix has row orthogonality between each pair of consecutive rows that are below a row to which the at least two punctured variable nodes are both connected.

Abstract: Wireless devices may use polar codes for encoding transmissions and may support combining transmissions to improve decoding reliability (e.g., by achieving chase combining and incremental redundancy (IR) gains). For example, an encoding device may puncture a set of mother code bits using different puncturing patterns to obtain different redundancy versions for a first transmission and a re-transmission. Each puncturing pattern may correspond to an equivalent decoding performance. In some cases, to obtain equivalent puncture sets, the encoding device may perform punctured index manipulation procedures on an initial puncturing pattern. A punctured index manipulation procedure may involve switching a binary state for a binary bit at a same binary bit index for each puncture index in a puncturing pattern. A device may receive the transmissions generated using the equivalent puncture sets and may combine the information for improved decoding reliability.

Abstract: A hard decoder includes an input data handler that receives and rearranges a low-density parity-check (LDPC) codeword, and a variable node updater that iteratively updates the rearranged LDPC codeword to generate an updated LDPC codeword during each decoding iteration of the rearranged LDPC codeword. The hard decoder further includes a syndrome generator that generates a syndrome vector associated with the updated LDPC codeword of each decoding iteration. During each decoding iteration, the rearranged LDPC codeword is updated based on a threshold value and the syndrome vector associated with the updated LDPC codeword of a previous decoding iteration and a validity of the updated LDPC codeword of the previous decoding iteration. The hard decoder further includes an output data handler that extracts a message from the updated LDPC codeword that is valid and outputs the extracted message.

Abstract: A parity interleaving apparatus and method for variable length signaling information are disclosed. A parity interleaving apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a processor configured to generate a parity bit string for parity puncturing by segmenting parity bits of an LDPC codeword whose length is 16200 and whose code rate is 3/15, into a plurality of groups, and group-wise interleaving the groups using an order of group-wise interleaving; and memory configured to provide the parity bit string for parity puncturing to a parity puncturing unit.

Abstract: A method in a node (110, 115) comprises generating (604) a plurality of constituent polar codes, each of the plurality of constituent polar codes having an associated block length and an associated set of information bits. The method comprises coupling (608) at least a portion of the sets of information bits associated with each of the plurality of constituent polar codes to generate a spatially coupled polar code. The method comprises encoding (612) a wireless transmission using the spatially coupled polar code.

Abstract: A modem chip for supporting combination of data repeatedly transmitted based on hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is provided. The modem chip includes an HARQ combiner configured to perform a HARQ combination by combining retransmitted data with the previous HARQ data, the retransmitted data including retransmitted control channel data received via a control channel and retransmitted data channel data received via a data channel, the previous HARQ data corresponding to data received via the control channel and the data channel, the HARQ combination generating updated HARQ data, a memory configured to store the previous HARQ data and the updated HARQ data, and a memory controller configured to control transmission of the previous HARQ data and the updated HARQ data between the HARQ combiner and the HARQ memory.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are disclosed for implementing a transmission and feedback mechanism to enable the collaboration of different service types and efficient reporting of the transmission status. In one aspect, the disclosed technology can be implemented to provide a wireless communication method that includes receiving a message that includes a predetermined number of code block groups for a transmission; and dividing a plurality of data blocks in the transmission into a first part and a second part. The first part comprises a first number of code block groups and the second part comprises a second number of code block groups. The second number of code block groups is determined based on the predetermined number of code block groups in the control message.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an encoding method and apparatus, and relates to the field of communications technologies, to reduce an encoding latency and complexity, and the amount of computation of real-time construction. The encoding method includes: obtaining information bits; determining a puncturing pattern, where the puncturing pattern includes an element in a puncturing set and an element in a shortening set, and the puncturing set and the shortening set have no intersection set; and performing, by using the determined puncturing pattern, rate matching on data obtained after the information bits are encoded.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and apparatus for detecting when a data transmission has been preempted or punctured by detecting inconsistency in the modulation or other signal characteristic of a received signal. If an inconsistency is detected, measures can be taken to mitigate potential problems caused by the inconsistent data. In one example, the receiving device (30) may identify soft bits in a soft buffer that may have been corrupted and flush the corrupted parts from the soft buffer.

