Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method for repetitive transmission using a plurality of sub-carriers includes: preparing a symbol to be transmitted using the plurality of sub-carriers within a single time domain unit; repeating the symbol a predetermined number (N) of times; applying a corresponding one of N different cyclic shift values to each of the N repeated symbols to be transmitted using the plurality of sub-carriers within the single time domain unit; performing an IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) on each of the N repeated symbols to which the corresponding one of the N different cyclic shift values is applied; and transmitting the N repeated symbols on which the IFFT is performed using the plurality of sub-carriers.

Abstract: A data processing method for a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is provided. Specifically, modulation can be performed according to a constellation rearrangement version (CRV) to generate a sub-packet for an incremental redundancy HARQ (IR-HARQ). When a constellation symbol modulated according to the CRV is segmented into an even symbol and an odd symbol for a plurality of transmit antennas, an identical CRV is determined for a pair of the even symbol and the odd symbol subsequent to the even symbol. When the constellation symbol modulated according to the CRV is transmitted to a receiving side, a newly generated sub-packet is retransmitted upon receiving a non-acknowledgement (NACK) signal.

Abstract: Error protection based on a nonlinear code set may be used in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radio communications system. A decoder decodes received MIMO data streams and generates an automatic repeat request (ARQ) message for data units received for the MIMO data streams for each transmission time interval. An encoder codes the ARQ message using a code word from a nonlinear code set. At the data transmitter, which transmits one or more data units in transmission time intervals from two or more MIMO data streams, the ARQ message associated with the transmitted data units is decoded using a code word from the nonlinear code set.

Abstract: A method and controller for sending data frames over a lossy bidirectional link between integrated circuit chips is disclosed. Upon transmission, frames are stored in a buffer. The detection of errors is indicated and triggers retransmission of the erroneously received frame, but acknowledgement of correctly received frames is not indicated. Instead, the sending controller assumes that frames were correctly received if no error indication is received after a period of time. The period of time is the maximum amount of time that would be taken for the sending controller to receive an error indication if the frame was received with an error. After said period of time, the sent frame is discarded from the buffer.

Abstract: Methods for data transmission management used in a transmitter are provided. The method comprises the steps of: encoding M uncoded packets into N coded packets with Q-packet error correction capability using concatenated encoding, where M?N, and Q?1; sequentially transmitting a set or all of the N coded packets to the at least one receiver; receiving at least one feedback information from the at least one receiver, wherein the at least one feedback information comprises at least one ACK or NACK information for indicating decoding statuses of the transmitted coded packets, each of the transmitted coded packets having one of the decoding statuses corresponding thereto; and determining whether to perform a retransmission procedure to retransmit a dedicated packet to the at least one receiver according to collected ACK/NACK included in the feedback information.

Abstract: Methods, devices, computer program products and systems for transmitting and receiving media information are disclosed. The media information is protected against errors introduce by an unreliable channel by error-protection information. The error-protection information is generated, transmitter, received and/or used in rendering based on the context of the receiver, e.g. based on a geographical location of the receiver.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for implementing data security and automatic repeat request (ARQ) in a wireless communication system are disclosed. Cipher entities are included in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and an access gateway (aGW), and outer ARQ, (or radio link control (RLC)), entities are included in the WTRU and an evolved Node-B (eNode-B). Each cipher entity is located on top of an outer ARQ entity. The cipher entities cipher and decipher a data block by using a generic sequence number (SN) assigned to the data block. The outer ARQ entities may segment the ciphered data block to multiple packet data units (PDUs), may concatenate multiple ciphered data blocks to a PDU, or may generate one PDU from one data block. The outer ARQ entities may segment or re-segment the PDU when a transmission failure occurs.

Abstract: A method and apparatus may be used for supporting multiple hybrid automatic repeat request (H-ARQ) processes per transmission time interval (TTI). A transmitter and a receiver may include a plurality of H-ARQ processes. Each H-ARQ process may transmit and receive one TB per TTI. The transmitter may generate a plurality of TBs and assign each TB to a H-ARQ process. The transmitter may send control information for each TB, which may include H-ARQ information associated TBs with the TBs. The transmitter may send the TBs using the associated H-ARQ processes simultaneously per TTI. After receiving the TBs, the receiver may send feedback for each of the H-ARQ processes and associated TBs indicating successful or unsuccessful receipt of each of the TBs to the transmitter. The feedback for multiple TBs may be combined for the simultaneously transmitted H-ARQ processes, (i.e., TBs).

