Abstract: A device for collecting and separating particles and microorganisms present in ambient air, the device comprising suction means for sucking air into a removable centrifuging chamber (10) having an air inlet and outlet and forming a receptacle for transporting a liquid sample containing the collected particles and microorganisms, said enclosure (10) being selected from a set of enclosures having different diameters and suitable for enabling the same suction means to take samples at suction rates lying in the range about 100 liters per minute to about 2000 liters per minute.

Abstract: A sample collection system capable of collecting, storing and dispensing a liquid sample is disclosed. The collection system includes a collector composed of a material which has the unique ability to express constituents of interest at levels which are much more concentrated than their levels in the fluid samples from which they are expressed, where the expressed highly concentrated sample can then be used with modern rapid screening/testing protocols, such as solid phase assays, to test for the constituents of interest. Thus, it is now possible to obtain analytes of interest, such as the HIV protein antibodies, from saliva samples at concentrations that are representative of that found in serum or plasma. The collector is sized and shaped to fit within a recovery container, which, in turn, is sized and shaped to fit within a collection tube.

Abstract: There is provided a sample collection container, a sample collection apparatus, and a sample collection method used in a supercritical fluid system capable of collecting a multi-constituent sample contained in a supercritical fluid at low cost and high collection efficiency. The pressure of a supercritical fluid containing a sample is reduced to a pressure close to the atmospheric pressure, and the depressurized supercritical fluid is forced to undergo adiabatic expansion to form gas-phase CO2 containing a liquid component in the form of aerosol. The gas-phase CO2 is fractionated for each constituent of the contained sample, transferred to a probe 60 of Liquid Handler, and dispensed into a large number of collection vials 300 under the atmospheric pressure, each of which is provided with a vial cap 100.

Abstract: Volatile suspended particles are eliminated from an aerosol by heating the aerosol to a temperature at which the volatile suspended particles evaporate and diluting the aerosol with a dilution gas. The sequence heating and diluting may be performed in any order. According to another aspect of the invention, dilution of the raw gas takes place such that raw gas is led to a measurement gas channel through which measurement gas flows, wherein the quantity of raw gas transferred per unit of time is dependent on the volume flow in the raw gas channel. According to a further aspect of the invention, in a condensation nucleus counter the number and intensity of scattered light pulses evaluated in order to be able to draw conclusions on the reliability of the measurement.

Abstract: A gas sampling device, analyte detection system, and methods for identifying a vapor or aerosol analyte suspended in a gas are described. The gas sampling device comprises a chamber having a gas inlet port, a substrate, one or more gas outlet ports near the substrate, and a pump. The gas outlet ports direct airflow to a reflecting substrate coated with a spectroscopically-transparent material. Analytes are deposited on the coated substrate through impaction, for massive aerosols, and diffusion through the viscous boundary layer, for vapor analytes. In one analyte detection system, a spectroscopic instrument is positioned behind a window opposite the substrate to interrogate the coated substrate surface as analytes are collected. An alternate detection system combines the gas sampling device with a detector in fluid communication with the gas outlet ports from the chamber, wherein the substrate is used as an analyte concentrator.

Abstract: A test fixture for collecting particulate matter carried in the exhaust gas stream of an engine has a pair of coaxially aligned mounting plates, each having a filter cartridge holder mounted thereon. One of the mounting plates is moveable with respect to the other along a predefined longitudinal axis of the test fixture between an open position, whereat a filter cartridge is easily placed or removed, and a closed position at which a filter media mounted in the filter cartridge is sealed during a prescribed test sequence. An actuator mounted on a third coaxially aligned mounting plate has an extendable rod connected to the second mounting plate to effect movement of the second mounting plate between the open an closed positions.

Abstract: The present application relates to a surface-coated SPME with an extracting tip that resists breaking during analysis. Rather than utilizing a hollow fiber tip, a resilient surface coated rod is utilized. Specifically, several grooves are machined into the tip of the SPME device, allowing an adsorbent material to be retained thereon. The resulting surface coated SPME device is more rugged in laboratory use and allows for testing of analytes in chemical environments that result in failures when using fiber tipped SPME devices.