Abstract: A device for generating a multi-kernel polar code xN of length N and dimension K on the basis of a first transformation matrix GN of size N×N that defines a first multi-kernel polar code includes a processor configured to generate a second transformation matrix G?N of size N×N by permuting the order of at least two columns of a sub-matrix of the first transformation matrix GN, and generate the multi-kernel polar code xN an the basis of xN=uN·G?N, wherein uN=(u0, . . . , uN?1) is a vector of size N, with the elements ui, i=0, . . . N?1, corresponding to an information bit if i?I, I being a set of K information bit indices, and ui=0, if i?F, F being a set of N?K frozen bit indices.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus including an acquisition unit configured to acquire an information block generated from transmission data for a user and subjected to error correction coding; and an interleaving unit configured to interleave a bit sequence of the information block using an interleaver unique to the user. The interleaving unit interleaves the bit sequence by interleaving each of two or more partial sequences obtained from the bit sequence.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is method and system for hierarchical decoding of data packets in cellular communication network. At first, base station upon receiving data packets computes LLR values and evaluates computed LLR values through first Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) to determine successful decoding of data packets. When first CRC is unsuccessful and when SINR is greater than first predefined threshold, base station combines LLR values of intra base stations with computed LLR values for decoding data packets and performs second CRC check to determine if data packets are successfully decoded. The base station combines LLR values of intra base stations and LLR values of inter base stations with computed LLR values for decoding data packets when SINR value of inter base stations is greater than second predefined threshold and when evaluated second CRC is unsuccessful and performs third CRC. The present disclosure increases throughput and reduces latency significantly while decoding packets.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a Polar code transmission method and apparatus. A bit sequence is encoded into a code sequence using Polar code by a network device. The bit sequence contains a control signaling and a Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) sequence. The code sequence is transformed into M copies such that an ith information copy of the M copies multiples by a first matrix of the power of (i?1). M is an integer and M>0. M copies of codeword was encoded by Polar code, the M copies implicitly conveys different time stamp information, which is suitable for the transmission of PBCH in 5G communication system, signaling overhead is also reduced.

Abstract: A method comprises receiving information on a selected redundancy version at a user device. The redundancy version is associated with block coding. The block coding may be LDPC. The method may comprise using the information when communicating with a base station. The position of the redundancy version may satisfy one or more criteria.

Abstract: The invention relates to improved convolutions of digital signals. When a first digital signal is convoluted with a second digital signal to obtain an output digital signal, to be converted afterwards using a limited number of bits. In order to prevent a loss of information, and therefore a degradation of the output digital signal upon the future conversion, at least one of the first and the second digital signal is formed of suitable values that store the information from the first digital signal within the most significant bits of the output digital signal.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a communication technique which fuses a 5G communication system with IoT technology to support higher data transmission rates after a 4G system, and system thereof. The disclosure can be applied to intelligent services (for example, smart home, smart building, smart city, smart connected car, health care, digital education, retail, security, and safety related services, and the like) on the basis of 5G communication technology and IoT related technology. A transmission method is provided, the method including: identifying at least one bit for polar coding, identifying a first sequence having a length of 2N that corresponds to a length of the at least one information bit, encoding the information bit through the polar coding, and transmitting the encoded information.

Abstract: A data transmitting method using an LDPC code as an error correction code is provided. The method includes providing a parity check matrix of LDPC code, wherein the size of the parity check matrix is (m1+m2)×(n1+n2); in a sending side, encoding an input data of K bits with a encoder to generate a first block code of (n1+n2) bits, according to the parity check matrix; through a transmitting channel, sending n1 bits of the first block code from the sending side to a receiving side, wherein n2 bits of the first block code are not transmitted; and receiving the n1 bits of the first block code in the receiving side, and using the parity check matrix to perform a decoding algorithm to the received first block code to iterative decodes a second block code of (n1+n2) bits with a decoder. Furthermore, a data decoding method thereof is also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure a method by a transmitter using a polar coding is provided.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a channel encoding method for use by a communication device. The communication device obtains a quantity K of information bits, and determines a load size of a channel for transmitting the K information bits. The load size of the channel is N bits, where N?K, N=2n, and n is a positive integer. The communication device performs a polar encoding process on the K information bits, to obtain a polar code sequence that includes N bits. The N-bit polar code sequence is transmitted using the channel, without rate matching. Because a quantity of coded bits obtained after the polar encoding is equal to a load size of a channel, no rate matching process is required. This reduces encoding overheads of a channel. Complexity and latency of channel encoding are greatly reduced, and performance loss associated with the rate matching operation is avoided.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. An encoder may utilize a common mother code for encoding control information to each set of control channel resources of a control channel, control channel associated with multiple transmission configuration indication (TCI) states. For example, the common mother code may include utilizing same parameters when constructing the polar code for each set of control channel resources, where the parameters include a block length, a number of information bits, or both. Additionally, rate matching procedures for each control channel resource may differ (e.g., puncturing, shortening, or repetition). Additionally or alternatively, the mother code and rate matching may be determined based on a sum of all available coded bits in each control channel resource and the number of information bits. A decoder may then attempt soft combination of candidates from the different sets of control channel resources to obtain decoded control information.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a method and an apparatus for constructing a sequence of polar codes. In an implementation, a construction sequence P? is read from a construction sequence P, where the length of the construction sequence P? is an encoding length M and the length of the construction sequence P is N. The construction sequence P? is demapped to a reliability ranking sequence Q? based on a rate matching rule, and K elements that have largest reliability values is read from the reliability ranking sequence Q?, to obtain an information bit sequence number set A.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes having pairwise orthogonality of adjacent rows, and a new decoder that exploits the pairwise row orthogonality for flexible decoder scheduling without performance loss. An apparatus includes a receiver configured to receive a codeword in accordance with a radio technology across a wireless channel via one or more antenna elements situated proximal the receiver. The apparatus includes at least one processor coupled with a memory and comprising decoder circuitry configured to decode the codeword based on a LDPC code to produce a set of information bits. The LDPC code is stored in the memory and defined by a base matrix having columns in which all adjacent rows are orthogonal in a last portion of the rows.