Abstract: In a first embodiment of the present invention, a method for error-correcting in a parallel interconnect transmitting device is provided, the method comprising: detecting a frame transition in a transmission from the transmitting device to a parallel interconnect receiving device; tracking time between the frame transition and a transition of a response signal corresponding to the frame transition received from the receiving device; detecting an error in the transmission; and restarting a portion of the transmission in response to the error, wherein the size of the portion of the transmission to restart is based upon the tracked time between the frame transition and the transition of a response signal corresponding to the frame transition.

Abstract: An electronic communication network supports delivery of video program Internet protocol packets. A source device transmits both first and second video program Internet protocol packets. A first recipient device is assigned as positive acknowledgment leader by the source device and a second recipient device is assigned as negative acknowledgement leader by the source device. The first recipient device is operable to transmit to the source device a positive acknowledgment of receipt of the first video program Internet protocol packet. The second recipient device is operable to transmit to the source device a negative acknowledgment of non-receipt upon not receiving the first video program Internet protocol packet. The source device responds to the negative acknowledgement of non-receipt by the second recipient device by multicast resending the second video program Internet protocol packet to both the first and second recipient devices.

Abstract: A method of handling a retransmission of a hybrid automatic repeat request scheme for a receiver in a communication system is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a first payload from a transmitter in the communication system, and feeding back a resource index to the transmitter, to indicate a size for a second payload in the next reception, when the receiver is unsuccessful to decode the first payload into a plurality of information bits, wherein the transmitter encodes the plurality of information bits into the first payload by using an error correction code.

Abstract: Packets are duplicated, delayed, and spread in time as a form of forward error correction. If a client device receives duplicate packets, they can be discarded. If one of the duplicate packets is lost, then the duplication provides forward error correction with no change to the device that receives the packet.

Abstract: By utilizing Reed-Solomon erasure decoding algorithms and techniques, the system is able to perform error detection for the case where the number of bytes received in error exceeds a correcting capability of a decoder. The error detection can be used, for example, to determine whether a codeword is decodable, and whether the retransmission of data is necessary. The retransmission can be accomplished by assembling a message that is sent to another modem requesting retransmission of one or more portions of data, such as one or more codewords.

Abstract: A method for communicating data is provided. In the method, an encoder receives an input bit stream. The encoder generates, based on the input bit stream, a first output bit stream based on at least a first polynomial and a second output bit stream based on at least a second polynomial. The first and second polynomials are each different from each other. The encoder forms a first packet of code symbols, having a first code rate, based on bits from the first output bit stream. A transmitter transmits the first packet. A receiver receives a first negative acknowledgment indicating unsuccessful decoding of the first packet after said transmitting of the first packet. The encoder punctures bits from the second output bit stream and forms a second packet of code symbols having a second code rate. The second code rate is different from the first code rate. The transmitter transmits the second packet in response to the receiver receiving the first negative acknowledgment.

Abstract: In one implementation, a method of distributing a multicast message in a wireless mesh network includes receiving a multicast message from a parent node of an intermediate node. The method includes transmitting the multicast message to child nodes of the intermediate node. The method includes storing the multicast message in a cache at the intermediate node. The method includes intercepting an acknowledgement message from each acknowledging child node within an acknowledging subset of less than all of the child nodes. The method includes accessing information indicating a population of the child nodes to which the multicast message transmission was directed. The method includes comparing the acknowledging subset of the child nodes with the population of the child nodes. The method includes identifying a non-acknowledging subset of less than all of the child nodes. The method includes retransmitting the multicast message to the non-acknowledging subset of the child nodes.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a rate matching method and device. The method includes that: an information bit sequence is coded and interleaved to obtain a mother code codeword with a length NFB—Buffer; and bits are selected from the mother code codeword to generate a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) subpacket for current transmission. By means of the present invention, the effect of covering the whole mother code area can be achieved as much as possible, and the performance of the HARQ multiple retransmission link can be enhanced.