Abstract: A planar omni-directional inlet assembly is provided for installing on a device, such as a dry filter unit, that draws a fluid medium, such as ambient air, to collect particulate matter suspended in the fluid medium onto a filter. The inlet assembly includes an annular platform removably positionable on the device; an annular nozzle to direct the air from the platform; an annular impactor disposed downstream of the nozzle; a housing that disposes the filter downstream of the impactor; and an exit for passing the air from the filter to the device. The impactor presents a flow obstacle for a portion of the particulate matter. The housing directs the air through the filter. The housing includes a base with a first cavity and a lid with a second cavity such that the filter is disposable between the first and second cavities.

Abstract: Disclosed is a monitoring system for collecting and/or transdermally rediffusing air containing environmental contaminants. The inventive monitoring system generally includes at least one diffusion collector and/or an equilibrium diffuser. The diffusion collector is provided with at least three layers, i.e. an adhesive layer that is in direct contact with the skin of a living being, a barrier layer, and a collecting layer on the exterior face of the monitoring system. The equilibrium diffuser includes an adhesive layer and a collecting layer. The collecting layers and the adhesive layers of the two components of the monitoring system are preferably made of the same material and have the same dimensions.

Abstract: A method and its possible embodiments are presented for collecting airborne biological and non-biological agents and concentrating them into small amounts of liquid. Airborne particles are drawn into the sampler and by the action of an electrostatic field are deposited on the collection electrode covered with superhydrophobic substance (surface contact angle >150°). At the end of the sampling period a small liquid droplet (5-60 ?L) is injected at the top of the sampling chamber. Since the sampler is positioned at an angle to the horizontal, the droplet rolls-off of collection electrode's surface under the force of gravity and removes the deposited particles. The droplet is then collected by a liquid capture system. The particles concentrated in such small amounts of liquid facilitate sample analysis by various techniques. The suggested sampler's embodiments achieve sample concentration rates higher than 1×106/min which will allow detection of very low particle concentrations.

Abstract: A device and method for extending the useful life of a bulk liquid used in an automated clinical analyzer. Air from the atmosphere surrounding the automated clinical analyzer that displaces the bulk liquid consumed from a container is routed through a gas scrubber in order to remove or at least reduce the quantity of at least one contaminant present in that air. The gas scrubber is positioned between the bulk liquid in the container and the atmosphere surrounding the container. The gas scrubber contains a reagent that is capable of reacting with a contaminant in the atmosphere, whereby a required characteristic(s) of the bulk liquid does (do) not change excessively prior to the date that the bulk liquid is consumed. For example, if the contaminant is carbon dioxide, and the required characteristic of the bulk liquid is the level of pH of the bulk liquid, the reagent in the gas scrubber prevents the level of pH of the bulk liquid from changing excessively prior to the date that the bulk liquid is consumed.

Abstract: A method is provided for determining the presence and/or concentration of at least one contaminant in a subsurface at a test site. The method generally includes inserting a sampling assembly into at least one tree at the test site, processing at least part of the sampling assembly to determine if a contaminant is present in the at least one tree, and then correlating the presence and/or concentration of the contaminant in the at least one tree to presence and/or concentration of the contaminant in the subsurface. The sampling assembly is operable to sorb at least one contaminant located within the at least one tree to at least part of the sampling assembly. The sampling assembly may include a solid phase microextraction (SPME) sampling assembly having a SPME sampling device and a support configured to help position the SPME sampling device within a tree for sampling operation.

Abstract: A probe for measuring mercury emissions in a flue gas. The probe contains a novel cartridge for holding one or more sorbent traps, which cartridge is easily removed and inserted on-site with reduced danger of sorbent trap damage.

Abstract: A quantitative fit test (QNFT) system and method for assessing the biological fit factor (FF) performance of respiratory protective devices. The biological QNFT system includes the following three main elements: an aerosol generation system; an exposure chamber; and an aerosol sampling subsystem. The aerosol sampling subsystem includes an aerosol spectrometer that counts particles in discrete size units ranging from 0.5 to 20 micrometers (?m) making it possible to obtain several size-specific FF measurements from a single respirator fit test. A virtual impactor in the aerosol generation system increases the number of challenge particles in the primary target size of interest (1 to 5 ?m) and increases the sensitivity of the method allowing FF values of up to one million to be measured without the need to correct for in-mask background particles.