Abstract: One feature provides a Block Acknowledgement Retransmission Policy (BARP) frame that permits a transmitter to define a retransmission policy on a per-frame basis for frames transmitted in a block of frames. A block acknowledgement retransmission policy (BARP) frame is generated by a transmitter that individually identifies a retransmission policy for each frame in a block of frames. The BARP frame is then transmitted to a receiver, allowing the receiver to know which frames within a block of frames will be retransmitted and which frames will not be retransmitted.

Abstract: Systems and methods for transfer of data including establishing two separate connections, the two separate connections including a high speed connection and a high integrity connection. Blocks of data are exchanged over the high speed connection while the high integrity connection facilitates communication of descriptor data regarding data received over the high speed connection. As such, the data transfer speed of the high speed connection is utilized while communication via the high integrity connection allows for data reliability features not provided by the high speed connection.

Abstract: A method for providing error-resilient video content may include receiving video data reflective of multiple video frames and encoding the video data to generate a plurality of packets. The method may also include transmitting the first group of packets to at least two receivers and receiving feedback information regarding receiving status of respective ones of the plurality of packets, the feedback information being indicative of packets not received correctly. The method may further include examining error indications based on the feedback information and implementing a first error-correction policy if a variation in the error indications among the at least two receivers is below a first error threshold and a second error-correction policy if the variation is above the first error threshold. At least one of the first and second error-correction policies may include transmitting or retransmitting at least one packet using a different coding scheme.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a method for retransmission based on forward error correction. The method includes: when received source data packets loss occurs, judging whether all of the lost source data payloads can be decoded by using the received source data payloads and check data; if all of the lost source data payloads cannot be decoded, determining needed source data symbols for decoding all of the lost source data payloads by using the received source data payloads and the check data; and requesting for retransmitting the needed source data symbols.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides a method of efficiently storing metrics for Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request (HARQ) combining and enabling saving of memory buffer in communication systems, comprising using non-linear quantization of the metrics and managing an aggregated buffer for all HARQ channels.

Abstract: A communication apparatus is provided that can prevent decrease of transmission efficiency. In the apparatus, transmission processing section (107) transmits data, provides a non-transmission period on an intermittent basis, and stops transmission of the data in the non-transmission period. Reception processing section (103) receives a retransmission request for the data transmitted by transmission processing section (107). HARQ control section (105) performs retransmission processing of data requested to be retransmitted, wherein when a time of retransmission of the data requested to be retransmitted is in the non-transmission period, the HARQ control section stops the retransmission processing, and when the retransmission request is received again, the HARQ control section resumes the retransmission processing.

Abstract: Various methods for implementing delta data storage, for example, within a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) buffer, are provided. One example method includes receiving a redundancy version including a plurality of redundancy version bits and soft combining the redundancy version bits with corresponding buffered bits to generate corresponding soft combined bits. The example method further includes comparing the soft combined bits with the corresponding buffered bits to identify changed bits and unchanged bits, storing the changed bits in a buffer to thereby replace the buffered bits that correspond to the changed bits. Similar example apparatuses are also provided.

Abstract: Various embodiments implement distributed block coding (DBC). DBC can be used for, among other things, distributed forward error correction (DFEC) of source data in communication systems or parity backup for error correction of source data in storage systems where the source data may be corrupted by burst errors. A distributed block encoder (DBE) encodes sequential source data symbols with a plurality of sequential block encoders to produce interleaved parity codewords. The interleaved parity codewords enable decoding of error-corrected source data symbols with a distributed block decoder (DBD) that utilizes a plurality of sequential block decoders to produce the error-corrected source data symbols. A distributed register block encoder (DRBE) and a distributed register block decoder (DRBD) can each be implemented in a single block encoder and a single block decoder, respectively, by using a distributed register arrangement.

Abstract: A method for accurately tracking fault status in a computer system. The method includes storing a prior state for a sensor associated with a component of the computer system and receiving a sensor reading. When the prior state indicates the sensor was unavailable or unreadable such as when the component was removed, the method includes resending or re-emitting a faulty event to the fault diagnosing module, e.g., after reinsertion of the component in the computer system while it is still faulty. The method may include, prior to the triggering of the resending of the faulty event, determining that the sensor is in a non-nominal state. The method may also include storing in the data storage a definition of a nominal state for the sensor such that the determining the sensor is in the non-nominal state includes comparing one or more sensor readings with the nominal state definition.

Abstract: Provided are a method, system and program for batching transactions to apply to a database. A transaction manager receives a plurality of transactions to apply to a database and adds the transactions to a work queue. One of a plurality of agents processes a batch of transactions from the work queue. Each agent executes a batch of transactions from the work queue against the database independent of the operations of other of the agents executing batches of transactions. The agent applies the transactions in the batch against the database and commits the transactions in the batch to the database in response to completing all of the transactions.

Abstract: Various embodiments are provided to address some of the current issues in establishing and adapting an HARQ operating point. Some embodiments include determining (101) a metric that indicates the predictability of a signal to noise plus interference ratio (SINR) for signaling from a wireless device and setting (102) a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) operating point for communication with the wireless device using the metric. By setting the HARQ operating point based on a metric that indicates the predictability of SINR for wireless device signaling, throughput can be improved over present-day HARQ operating point adaptation techniques.

Abstract: When transmitting retransmission data, MCS information of a control channel for when communicating the new data is replaced with retransmission control information and the control channel is transmitted. When receiving retransmission data, the control channel is received to obtain the retransmission control information, the replaced MCS information is estimated from the control channel received at the time of communication of new data, and a reception process of retransmission data is controlled using the estimated MCS information and the retransmission control information.

Abstract: An error check apparatus including, a packet protocol error check processing circuit configure to detect a protocol error of a packet, a retry control circuit configured to receive the protocol error of the packet from the packet protocol error check processing circuit, and to perform request for retry for data of the packet if the received protocol error has not been detected from a packet retransmitted by retry request, and an error notification circuit configured to notify of the protocol error of the packet to a processing unit in a higher-level layer if the protocol error is not a first protocol error for the packet.

Abstract: A data transfer device includes a data transmitting circuit includes an error detection code generating unit generating an error detection code for detecting an error in the data, and a transmission unit transmitting the data and the error detection code together with retransmit enable information representing that corresponding data transmitted before the former data or transmitted next can be retransmitted, the data receiving circuit includes a reception unit receiving the transmitted data, the transmitted error detection code and the transmitted retransmit enable information, an error detection unit detecting the error in the received data based on the error detection code, an error data retaining unit retaining the data in which an error is detected when the reception unit receives the retransmit enable information, and an error data comparing unit that comparing the error detected data retained in the error data retaining unit with corresponding data that is retransmitted.

Abstract: A method for an end-to-end hybrid automatic repeat request and a system thereof are provided. The method is applicable in a cognitive radio network (CRN) including at least a source node and a destination node. There are paths between a source node and a destination node in the CRN, and each path has a plurality of wireless links. The method includes the following steps. The source node encodes information into a coded packet, divides the coded packet into coded sub-packets, and transmits the coded sub-packets to the paths. Through the wireless links of each path, a coded sub-packet is amplified and forwarded to the destination node. In addition, the destination node combines the coded sub-packets for decoding so as to recover the information, and transmits an acknowledgement packet to the source node for notifying whether the information is successfully recovered.

Abstract: Techniques for transmitting and receiving data with multi-level feedback of acknowledgement (ACK) and negative acknowledgement (NACK) are described. In an aspect, a receiver may send a NACK if high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) is detected for a transmission of a packet. A transmitter may adjust at least one transmission parameter (e.g., increase back-off of a power amplifier) in response to receiving the NACK from the receiver. In another aspect, a receiver may send a NACK of a first type (NACK Type 1) if high PAPR is detected for a transmission of a packet and may send a NACK of a second type (NACK Type 2) if the packet is decoded in error. A transmitter may treat NACK Type 1 and NACK Type 2 in similar manner and may send another transmission of the packet.

Abstract: A metadata server configured to maintain storage assignment mappings in non-persistent storage is described herein. The tract storage assignment mappings associate servers with storage assignments, the storage assignments representing the data stored on the servers. Responsive to a failure, the metadata server receives the storage assignments from the servers and rebuilds the storage assignment mappings from the storage assignments. The metadata server is also configured to enable clients to operate during a recovery process for a failed server by providing the storage assignment mappings to the clients during the recovery process. Also during the recovery process, the replacement server for the failed server conditionally overwrites stored data with other data received from other servers as part of the recovery process.