Abstract: An automatic solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling apparatus having a mobile sampler arm with a holder for a probe carrying a fiber 9 and an intermediate bracket for transferring the probe between a probe storage tray and the gas chromatograph injector. In the various probe handling stages, the probes are collected by a magnetic member attached to the end of the plunger in the holder, at the free end of the holder's body and at the lower end of the block for guiding the probe needle. The magnetic member interacts with a ferromagnetic connector attached to one end of the fiber and with a ferromagnetic flange attached to the end of the needle containing the fiber in order to place the probe on the transfer bracket or remove it therefrom. The apparatus can perform analyses on fibers that have already been exposed, extract analytes from samples, and subsequently transfer them for desorption in the gas chromatograph in a fully automatic way.

Abstract: A fluidic device, the fluidic device comprising a planar fluidic conduit for conducting a fluid, wherein the fluidic conduit has a plurality of fluidic disturbance features located along at least a section of the fluidic conduit for disturbing a laminar flow of the fluid along the section.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for collecting and storing an atmospheric sample for eventual analysis, where the atmospheric sample includes a mixture of at least a matrix and an analyte. In one implementation, the system includes a housing; a sample cartridge removably attached to the housing, and a pump integrated with the housing and in fluid communication with the sample cartridge, the pump being configured to draw the atmospheric sample through the sample cartridge and to subsequently evacuate the matrix from the sample cartridge. The sample cartridge includes a low thermal mass cylinder with a first end and a second end; an inlet port with a gas-tight inlet valve at the first end of the cylinder, an outlet port with a gas-tight outlet valve at the second end of the cylinder, and a sorbent material disposed within the cylinder and adapted to trap the analyte from the atmospheric sample.

Abstract: A filter assembly for use in sidestream gas sampling assembly. The filter assembly of the present invention includes a hydrophilic member that is constructed from a porous material and is situated such that gas entering the filter assembly passes through at least a portion the hydrophilic member. In a further embodiment, the filter includes a hydrophobic member positioned downstream of the hydrophilic member. The hydrophobic member acts as a second line of defense against moisture reaching the sensing mechanism in the gas sampling assembly.

Abstract: A system and method for using a spray/liquid particle count (LPC) to measure particulate contamination is disclosed. Initially, a component for particulate extraction is received. A sprayer is provided for spraying a liquid on the component. In addition, a container is provided for catching the liquid spraying on the component. The container is clean prior to receiving the liquid and the liquid is collected for later analysis of a number of particles extracted from the component.

Abstract: A system for sampling air and collecting particles entrained in the air that potentially include bioagents. The system comprises providing a receiving surface, directing a liquid to the receiving surface and producing a liquid surface. Collecting samples of the air and directing the samples of air so that the samples of air with particles entrained in the air impact the liquid surface. The particles potentially including bioagents become captured in the liquid. The air with particles entrained in the air impacts the liquid surface with sufficient velocity to entrain the particles into the liquid but cause minor turbulence. The liquid surface has a surface tension and the collector samples the air and directs the air to the liquid surface so that the air with particles entrained in the air impacts the liquid surface with sufficient velocity to entrain the particles into the liquid, but cause minor turbulence on the surface resulting in insignificant evaporation of the liquid.

Abstract: An explosive and narcotics detection system detects the presence of trace particles of materials that are adhering to surfaces. In order to detect such particles, to the particles are first dislodged or released from the surface, then transported to the detection instrument, and then accumulated on or in a particle collection device. When the sample collecting system and the target surface are in relative motion across the line-of-sight greater than fifteen centimeters per second, non-contact sample collection may be accomplished using a vortex or vortex attractor particle collector together with a plurality of air or aerosol jets. A plurality of large diameter vortex collectors may obtain samples at relative line-of-sight velocities greater than five feet per second over a large surface area and for a complex-shaped surface.

Abstract: A liquid sampler which provides a receptacle and a releasably sealable receptacle cover having at least two apertures each of which can be configured to adjust the flow rate of an amount of liquid into the liquid sampler upon submersion into a liquid.

Abstract: A sorbent-filled sample tube is mounted to an aspirating source using a sample tube holder that includes a compression fitting having a fitting body, a cap, and a ferrule. The fitting cap is extended as a torque tube that surrounds the sample tube and has a length approximately equal to that of the sample tube to thereby protect the sample tube from damage. The free end of the torque tube is formed as a thumb wheel for ease in inserting and removing the sample tube without the use of a wrench or other tool.

Abstract: A gas flux chamber assembly is provided that includes a lift-and-rotate mechanism and a chamber. The chamber is moved between first and second positions, wherein the chamber is positioned over a sample in the first position and is positioned outside of an area above the sample in the second position. In operation, the chamber is first lifted off of the collar and is then rotated, about a rotational axis outside of the area above the collar. These acts are reversed to move the chamber from the second position to the first position.

Abstract: A system for sampling a bale of fibrous material is provided including a transportation mechanism for moving the bale from a first point to a second point and a first gripper for obtaining a sample from the bale when the bale is at a position between the first point and the second point. The gripper includes a movable finger for gripping the sample from the bale. An actuator comprising an actuating rod is provided for pushing the sample away from the movable finger.

Abstract: A sampling apparatus includes a housing defining a test chamber with an opening for contacting a test surface to expose at least a portion the test surface to the test chamber. A movable agitator within the test chamber contacts the test surface and agitates the test surface to release material from the test surface. The apparatus further includes an inlet and an outlet communicating with the test chamber and defining an air flow path through the chamber. At least one sample cassette may be supported near the outlet to collect a sample from the air flow, including material released from the surface into the test chamber.

Abstract: Sample preparation device and method particularly useful for large volume capture and small volume elution. The device comprising a manifold, a sample holder or reservoir, and a filter unit containing chromatography media such that a filtration path is established between the sample holder, the filter unit and the manifold. Upon subjecting the sample in the sample holder to a driving force such as vacuum, the sample flows through the chromatography media in the filter unit. Molecules of interest bind to the media and any unwanted molecules can be washed under vacuum mode. Elution can then be carried out by removing the filter unit and subjecting the media to a driving force such as vacuum or centrifugation. In another embodiment, molecules of interest can be eluted into a low volume centrifugal spinner directly in the manifold.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for analyzing ion mobility data. In one embodiment, a method for analyzing ion mobility spectrometry data is disclosed. The method comprises conducting a number of ion mobility scans on a sample, generating an ion map comprising a first ion line, comparing the first ion line to a standard deviation, wherein the standard deviation is calculated from the system measurement noise, and determining if the sample is a contraband substance.

Abstract: A sample collection system and method for airborne biological agents is disclosed. The sample collection system comprises a sample collection module that collects particles in an air flow and transfer the collected particles into a sampling fluid, and a sample preparation module that is responsible for accepting the sampling fluid from the sample collection module, continuously aggregating or concentrating the collected particles in the sampling fluid during the sampling process and recycling a particle-lean sampling fluid back to the collection module.

Abstract: A specimen inspecting apparatus includes a member that forms a flow path; a first solution supplying unit that supplies a first solution containing a specimen to the flow path; a selecting unit that selects a measuring item of the specimen to be inspected; a second solution supplying unit that supplies a second solution corresponding to the measuring item to the flow path; a separating unit that can separate a part of a mixture solution with which the first solution and the second solution in the flow path; an operation control unit that controls the separating unit corresponding to a measuring item selected by the selecting unit, to separate a portion of the mixture solution of which mixture rate is not constant; and a inspecting unit communicated to the flow path at a downstream position of the separating unit, and irradiates light to the mixture solution except the separated mixture solution to inspect the specimen.

Abstract: A dilution device includes an inlet port and an outlet port. The dilution device also includes a first porous conduit defining an internal flow passage. The first porous conduit has a plurality of pores that communicate between an outside region external of the first porous conduit and the internal flow passage. The dilution device also includes a second porous conduit disposed around the first porous conduit. The second porous conduit defines a first chamber peripherally about the first porous conduit. The second porous conduit has a plurality of pores that communicate between an outside region external of the second pours conduit and the first chamber. The dilution device further includes a housing disposed around the second porous conduit. The housing defines a second chamber peripherally about the second porous conduit. The housing has an inlet port in communication with the second chamber.

Abstract: A method is provided for the preparation of samples for an analyzer, and a sample preparation station therefor, which allows injection of even relatively large liquid volumes through a packing in an automated manner in order to enrich the packing of the substances of a sample which are to be investigated.