Abstract: Methods and systems for doped rateless retransmission include receiving ratelessly coded symbols. An attempt is made to decode the coded symbols using a processor by creating an associated code graph that represents the structure of the rateless code used by the symbols. If the decoding attempt fails, an input node is selected from the code graph using a metric that gauges the number and degree of connections to the input node based on the code graph structure. The selected input node is then requested for retransmission of the selected input node by a feedback channel.

Abstract: A system and method for transmitting and receiving acknowledgement information are provided. A method for communications device operations includes determining a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) response for each CC in a set of configured CCs, thereby producing a set of HARQ responses, generating an information vector from the set of HARQ responses, encoding the information vector, and transmitting the encoded information vector. A sub-vector of one or more bits selected from the information vector is assigned a fixed vector value independent of HARQ responses for CCs not in a set of CCs when the set of CCs is not empty, where the set of CCs comprises at least one CC whose HARQ response is equal to DTX.

Abstract: The present invention extends to methods, systems, and computer program products for coordinating communication medium state for subtasks. Embodiments of the invention use a received view of the contents of a message to produce a stream of subtask messages. Subtask message properties are each connected to the mechanism for performing the state coordination pattern on the original message. Subtask messages may each have the same message contents as the original message or may have message contents that vary according to the subtask. A message processor may then consume subtask messages from the subtask message stream and perform the state coordination pattern on each subtask message to reflect partial forward progress executing the original message. The outcome of the state coordination pattern for the original message is responsive to the collective outcomes of the state coordination patterns for the subtask messages.

Abstract: A management apparatus is connected to an information processing apparatus via a network, and includes: a determining unit that, when receiving a failure notification that installation of software fails from the information processing apparatus, determines a cause of failure based on the notification; a storing processing unit that, when the determining unit determines that the cause of the failure cannot be solved by remote control, stores registration information in which identifying information of the information processing apparatus and information indicating to-be-installed software which has not been installed on the information processing apparatus are associated with each other, in a storage unit; and a reinstallation instruction unit that, when receiving an inquiry as to whether there is the to-be-installed software from the information processing apparatus, searches the registration information in the storage unit, and instructs the information processing apparatus to install the to-be-installed sof

Abstract: A system and method for enabling high-speed, low-latency global collective communications among interconnected processing nodes. The global collective network optimally enables collective reduction operations to be performed during parallel algorithm operations executing in a computer structure having a plurality of the interconnected processing nodes. Router devices are included that interconnect the nodes of the network via links to facilitate performance of low-latency global processing operations at nodes of the virtual network and class structures. The global collective network may be configured to provide global barrier and interrupt functionality in asynchronous or synchronized manner. When implemented in a massively-parallel supercomputing structure, the global collective network is physically and logically partitionable according to needs of a processing algorithm.

Abstract: Electronic apparatus, systems, and methods to construct and operate the electronic apparatus and/or systems include a memory unit configured to receive data flow from two directions. The memory unit can be configured serially in a chain with other memory units. The chain can include an error check and correcting unit (ECC). Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A decoding method and apparatus of a retransmission communication system are provided. In the decoding method and apparatus, weights are applied to error data and retransmitted data, and the resulting error data and the resulting retransmitted data are chase-combined. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the coding rate of combined data and enhance the reliability of decoding.

Abstract: A wireless communication terminal having a plurality of antennas with a variable relative distance includes a decoder for iterative decoding of reception signals including an error-correcting code received by the plurality of antennas) and a control unit for controlling an iteration count of decoding by the decoder in accordance with a distance between the antennas detected by an antenna distance detection unit for detecting the distance between the plurality of antennas.

Abstract: A method for automatic repeat request operation of a plurality of simultaneous automatic repeat request processes is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a transmission comprising at least one transport block; storing soft bits of the transport block in a buffer; and transmitting an automatic repeat request process signal, wherein the transmitting of the automatic repeat request process signal comprises one of: transmitting an acknowledgment signal if the transport block is determined to be properly received, transmitting a negative acknowledgement signal if the transport block is determined to contain an error, and transmitting a blocking indication signal if there is not room enough for the soft bits in the buffer. A transceiver arrangement and a computer program are also disclosed.