Abstract: Improved apparatus for collecting particles from air comprises a cyclone having air inlet and outlet means, means maintaining an airflow there through and means delivering a collecting fluid from a reservoir to particles separated from the air flow in the cyclone, in which the air inlet means is associated with means for heating the incoming air. The apparatus, which is optionally provided with enclosure means for trapping heat, prevents freezing of the collecting fluid at temperatures near to and even below 0° C.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for automated separation of a target component from a sample using magnetic particles, which apparatus comprises a reagent delivery device and a vial holder for holding one or more vials in position, in which the reagent delivery device is alignable with the one or more vials for reagent delivery thereto; wherein means are provided to vary the angle of incidence of reagent delivery relative to an internal wall of the one or more vials.

Abstract: A method and system for sampling high vapor pressure substances is provided. In one embodiment, a sample is pre-concentrated by compression and condensation, water is removed by a condensing gas dryer, particulates are removed from the sample with an electrostatic precipitator; and the sample is shuttled through a sintered core at high vapor pressure so that molecules are condensed on the surface of the sintered core. In another embodiment, a system for sampling high vapor pressure substances includes a shuttle having a first piston and second piston for shuttling a sample through a sintered core at high vapor pressure and a condensing heat exchanger between the first piston and the second piston, the condensing heat exchanger including the sintered core.

Abstract: A gas flux chamber assembly with a soil collar and a chamber is provided. The chamber is moved between first and second positions, wherein the chamber is positioned on the soil collar in the first position and is positioned outside of an area above the soil collar in the second position. In operation, the chamber is first lifted off of the soil collar and is then rotated, about a rotational axis substantially parallel to the soil collar axis, outside of the area above the soil collar. These acts are reversed to move the chamber from the second position to the first position.

Abstract: A system for sampling air and collecting particles potentially including bioagents entrained in the air for detection. The system comprises collecting a sample of the air with the particles entrained in the air, directing the sample to a receiving surface, directing a liquid to the receiving surface thereby producing a liquid surface, wherein the particles potentially including bioagents become captured in the liquid, and heating the liquid wherein the particles potentially including bioagents become heated to lysis the bioagents.

Abstract: A system for sampling air and collecting particles entrained in the air comprising a receiving surface, a liquid input that directs liquid to the receiving surface and produces a liquid surface, an air input that directs the air so that the air with particles entrained in the air impact the liquid surface, and an electrostatic contact connected to the liquid that imparts an electric charge to the liquid. The particles potentially including bioagents become captured in the liquid by the air with particles entrained in the air impacting the liquid surface. Collection efficiency is improved by the electrostatic contact electrically charging the liquid. The effects of impaction and adhesion due to electrically charging the liquid allows a unique combination in a particle capture medium that has a low fluid consumption rate while maintaining high efficiency.

Abstract: A container cleanliness measurement apparatus capable of preventing particles from being adhered to substrates, while improving the operation efficiency of a container for housing substrates. An FOUP inspection apparatus includes a particle-separation promoting nozzle for promoting separation of particles adhered to an inner wall of an FOUP and to carries for holding peripheral portions of wafers inside the FOUP, a particle collecting nozzle for collecting particles separated from the inner wall of the FOUP, etc., and a particle counter for measuring an amount of collected particles. The particle-separation promoting nozzle and the particle collecting nozzle constitute a probe nozzle which is adapted to enter inside the FOUP.

Abstract: Relates to a microplate carrier (1) for a microplate (2), in whose wells (3) magnetic particles (5), which are suspended in a liquid (4), with or without samples adhering thereto are located, the microplate carrier (1) comprising permanent magnets (6) generating magnetic fields which are implemented to collect and retain the magnetic particles (5) on the floor (14) and/or on the walls (7) of the wells (3) of this microplate (2). The microplate carrier (1) according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises two permanent magnets (6) situated diametrically opposite in relation to the well (3) for each well (3) of the microplate (2), which have the same polarity directed toward the well (3) and whose magnetic axis (25) is at least essentially perpendicular to the footprint of the microplate (2) to be placed. A corresponding method based on the use of the microplate carrier (1) is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for increasing the size of small particles for a condensation particle counter, in which method a particle containing aerosol flow is divided into a sample flow and a sheath flow. The sheath flow is filtered, saturated with vapor and formed to a vortex flow in a saturator which vortex-flow continues in a condenser. The sample flow is introduced to the centre of the vortex flow of the saturated sheath flow in the condenser for causing the vapor in the saturated sheath flow to condense on the particles in the sample flow thus increasing the size of the particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates, generally, to a device for measuring antimicrobial activity. The microbiological device has cylinders or wells for dispensing sample dilutions for antimicrobial activity testing through agar diffusion and internal flanges to facilitate handling. These features decrease the cost and increase the efficiency of measuring antimicrobial activity.