Abstract: Packet loss at a standby server during failover results when the primary fails. There is currently always some amount of packet traffic that is inbound to the primary that is lost during the failover interval. With existing solutions, this packet loss during failover is inevitable. The problem is that when this information is lost, the standby has the state of the last commit, so the standby will have the state information that is old and representative of system state accurately only to the system state at the time of the last commit. One solution is a method in which all inbound data packets targeted to be delivered to a primary software application, such as a virtualized software application, running in a primary virtual machine, are continuously monitored and copied by a Network Replication Device for simultaneous delivery to a backup image of the software application running on a standby system.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to retry based protocol with source/receiver FIFO (First-In, First-Out) buffer recovery and anti-starvation mechanism to support dynamic pipeline lengthening for ECC error correction are described. In an embodiment, upon detection of an error, a portion of transmitted data is stored in one or more storage devices before retransmission. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: A multiple input multiple output (MIMO) iterative receiver detects a soft log likelihood ratio value from a signal outputted from a transmitter and decodes the detected soft log likelihood ratio value in order to extract a hard value and a soft value from the detected soft log likelihood ratio value. After whether or not a CRC of the hard value is acknowledged is determined, a CRC of a data burst is determined or iteration of signal demodulation of the MIMO iterative receiver is determined by feeding back the soft value or a CRC of data is performed assembling signals of the burst unit in accordance with the determination result.

Abstract: According to the invention, a method for authenticating download of a number of digital content files ordered from a web site is disclosed. In one step, a selection of the digital content files is received with the web site. Download manager software, media information, the digital content files, and first codes for each of the digital content files are sent to the client computer. The media information indicates a location of each of the number of digital content files. A first code is calculated for each of the digital content files. If the client computer determines that the first code doesn't match a second code for a particular digital content file, it is resent.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a method of de-rate matching without NULL bits skipping. Date is received without NULLs and inputted into a LLR combining block. The history data without NULLs is buffered. Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) combining is called before de-rate matching. The output of LLR combining is de-interleaved. The reading pointer is offset to forge NULLs. Finally, de-interleaving output without NULLs is sent to a turbo decoder.

Abstract: Techniques for controlling synchronous HARQ retransmissions are disclosed, in which non-adaptive retransmissions scheduled for a first transmission time interval are automatically deferred to a later transmission time interval in the event that a control message prohibiting the retransmission during the first transmission interval is received. In an exemplary method, a NACK message is received (320) in response to a previous data transmission corresponding to a stop-and-wait HARQ process, and a synchronous HARQ retransmission is scheduled (330) for a first transmission interval in response. A control message indicating that data for the stop- and-wait HARQ process may not be sent during the first transmission interval is received, and the synchronous HARQ retransmission is automatically deferred (350) to a second transmission interval, responsive to the control message. An explicit grant is not required to trigger the retransmission during the second transmission interval.

Abstract: A data derate matcher for supporting hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), includes a control parameter generation unit for generating control parameters to separate bits of an input bit stream ek; and a bit separation unit for separating the bits of the input bit stream ek into three types of bits streams v(0)k, v(1)k, and v(2)k by modulus operation of each of the bits of the input bit stream and the control parameters. Further, the data derate matcher for supporting the HARQ includes address generators for generating addresses (j) of valid data to be used in deinterleavers with respect to data of each of the bit streams output from the bit separation unit; and subblock deinterleavers for sequentially inputting data corresponding to the addresses generated by the address generators to output decoded data.

Abstract: A communication apparatus (CA) such as a mobile node/station (MN), a base station (BS), or a radio station (RS) may support determination of HARQ timing. The CA may generate at least in part one or more generalized frames such as a frequency division duplex (FDD) frame or a time division duplex (TDD) frame. The generalized FDD and TDD frames may include support to determine the HARQ timing considering various factors, which may affect the HARQ timing. The FDD and TDD frames may include information corresponding to various factors to determine the HARQ timing considering factors such as DL/UL ratio, number of sub-frames per frame, variable transmission time interval (TTI), relay zones, legacy IEEE® 802.16e zones, and availability of ACKCH.