Abstract: A liquid measuring device is described for carrying out the assay using a gas or vapor permeable but liquid impermeable membrane barrier to control the volume of liquid to be measured or transferred. The membrane may be used in any instance where a fixed volume of liquid needs to be measured.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for detecting the presence of an airborne chemical or biological analyte utilize: a substantially gas- and liquid-impermeable container; means for introducing a substantially analyte-free collection liquid into said container; means for rapidly sampling ambient air and transferring said analyte therefrom into said collection liquid, said sampling means comprising an air intake means and and an air venting means; and means for removing from said container an analyte-enriched collection liquid; wherein said volume of air passes through a substantially horizontal air inlet and downward through a substantially vertical collector electrode tube with means for applying an electric field between said tube and a co-axial spiked wire- or rod-shaped discharge electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for defining particle and/or mineral content in real time in a mineral separation process from finely divided particle material flowing either in solid or slurry-like form, so that from the particle material, there is extracted a representative sample, which sample is then subjected to grain size analysis, on the basis of which there is calculated the element and/or mineral content of the particle material.

Abstract: A method is provided for detection of an airborne contaminant in a atmospheric environment. The method comprises capturing an air sample from the atmospheric environment; separating candidate particles of interest from particles of non interest in the air sample; generating an image of the candidate particles; identifying a contaminant from among the candidate particles by comparing the image of candidate particles with a plurality of stored reference images, each of which reflects a respective identified contaminant; and notifying a remote third party in response to detecting a contaminant from among the candidate particles.

Abstract: A method and apparatus enables testing of sifting segregation of a particulate solid mixture in a storage bin or hopper. The apparatus makes use of a convergently and divergently angled hopper for collecting the mixture. The apparatus further makes use of a minimally-shearing feeder mechanism supplying a desired flow of mixture, with minimal to no sifting segregation, to the angled hopper. A collection mechanism removes samples of the mixture from the angled hopper for analysis with minimal disruption of the particles of the mixture relative to each other. Thus, samples resulting from the testing apparatus, and corresponding method, are highly representative of mixture conditions within a larger storage hopper.

Abstract: A three-stage dust sampler makes use of a porous foam as the impactor substrates. The sampler includes an annular inlet which conforms to ISO/CEN/ACGIH inhalable sampling criteria, two impactor stages to classify thoracic and respirable particles and a final filter to collect respirable particles after the impactors. For 100 ppi polymer foam substrates, and a flow rate of 3.2 lpm, the collection efficiency curves of the thoracic and respirable dust matches ISO/CEN/ACGIH criteria when the jet-to-plate distance is 1.0. The cut-off aerodynamic diameter is 9.6 and 4.0 ?m for the first and second impactor stages, respectively, and ?{square root over (stk50)} is 0.39 for both stages. The collection efficiencies for solid particles is equal to that for liquid particles, indicating that there is no solid particle bouncing from the foam substrates.

Abstract: A system (100) and method for detecting contaminants in parcels or other mailings (110). The contaminants, either genuine or hoax, are detected using the system (100) that includes a jogger (140) that shakes the parcels or other mailings (110). The system (100) further comprises a particle sampler (170) that analyzes the air flow created over the parcels (110) while the parcels are shaken. The system (100) and method preferable includes a parcel opening cutter (120) and a ram (148) for compressing during the shaking of the parcels. The air flow is sampled in order to detect whether or not a plurality of opened parcels is suspected of including contaminants such as biological threat material.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for sampling a fluid, such as air. As fluid flows through a device, a scrubbing liquid is positioned in a pattern to contact the fluid and constituents in the fluid are transferred to in the liquid.